Washington State Standards for Science: Grade 8

WA.1. Systems (SYS)

1.1. Properties: Understand how properties are used to identify, describe, and categorize substances, materials, and objects and how characteristics are used to categorize living things.

1.1.1. Physical Systems: Properties of Substances Motion of Objects: Understand how to use physical and chemical properties to sort and identify substances. W

1.1.1.a. Identify, categorize, describe, and sort substances using physical and/or chemical properties (i.e., boiling point, density, freezing point, mass, acidity [pH], solubility, magnetism). 5
Suggested Titles for Washington Science State Standard 1.1.1.a.

1.1.1.b. Identify an unknown substance using the properties of a known substance. 3
Suggested Titles for Washington Science State Standard 1.1.1.b.

1.1.1.c. Recognize that the mass of an object is the same when measured anywhere in the universe at any normal speed. 4
Suggested Titles for Washington Science State Standard 1.1.1.c.

1.1.1.d. Describe why substances with the same volume or same mass may have different densities. 3
Suggested Titles for Washington Science State Standard 1.1.1.d.

1.1.1.e. Describe the volumetric properties of solids, liquids, and gases (e.g., a gas has the same volume as its container). 3
Suggested Titles for Washington Science State Standard 1.1.1.e.

1.1.2. Physical Science: Motion of Objects: Understand the positions, relative speeds, and changes in speed of objects. W

1.1.2.a. Describe and measure the relative position or change in position of one or two objects. 9
Suggested Titles for Washington Science State Standard 1.1.2.a.

1.1.2.b. Describe an object's motion as speeding up, slowing down, or moving with constant speed using models, numbers, words, diagrams, and graphs. 9
Suggested Titles for Washington Science State Standard 1.1.2.b.

1.1.2.c. Measure and describe the speed of an object relative to the speed of another object. 9
Suggested Titles for Washington Science State Standard 1.1.2.c.

1.1.3. Physical Systems: Wave Behavior: Understand sound waves, water waves, and light waves using wave properties, including amplitude, wavelength, and speed. Understand wave behaviors, including reflection, refraction, transmission, and absorption. W

1.1.3.a. Describe how sound waves and/or water waves affect the motion of the particles in the substance through which the wave is traveling (e.g., air molecules vibrate back and forth as sound waves move through air). 5
Suggested Titles for Washington Science State Standard 1.1.3.a.

1.1.3.b. Describe the behavior of sound and water waves as the waves are reflected and/or absorbed by a substance. 5
Suggested Titles for Washington Science State Standard 1.1.3.b.

1.1.3.c. Describe how the observed properties of light, sound, and water are related to amplitude, frequency, wavelength, and speed of waves (e.g., color and brightness of light, pitch and volume of sound, height of water waves, light waves are faster than sound waves). 6
Suggested Titles for Washington Science State Standard 1.1.3.c.

1.1.3.d. Describe the behavior of light waves when light interacts with transparent, translucent, and opaque substances (e.g., blue objects appear blue in color because the object reflects mostly blue light and absorbs the other colors of light, transparent objects transmit most light through them, lenses refract light). 1
Suggested Titles for Washington Science State Standard 1.1.3.d.

1.1.3.e. Describe the changes in speed and direction as a wave goes from one substance into another. 4
Suggested Titles for Washington Science State Standard 1.1.3.e.

1.1.4. Physical Systems: Forms of Energy: Understand that energy is a property of matter, objects, and systems and comes in many forms (i.e., heat [thermal] energy, sound energy, light energy, electrical energy, kinetic energy, potential energy, and chemical energy). W

1.1.4.a. Describe the forms of energy present in matter, objects, and systems (i.e., heat [thermal] energy, sound energy, light energy, electrical energy, kinetic energy, potential energy, and chemical energy). 16
Suggested Titles for Washington Science State Standard 1.1.4.a.

1.1.4.b. Describe the form of energy stored in a part of a system (i.e., energy can be stored in many forms, 'stored energy' is not a form of energy). 17
Suggested Titles for Washington Science State Standard 1.1.4.b.

1.1.4.c. Compare the potential and kinetic energy within a system at various locations or times (i.e., kinetic energy is an object's energy of motion; potential energy is an object's energy of position). 8
Suggested Titles for Washington Science State Standard 1.1.4.c.

1.1.5. Earth and Space Science: Nature and Properties of Earth Materials: Understand how to classify rocks, soils, air, and water into groups based on their chemical and physical properties. W

1.1.5.a. Describe properties of minerals and rocks that give evidence of how they were formed (e.g., crystal size and arrangement, texture, luster, cleavage, hardness, layering, reaction to acid). 1
Suggested Titles for Washington Science State Standard 1.1.5.a.

1.1.5.b. Describe properties of soils that give evidence of how the soils were formed (e.g., chemical composition such as acidic, types of particles, particle size, organic materials, layering). 5
Suggested Titles for Washington Science State Standard 1.1.5.b.

1.1.5.c. Describe how Earth's water (i.e., oceans, fresh waters, glaciers, ground water) can have different properties (e.g., salinity, density). 6
Suggested Titles for Washington Science State Standard 1.1.5.c.

1.1.5.d. Describe how the atmosphere has different properties at different elevations. 7
Suggested Titles for Washington Science State Standard 1.1.5.d.

1.1.5.e. Correlate the chemical composition of Earth materials (i.e., rocks, soils, water, and gases of the atmosphere) with their physical properties (e.g., limestone reaction to acid, the conductivity of copper, ice floats on water). 2
Suggested Titles for Washington Science State Standard 1.1.5.e.

1.1.6. Earth and Space Science: Characteristics of Living Matter: Understand how to classify organisms by their external and internal structures. W

1.1.6.a. Describe how organisms can be classified using similarities and differences in physical and functional characteristics (both internal and external). 8
Suggested Titles for Washington Science State Standard 1.1.6.a.

1.1.6.b. Explain an inference about whether organisms have a biological relationship or common ancestry based on given characteristics. 18
Suggested Titles for Washington Science State Standard 1.1.6.b.

1.2. Structures: Understand how components, structures, organizations, and interconnections describe systems.

1.2.1. Systems Structure: Structure of Physical Earth/Space and Living Systems: Analyze how the parts of a system interconnect and influence each other. W

1.2.1.a. Explain how the parts of a system interconnect and influence each other. 1
Suggested Titles for Washington Science State Standard 1.2.1.a.

1.2.1.b. Describe the flow of matter and energy through a system (i.e., energy and matter inputs, outputs, transfers, transformations). 2
Suggested Titles for Washington Science State Standard 1.2.1.b.

1.2.1.c. Describe the interactions and influences between two or more simple systems. 1
Suggested Titles for Washington Science State Standard 1.2.1.c.

1.2.2. Physical Systems: Energy Transfer and Transformation: Understand how various factors affect energy transfers and that energy can be transformed from one form of energy to another. W

1.2.2.a. Describe and determine the factors that affect heat energy transfer (e.g., properties of substances/materials [conductors, insulators], distance, direction, position). 4
Suggested Titles for Washington Science State Standard 1.2.2.a.

1.2.2.b. Describe how an increase in one type of energy of an object or system results in a decrease in other types of energy within that object or system (e.g., a falling object's potential energy decreases while its kinetic energy increases). 14
Suggested Titles for Washington Science State Standard 1.2.2.b.

1.2.2.c. Describe how waves transfer energy (e.g., light waves transfer energy from sun to Earth; air transfers an object's vibrations from one place to another as sound). 2
Suggested Titles for Washington Science State Standard 1.2.2.c.

1.2.2.d. Explain the transfer and transformations of energy within a system (e.g., conduction and convection of heat [thermal] energy). 2
Suggested Titles for Washington Science State Standard 1.2.2.d.

1.2.3. Physical Systems: Structure of Matter: Understand that all matter is made of particles called atoms and that atoms may combine to form molecules and that atoms and molecules can form mixtures. W

1.2.3.a. Describe that matter is made of particles called atoms and molecules. 8
Suggested Titles for Washington Science State Standard 1.2.3.a.

1.2.3.b. Describe that elements are made of one kind of atom. 10
Suggested Titles for Washington Science State Standard 1.2.3.b.

1.2.3.c. Describe how atoms may be combined in various ways and ratios to form molecules. 6
Suggested Titles for Washington Science State Standard 1.2.3.c.

1.2.3.d. Describe the different atoms and molecules in mixtures (e.g., dissolving carbon dioxide in water produces a type of mixture [solution] of CO2 and H20 molecules.) 6
Suggested Titles for Washington Science State Standard 1.2.3.d.

1.2.4. Earth and Space Systems: Components and Patterns of Earth Systems: Understand the components and interconnections of Earth's systems. W

1.2.4.a. Describe the components of the Earth's systems (i.e., the core, the mantle, oceanic and crustal plates, landforms, the hydrosphere and atmosphere). 14
Suggested Titles for Washington Science State Standard 1.2.4.a.

1.2.4.b. Describe the interactions among the components of Earth's systems (i.e., the core, the mantle, oceanic and crustal plates, landforms, the hydrosphere and atmosphere). 13
Suggested Titles for Washington Science State Standard 1.2.4.b.

1.2.4.c. Describe magma (i.e., magma comes from Earth's mantle and cools to form rocks). 2
Suggested Titles for Washington Science State Standard 1.2.4.c.

1.2.5. Earth and Space Systems: Components of the Solar System and Beyond (Universe): Understand the structure of the Solar System. W

1.2.5.a. Describe how the Earth orbits the Sun and the Moon orbits the Earth. 9
Suggested Titles for Washington Science State Standard 1.2.5.a.

1.2.5.b. Describe the Sun (i.e., a medium-size star, the largest body in our solar system, major source of energy for phenomena on Earth's surface). 7
Suggested Titles for Washington Science State Standard 1.2.5.b.

1.2.5.c. Describe how planets, asteroids, and comets orbit the Sun. 10
Suggested Titles for Washington Science State Standard 1.2.5.c.

1.2.5.d. Describe meteors (e.g., planetary and comet debris that collides with Earth). 5
Suggested Titles for Washington Science State Standard 1.2.5.d.

1.2.5.e. Compare the relationships among the components of the solar system (e.g., composition, size, atmosphere, gravity, distance from the Sun, number of moons). 5
Suggested Titles for Washington Science State Standard 1.2.5.e.

1.2.6. Living Systems: Structure and Organization of Living Systems: Understand that specialized cells within multicellular organisms form different kinds of tissues, organs, and organ systems to carry out life functions. W

1.2.6.a. Describe and identify how plant and animal cells are similar and different in structure and function. 18
Suggested Titles for Washington Science State Standard 1.2.6.a.

1.2.6.b. Describe basic cell functions (i.e., extracting energy from food, using energy, and getting rid of waste). 18
Suggested Titles for Washington Science State Standard 1.2.6.b.

1.2.6.c. Describe the life function of specialized cells or tissues (e.g., blood cells are different from bone cells; leaf tissues capture the energy from sunlight). 18
Suggested Titles for Washington Science State Standard 1.2.6.c.

1.2.6.d. Describe the life function of organs or organ systems (e.g., the stomach breaks down food and the intestines absorb food in the digestive system). 5
Suggested Titles for Washington Science State Standard 1.2.6.d.

1.2.7. Living Systems: Molecular Basis of Heredity: Understand that organisms pass on genetic information in their life cycle and that an organism's characteristics are determined by both genetic and environmental influences. W

1.2.7.a. Explain that organisms require a set of instructions for specifying their traits (i.e., heredity is the passage of these instructions from one generation to another). 4
Suggested Titles for Washington Science State Standard 1.2.7.a.

1.2.7.b. Describe that genes inherited from parents are combined in their offspring to produce a new combination of characteristics. 2
Suggested Titles for Washington Science State Standard 1.2.7.b.

1.2.7.c. Explain how physical characteristics of living things can be affected by genetic information and/or by interactions with the environment (e.g., nutrition, disease, sanitation). 3
Suggested Titles for Washington Science State Standard 1.2.7.c.

1.2.7.d. Describe and compare sexual (two parents) and asexual (one parent) life cycles of plants and animals. 1
Suggested Titles for Washington Science State Standard 1.2.7.d.

1.2.8. Life Systems: Human Biology: Understand human life functions and the interconnecting organ systems necessary to maintain human life. W

1.2.8.a. Describe the components and functions of the organ systems (i.e., circulatory, digestive, reproductive, excretory, nervous-sensory [brain, nerves, spinal cord, hearing, vision], respiratory, and muscular-skeletal systems). 17
Suggested Titles for Washington Science State Standard 1.2.8.a.

1.2.8.b. Describe relationships among the organ systems of the human body (e.g., the role of the senses and the nervous system for human survival, the relationships between the digestive and excretory systems). 17
Suggested Titles for Washington Science State Standard 1.2.8.b.

1.2.8.c. Compare human body systems to another organism's body system (e.g., human lungs to plant leaves, human skeletal or circulatory systems to plant stems). 21
Suggested Titles for Washington Science State Standard 1.2.8.c.

1.3. Changes: Understand how interactions within and among systems cause changes in matter and energy.

1.3.1. Physical Systems: Nature of Force: Understand factors that affect the strength and direction of forces. W

1.3.1.a. Observe and describe factors that affect the strength of forces (e.g., an object with a greater mass has a greater gravitational force [weight]; certain types of magnets have greater magnetic forces; a larger muscle can pull with a greater force). 6
Suggested Titles for Washington Science State Standard 1.3.1.a.

1.3.1.b. Describe how forces acting on an object may balance each other (e.g., the downward force of gravity on an object sitting on a table is balanced by an upward force from the table). 9
Suggested Titles for Washington Science State Standard 1.3.1.b.

1.3.1.c. Measure and describe how a simple machine can change the strength and/or direction of a force (i.e., levers and pulleys). 5
Suggested Titles for Washington Science State Standard 1.3.1.c.

1.3.1.d. Describe pressure as a force (e.g., pressure increases result in greater forces acting on objects going deeper in a body of water). 8
Suggested Titles for Washington Science State Standard 1.3.1.d.

1.3.2. Physical Systems: Forces to Explain Motion: Understand how balanced and unbalanced forces can change the motion of objects. W

1.3.2.a. Describe how an unbalanced force changes the speed and/or direction of motion of different objects moving along a straight line, 2nd Law of Motion (e.g., a larger unbalanced force is needed to equally change the motion of more massive objects). 9
Suggested Titles for Washington Science State Standard 1.3.2.a.

1.3.2.b. Describe how frictional forces act to stop the motion of objects. 9
Suggested Titles for Washington Science State Standard 1.3.2.b.

1.3.2.c. Investigate and describe the balanced and unbalanced forces acting on an object (e.g., a model car speeding up on a table has both an unbalanced force pulling it forward and a gravitational force pulling it down balanced by the table pushing upward). 9
Suggested Titles for Washington Science State Standard 1.3.2.c.

1.3.2.d. Investigate and describe pressure differences that result in unbalanced forces moving objects (e.g., pressure differences cause forces that move air masses, move blood through the heart, cause volcanic eruptions). 11
Suggested Titles for Washington Science State Standard 1.3.2.d.

1.3.3. Physical Systems: Conservation of Matter: Understand that matter is conserved during physical and chemical changes. W

1.3.3.a. Observe and describe evidence of physical and chemical changes of matter (e.g., change of state, size, shape, temperature, color, gas production, solid formation, light). 14
Suggested Titles for Washington Science State Standard 1.3.3.a.

1.3.3.b. Observe and describe that substances undergoing physical changes produce matter with the same chemical properties as the original substance and the same total mass (e.g., tearing paper, freezing water, breaking wood, sugar dissolving in water). 9
Suggested Titles for Washington Science State Standard 1.3.3.b.

1.3.3.c. Observe and describe that substances may react chemically to form new substances with different chemical properties and the same total mass (e.g., baking soda and vinegar; light stick mass before, during, and after reaction). 4
Suggested Titles for Washington Science State Standard 1.3.3.c.

1.3.4. Earth and Space Systems: Processes and Interactions in the Earth System: Understand the processes that continually change the surface of the Earth. W

1.3.4.a. Describe the processes by which soils are formed (e.g., erosion and deposition in river systems). 2
Suggested Titles for Washington Science State Standard 1.3.4.a.

1.3.4.b. Describe how heat (thermal) energy flow and movement (convection currents) beneath Earth's crust cause earthquakes and volcanoes.

1.3.4.c. Describe how constructive processes change landforms (e.g., crustal deformation, volcanic eruption, deposition of sediment). 6
Suggested Titles for Washington Science State Standard 1.3.4.c.

1.3.4.d. Describe how destructive processes change landforms (e.g., rivers erode landforms). 3
Suggested Titles for Washington Science State Standard 1.3.4.d.

1.3.4.e. Describe the processes involved in the rock cycle (e.g., magma cools into igneous rocks; rocks are eroded and deposited as sediments; sediments solidify into sedimentary rocks; rocks can be changed by heat and pressure to form metamorphic rocks).

1.3.5. Earth and Space Systems: History and Evolution of the Earth: Know Understand how fossils and other evidence are used to document life and environmental changes over time. W

1.3.5.a. Describe how fossils are formed.

1.3.5.b. Describe different kinds of evidence that are used to document past conditions on Earth (e.g., glacial markings, ash layers, tree rings, rock layers). 4
Suggested Titles for Washington Science State Standard 1.3.5.b.

1.3.5.c. Describe how fossils and other artifacts provide evidence of how life has changed over time (e.g., extinction of species).

1.3.6. Physical Science: Hydrosphere and Atmosphere: Analyze the relationship between weather and climate and how ocean currents and global atmospheric circulation affect weather and climate. W

1.3.6.a. Compare weather and climate. 11
Suggested Titles for Washington Science State Standard 1.3.6.a.

1.3.6.b. Explain the effect of the water cycle on weather (e.g., cloud formation, storms). 5
Suggested Titles for Washington Science State Standard 1.3.6.b.

1.3.6.c. Explain how ocean currents influence the atmosphere in terms of weather and climate. 4
Suggested Titles for Washington Science State Standard 1.3.6.c.

1.3.6.d. Explain the causes of atmospheric circulation and oceanic currents (e.g., prevailing winds are the result of hot tropical regions, cold polar regions, and Earth's spin). 11
Suggested Titles for Washington Science State Standard 1.3.6.d.

1.3.7. Physical Science: Interactions in the Solar System and Beyond (Universe): Understand the effects of the regular and predictable motions of planets and moons in the Solar System. W

1.3.7.a. Describe the causes of seasonal changes on Earth and other planets (i.e., Earth's tilt causes different parts of Earth to point toward the Sun at different times of the year). 3
Suggested Titles for Washington Science State Standard 1.3.7.a.

1.3.7.b. Describe the effects of the position of the Sun and Moon on Earth phenomena (i.e., Moon phases, solar and lunar eclipses, shadows on Earth, tides). 9
Suggested Titles for Washington Science State Standard 1.3.7.b.

1.3.7.c. Describe how the spin of Earth and other planets accounts for the length of a day on those planets. 11
Suggested Titles for Washington Science State Standard 1.3.7.c.

1.3.7.d. Describe how Earth's and other planets' orbits around the Sun account for the length of a year on those planets. 11
Suggested Titles for Washington Science State Standard 1.3.7.d.

1.3.8. Living Systems: Life Processes and the Flow of Matter and Energy: Understand how individual organisms, including cells, obtain matter and energy for life processes. W

1.3.8.a. Describe the different sources of matter and energy required for life processes in plants and animals (e.g., seeds have energy for germination; green plants need light for energy). 3
Suggested Titles for Washington Science State Standard 1.3.8.a.

1.3.8.b. Describe how organisms acquire materials needed for life processes. 6
Suggested Titles for Washington Science State Standard 1.3.8.b.

1.3.8.c. Describe how systems interact to distribute materials and eliminate wastes produced by life processes. 9
Suggested Titles for Washington Science State Standard 1.3.8.c.

1.3.8.d. Describe that both plants and animals extract energy from food, but plants produce their own food from light, air, water, and mineral nutrients, while animals consume energy-rich foods. 9
Suggested Titles for Washington Science State Standard 1.3.8.d.

1.3.9. Living Systems: Biological Evolution: Understand how the theory of biological evolution accounts for species diversity, adaptation, natural selection, extinction, and change in species over time. W

1.3.9.a. Describe how fossils show that extinction is common and that most organisms that lived long ago have become extinct.

1.3.9.b. Describe how individual organisms with certain traits are more likely than others to survive and have offspring (i.e., natural selection, adaptation). 14
Suggested Titles for Washington Science State Standard 1.3.9.b.

1.3.9.c. Describe how biological evolution accounts for the diversity of species developed through gradual processes over many generations. 17
Suggested Titles for Washington Science State Standard 1.3.9.c.

1.3.10. Living Systems: Interdependence of Life: Understand how organisms in ecosystems interact with and respond to their environment and other organisms. W

1.3.10.a. Describe how energy flows through a food chain or web. 5
Suggested Titles for Washington Science State Standard 1.3.10.a.

1.3.10.b. Describe how substances such as air, water, and mineral nutrients are continually cycled in ecosystems. 4
Suggested Titles for Washington Science State Standard 1.3.10.b.

1.3.10.c. Explain the role of an organism in an ecosystem (e.g., predator, prey, consumer, producer, decomposer, scavenger, carnivore, herbivore, omnivore). 2
Suggested Titles for Washington Science State Standard 1.3.10.c.

1.3.10.d. Describe how a population of an organism responds to a change in its environment. 4
Suggested Titles for Washington Science State Standard 1.3.10.d.

WA.2. Inquiry (INQ)

2.1. Investigating Systems: Develop the knowledge and skills necessary to do scientific inquiry.

2.1.1. Investigating Systems: Questioning: Understand how to generate a question that can be answered through scientific investigation. W

2.1.1.a. Generate multiple questions based on observations. 3
Suggested Titles for Washington Science State Standard 2.1.1.a.

2.1.1.b. Generate a question that can be investigated scientifically. 2
Suggested Titles for Washington Science State Standard 2.1.1.b.

2.1.1.c. Generate a new question that can be investigated with the same materials and/or data as a given investigation. 2
Suggested Titles for Washington Science State Standard 2.1.1.c.

2.1.2. Investigating Systems: Planning and Conducting Safe Investigations: Understand how to plan and conduct scientific investigations. W

2.1.2.a. Make predictions (hypothesize) and give reasons. 2
Suggested Titles for Washington Science State Standard 2.1.2.a.

2.1.2.b. Generate a logical plan for, and conduct, a scientific controlled investigation with the following attributes: prediction (hypothesis); appropriate materials, tools, and available computer technology; controlled variables (kept the same); one manipulated (changed) variable; responding (dependent) variable; gather, record, and organize data using appropriate units, charts, and/or graphs; multiple trials 2
Suggested Titles for Washington Science State Standard 2.1.2.b.

2.1.2.c. Generate a logical plan for a simple field investigation with the following attributes: Identify multiple variables; Select observable or measurable variables related to the investigative question 2
Suggested Titles for Washington Science State Standard 2.1.2.c.

2.1.2.d. Identify and explain safety requirements that would be needed in the investigation. 5
Suggested Titles for Washington Science State Standard 2.1.2.d.

2.1.3. Investigating Systems: Explaining: Apply understanding of how to construct a scientific explanation using evidence and inferential logic. W

2.1.3.a. Generate a scientific conclusion including supporting data from an investigation using inferential logic (e.g., chewing gum loses more mass than bubble gum after being chewed for 5 minutes; chewing gum lost 2.00 grams while bubble gum only lost 1.47 grams). 2
Suggested Titles for Washington Science State Standard 2.1.3.a.

2.1.3.b. Describe a reason for a given conclusion using evidence from an investigation. 2
Suggested Titles for Washington Science State Standard 2.1.3.b.

2.1.3.c. Generate a scientific explanation of an observed phenomenon using given data. 2
Suggested Titles for Washington Science State Standard 2.1.3.c.

2.1.3.d. Predict what logically might occur if an investigation lasted longer or changed. 2
Suggested Titles for Washington Science State Standard 2.1.3.d.

2.1.3.e. Describe the difference between evidence (data) and conclusions. 2
Suggested Titles for Washington Science State Standard 2.1.3.e.

2.1.4. Investigating Systems: Modeling: Analyze how models are used to investigate objects, events, systems, and processes. W

2.1.4.a. Compare models or computer simulations of phenomena to the actual phenomena. 2
Suggested Titles for Washington Science State Standard 2.1.4.a.

2.1.4.b. Explain how models or computer simulations are used to investigate and predict the behavior of objects, events, systems, or processes. 5
Suggested Titles for Washington Science State Standard 2.1.4.b.

2.1.4.c. Create a model or computer simulation to investigate and predict the behavior of objects, events, systems, or processes (e.g., phases of the Moon using a solar system model). 4
Suggested Titles for Washington Science State Standard 2.1.4.c.

2.1.4.d. Explain the advantages and limitations of investigating with a model. 3
Suggested Titles for Washington Science State Standard 2.1.4.d.

2.1.5. Investigating Systems: Communicating: Apply understanding of how to report investigations and explanations of objects, events, systems, and processes. W

2.1.5.a. Report observations of scientific investigations without making inferences. 2
Suggested Titles for Washington Science State Standard 2.1.5.a.

2.1.5.b. Summarize an investigation by describing: reasons for selecting the investigative plan; materials used in the investigation; observations, data, results; explanations and conclusions in written, mathematical, oral, and information technology presentation formats; ramifications of investigations; safety procedures used 2
Suggested Titles for Washington Science State Standard 2.1.5.b.

2.1.5.c. Describe the difference between an objective summary of data and an inference made from data. 2
Suggested Titles for Washington Science State Standard 2.1.5.c.

2.2. Nature of Science: Understand the nature of scientific inquiry.

2.2.1. Nature of Science: Intellectual Honesty: Apply curiosity, honesty, skepticism, and openness when considering explanations and conducting investigations. W

2.2.1.a. Explain why an honest response to questionable results, conclusions, or explanations is important to the scientific enterprise. 7
Suggested Titles for Washington Science State Standard 2.2.1.a.

2.2.1.b. Describe a flaw in a claim or a conclusion (i.e., limited data, flawed procedure, or overgeneralization). 20
Suggested Titles for Washington Science State Standard 2.2.1.b.

2.2.1.c. Describe how scientists accurately and honestly record, report, and share observations and measurements without bias. 7
Suggested Titles for Washington Science State Standard 2.2.1.c.

2.2.1.d. Explain why honest acknowledgement of the contributions of others and information sources are necessary. 10
Suggested Titles for Washington Science State Standard 2.2.1.d.

2.2.2. Nature of Science: Limitations of Science and Technology: Understand that scientific theories explain facts using inferential logic. W

2.2.2.a. Describe how a principle or theory logically explains a given set of facts. 2
Suggested Titles for Washington Science State Standard 2.2.2.a.

2.2.2.b. Describe how new facts or evidence may result in the modification or rejection of a theory (e.g., caloric theory of heat, theory of acquired characteristics). 2
Suggested Titles for Washington Science State Standard 2.2.2.b.

2.2.3. Nature of Science: Evaluating Inconsistent Results: Analyze inconsistent results from scientific investigations to determine how the results can be explained. W

2.2.3.a. Compare two or more similar investigations and explain why different results were produced (e.g., insufficient data could be interpreted as inconsistent results). 2
Suggested Titles for Washington Science State Standard 2.2.3.a.

2.2.3.b. Explain whether sufficient information has been obtained to make a conclusion. 2
Suggested Titles for Washington Science State Standard 2.2.3.b.

2.2.3.c. Explain why the results from a single investigation or demonstration are not sufficient to describe a phenomenon. 2
Suggested Titles for Washington Science State Standard 2.2.3.c.

2.2.4. Nature of Science: Evaluating Methods of Investigation: Understand how to make the results of scientific investigations reliable and how to make the methods of investigation valid. W

2.2.4.a. Describe how the method of an investigation ensures reliable results (e.g., multiple trials ensure more reliable results). 2
Suggested Titles for Washington Science State Standard 2.2.4.a.

2.2.4.b. Describe how to increase the reliability of the results of an investigation (e.g., repeating an investigation exactly the same way increases the reliability of the results). 2
Suggested Titles for Washington Science State Standard 2.2.4.b.

2.2.4.c. Describe how the method of an investigation is valid (i.e., validity means that the investigation answered the investigative question with confidence; the manipulated variable caused the change in the responding or dependent variable). 2
Suggested Titles for Washington Science State Standard 2.2.4.c.

2.2.4.d. Describe the purpose of the steps and materials of an investigation's procedure in terms of the validity of the investigation. 2
Suggested Titles for Washington Science State Standard 2.2.4.d.

2.2.4.e. Modify an investigation to improve the validity of the investigation and explain how the modifications improved the validity (e.g., more controlled variables, more accurate measuring techniques, greater sample size). 2
Suggested Titles for Washington Science State Standard 2.2.4.e.

2.2.5. Nature of Science: Evolution of Scientific Ideas: Understand that increased comprehension of systems leads to new inquiry. W

2.2.5.a. Describe how scientific inquiry results in new facts, evidence, unexpected findings, ideas, and explanations. 2
Suggested Titles for Washington Science State Standard 2.2.5.a.

2.2.5.b. Describe how results of scientific inquiry may change our understanding of the systems of the natural and constructed world. 2
Suggested Titles for Washington Science State Standard 2.2.5.b.

2.2.5.c. Describe how increased understanding of systems leads to new questions to be investigated. 2
Suggested Titles for Washington Science State Standard 2.2.5.c.

2.2.5.d. Describe how new ideas need repeated inquiries before acceptance. 8
Suggested Titles for Washington Science State Standard 2.2.5.d.

2.2.5.e. Describe how new investigative questions arise at the completion of scientific inquiry. 28
Suggested Titles for Washington Science State Standard 2.2.5.e.

WA.3. Application (APP)

3.1. Designing Solutions: Apply knowledge and skills of science and technology to design solutions to human problems or meet challenges.

3.1.1. Designing Solutions: Identifying Problems: Analyze common problems or challenges in which scientific design can be or has been used to design solutions. W

3.1.1.a. Describe how science and technology could be used to solve all or part of a human problem and vice versa (e.g., understanding erosion can be used to solve some flooding problems). 49
Suggested Titles for Washington Science State Standard 3.1.1.a.

3.1.1.b. Describe the scientific concept, principle, or process used in a solution to a human problem (e.g., understanding of the relationship between electricity and magnetism has been used to make electric motors and generators). 7
Suggested Titles for Washington Science State Standard 3.1.1.b.

3.1.1.c. Explain how to scientifically gather information to develop a solution (e.g., collect data by measuring all the factors and establish which are the most important to solve the problem). 4
Suggested Titles for Washington Science State Standard 3.1.1.c.

3.1.1.d. Describe an appropriate question that could lead to a possible solution to a problem. 4
Suggested Titles for Washington Science State Standard 3.1.1.d.

3.1.2. Designing Solutions: Designing and Testing Solutions: Apply the scientific design process to develop and implement solutions to problems or challenges. W

3.1.2.a. Propose, implement, and document a scientific design process used to solve a problem or challenge. Define the problem: scientifically gather information and collect measurable data; explore ideas; make a plan: List steps to do the plan; scientifically test solution; document the scientific design process 3
Suggested Titles for Washington Science State Standard 3.1.2.a.

3.1.2.b. Explain possible solutions to the problem (e.g., use pulleys instead of levers to lift a heavy object). 3
Suggested Titles for Washington Science State Standard 3.1.2.b.

3.1.2.c. Explain the reason(s) for the effectiveness of a solution to a problem or challenge. 3
Suggested Titles for Washington Science State Standard 3.1.2.c.

3.1.3. Designing Solutions: Evaluating Potential Solutions: Analyze multiple solutions to a problem or challenge. W

3.1.3.a. Describe the criteria to evaluate an acceptable solution to the problem or challenge. 3
Suggested Titles for Washington Science State Standard 3.1.3.a.

3.1.3.b. Describe the reason(s) for the effectiveness of a solution to a problem or challenge using scientific concepts and principles. 3
Suggested Titles for Washington Science State Standard 3.1.3.b.

3.1.3.c. Describe the consequences of the solution to the problem or challenge (e.g., using rocks on the edge of a stream to prevent erosion may destroy habitat). 3
Suggested Titles for Washington Science State Standard 3.1.3.c.

3.1.3.d. Describe how to change a system to solve a problem or improve a solution to a problem. 3
Suggested Titles for Washington Science State Standard 3.1.3.d.

3.1.3.e. Compare the effectiveness of different solutions to a problem or challenge based on criteria, using scientific concepts and principles. 3
Suggested Titles for Washington Science State Standard 3.1.3.e.

3.2. Science, Technology, and Society: Analyze how science and technology are human endeavors, interrelated to each other, society, the workplace, and the environment.

3.2.1. Science, Technology and Society: All Peoples Contribute to Science and Technology: Analyze how science and technology have been developed, used, and affected by many diverse individuals, cultures, and societies throughout human history.

3.2.1.a. Explain how the contributions of diverse individuals have led to the development of science and technology. 14
Suggested Titles for Washington Science State Standard 3.2.1.a.

3.2.1.b. Explain how science and technology have affected individuals, cultures, and societies throughout human history. 5
Suggested Titles for Washington Science State Standard 3.2.1.b.

3.2.2. Science, Technology and Society: Relationship of Science and Technology: Analyze scientific inquiry and scientific design and understand how science supports technological development and vice versa. W

3.2.2.a. Describe how scientific investigations and scientific research support technology (e.g., investigation into materials led to Gortex and Kevlar). 3
Suggested Titles for Washington Science State Standard 3.2.2.a.

3.2.2.b. Describe how technology supports scientific investigations and research (e.g., microscopes led to the discovery of unicellular organisms). 7
Suggested Titles for Washington Science State Standard 3.2.2.b.

3.2.2.c. Describe how a scientifically designed solution to a human problem can lead to new tools that generate further inquiry (e.g., microscopes, telescopes, and computers). 19
Suggested Titles for Washington Science State Standard 3.2.2.c.

3.2.2.d. Compare the processes of scientific inquiry and scientific design in terms of activities, results, and/or influence on individuals and/or society. 14
Suggested Titles for Washington Science State Standard 3.2.2.d.

3.2.3. Science, Technology and Society: Careers and Occupations Using Science, Mathematics, and Technology: Analyze the use of science, mathematics, and technology within occupational/career areas of interest.

3.2.3.a. Examine scientific, mathematical, and technological knowledge and skills used in an occupation/career. 12
Suggested Titles for Washington Science State Standard 3.2.3.a.

3.2.3.b. Research occupations/careers that require knowledge of science, mathematics, and technology. 12
Suggested Titles for Washington Science State Standard 3.2.3.b.

3.2.4. Science, Technology and Society: Environmental and resource Issues: Analyze how human societies' use of natural resources affects the quality of life and the health of ecosystems. W

3.2.4.a. Discriminate between renewable and nonrenewable resources in an ecosystem. 47
Suggested Titles for Washington Science State Standard 3.2.4.a.

3.2.4.b. Explain the effects that the conservation of natural resources has on the quality of life and the health of ecosystems. 4
Suggested Titles for Washington Science State Standard 3.2.4.b.

3.2.4.c. Explain the effects of various human activities on the health of an ecosystem and/or the ability of organisms to survive in that ecosystem (e.g., consumption of natural resources; waste management; urban growth; land use decisions; pesticide, herbicide, or fertilizer use). 31
Suggested Titles for Washington Science State Standard 3.2.4.c.

6-8.ES3E. Students know that living organisms have played several critical roles in shaping landforms that we see today.