Virginia State Standards for Language Arts:
K.1. The student will demonstrate growth in the use of oral language.
K.1.a) Listen to a variety of literary forms, including stories and poems.
K.1.b) Participate in choral speaking and recite short poems, rhymes, songs, and stories with repeated patterns.
K.1.c) Participate in creative dramatics.
K.1.d) Begin to discriminate between spoken sentences, words, and syllables.
K.1.e) Recognize rhyming words.
K.1.f) Generate rhyming words in a rhyming pattern.
K.2. The student will use listening and speaking vocabularies.
K.2.a) Use number words.
K.2.b) Use words to describe/name people, places, and things.
K.2.c) Use words to describe location, size, color, and shape.
K.2.d) Use words to describe actions.
K.2.e) Ask about words not understood.
K.2.f) Follow one-step and two-step directions.
K.2.g) Begin to ask how and why questions.
K.3. The student will build oral communication skills.
K.3.a) Begin to follow implicit rules for conversation, including taking turns and staying on topic.
K.3.b) Express ideas and needs in complete sentences.
K.3.c) Begin to use voice level, phrasing, and intonation appropriate for language situation.
K.3.d) Listen and speak in informal conversations with peers and adults.
K.3.e) Begin to initiate conversations.
K.3.f) Participate in discussions about books and specific topics.
K.4. The student will hear, say, and manipulate phonemes (small units of sound) of spoken language.
K.4.a) Identify orally words that rhyme.
K.4.b) Identify words orally according to shared beginning or ending sounds.
K.4.c) Blend sounds orally to make words or syllables.
K.4.d) Divide one-syllable words into sounds (phonemes).
K.4.e) Divide words into syllables.
K.5. The student will understand how print is organized and read.
K.5.a) Hold print materials in the correct position.
K.5.b) Identify the front cover, back cover, and title page of a book.
K.5.c) Follow words from left to right and from top to bottom on a printed page.
K.5.d) Match voice with print: syllables, words, and phrases.
K.6. The student will demonstrate an understanding that print makes sense.
K.6.a) Explain that printed materials provide information.
K.6.b) Identify common signs and logos.
K.6.c) Read ten high-frequency words.
K.6.d) Read and explain own writing and drawings.
K.7. The student will develop an understanding of basic phonetic principles.
K.7.a) Identify and name the uppercase and lowercase letters of the alphabet.
K.7.b) Match consonant and short vowel sounds to appropriate letters.
K.7.c) Identify beginning consonant sounds in single-syllable words.
K.8. The student will demonstrate comprehension of fiction and nonfiction.
K.8.a) Use pictures to make predictions about content.
K.8.b) Retell familiar stories, using beginning, middle, and end.
K.8.c) Discuss characters, setting, and events.
K.8.d) Use story language in discussions and retellings.
K.8.e) Identify what an author does and what an illustrator does.
K.8.f) Identify the topics of nonfiction selections.
K.9. The student will print the uppercase and lowercase letters of the alphabet independently.
K.10. The student will print his/her first and last names.
K.11. The student will write to communicate ideas.
K.11.a) Draw pictures and/or use letters and phonetically spelled words to write about experiences, stories, people, objects, or events.
K.11.b) Write left to right and top to bottom.
K.12. The student will explore the uses of available technology for reading and writing.
1.1. The student will continue to demonstrate growth in the use of oral language.
1.1.a) Listen and respond to a variety of media, including books, audiotapes, videos, and other age-appropriate materials.
1.1.b) Tell and retell stories and events in logical order.
1.1.c) Participate in a variety of oral language activities, including choral speaking and reciting short poems, rhymes, songs, and stories with repeated patterns.
1.1.d) Express ideas orally in complete sentences.
1.2. The student will continue to expand and use listening and speaking vocabularies.
1.2.a) Increase oral descriptive vocabulary.
1.2.b) Begin to ask for clarification and explanation of words and ideas.
1.2.c) Follow simple two-step oral directions.
1.2.d) Give simple two-step oral directions.
1.2.e) Use singular and plural nouns.
1.3. The student will adapt or change oral language to fit the situation.
1.3.a) Initiate conversation with peers and adults.
1.3.b) Follow rules for conversation.
1.3.c) Use appropriate voice level in small-group settings.
1.3.d) Ask and respond to questions in small-group settings.
1.4. The student will orally identify and manipulate phonemes (small units of sound) in syllables and multisyllabic words.
1.4.a) Count phonemes (sounds) in syllables or words with a maximum of three syllables.
1.4.b) Add or delete phonemes (sounds) orally to change syllables or words.
1.4.c) Create rhyming words orally.
1.4.d) Blend sounds to make word parts and words with one to three syllables.
1.5. The student will apply knowledge of how print is organized and read.
1.5.a) Read from left to right and from top to bottom.
1.5.b) Match spoken words with print.
1.5.c) Identify letters, words, and sentences.
1.6. The student will apply phonetic principles to read and spell.
1.6.a) Use beginning and ending consonants to decode and spell single-syllable words.
1.6.b) Use two-letter consonant blends to decode and spell single-syllable words.
1.6.c) Use beginning consonant digraphs to decode and spell single-syllable words.
1.6.d) Use short vowel sounds to decode and spell single-syllable words.
1.6.e) Blend beginning, middle, and ending sounds to recognize and read words.
1.6.f) Use word patterns to decode unfamiliar words.
1.6.g) Use compound words.
1.6.h) Read and spell common, high-frequency sight words, including the, said, and come.
1.7. The student will use meaning clues and language structure to expand vocabulary when reading.
1.7.a) Use titles and pictures.
1.7.b) Use knowledge of the story and topic to read words.
1.7.c) Use knowledge of sentence structure.
1.7.d) Reread and self-correct.
1.8. The student will read familiar stories, poems, and passages with fluency and expression.
1.9. The student will read and demonstrate comprehension of a variety of fiction and nonfiction.
1.9.a) Preview the selection.
1.9.b) Set a purpose for reading.
1.9.c) Relate previous experiences to what is read.
1.9.d) Make predictions about content.
1.9.e) Ask and answer who, what, when, where, why, and how questions about what is read.
1.9.f) Identify characters, setting, and important events.
1.9.g) Retell stories and events, using beginning, middle, and end.
1.9.h) Identify the topic or main idea.
1.10. The student will use simple reference materials.
1.10.a) Use knowledge of alphabetical order by first letter.
1.10.b) Use a picture dictionary to find meanings of unfamiliar words.
1.11. The student will print legibly.
1.11.a) Form letters.
1.11.b) Space words and sentences.
1.12. The student will write to communicate ideas.
1.12.a) Generate ideas.
1.12.b) Focus on one topic.
1.12.c) Use descriptive words when writing about people, places, things, and events.
1.12.d) Use complete sentences in final copies.
1.12.e) Begin each sentence with a capital letter and use ending punctuation in final copies.
1.12.f) Use correct spelling for high-frequency sight words and phonetically regular words in final copies.
1.12.g) Share writing with others.
1.12.h) Use available technology.
2.1. The student will demonstrate an understanding of oral language structure.
2.1.a) Create oral stories to share with others.
2.1.b) Create and participate in oral dramatic activities.
2.1.c) Use correct verb tenses in oral communication.
2.1.d) Use increasingly complex sentence structures in oral communication.
2.2. The student will continue to expand listening and speaking vocabularies.
2.2.a) Use words that reflect a growing range of interests and knowledge.
2.2.b) Clarify and explain words and ideas orally.
2.2.c) Follow oral directions with three or four steps.
2.2.d) Give three-step and four-step directions.
2.2.e) Identify and use synonyms and antonyms in oral communication.
2.3. The student will use oral communication skills.
2.3.a) Use oral language for different purposes: to inform, to persuade, and to entertain.
2.3.b) Share stories or information orally with an audience.
2.3.c) Participate as a contributor and leader in a group.
2.3.d) Summarize information shared orally by others.
2.4. The student will use phonetic strategies when reading and spelling.
2.4.a) Use knowledge of consonants, consonant blends, and consonant digraphs to decode and spell words.
2.4.b) Use knowledge of short, long, and r-controlled vowel patterns to decode and spell words.
2.4.c) Decode regular multisyllabic words.
2.5. The student will use meaning clues and language structure when reading.
2.5.a) Use information in the story to read words.
2.5.b) Use knowledge of sentence structure.
2.5.c) Use knowledge of story structure and sequence.
2.6. The student will use language structure to expand vocabulary when reading.
2.6.a) Use knowledge of prefixes and suffixes.
2.6.b) Use knowledge of contractions and singular possessives.
2.6.c) Use knowledge of simple abbreviations.
2.6.d) Use knowledge of antonyms and synonyms.
2.7. The student will read fiction and nonfiction, using a variety of strategies independently.
2.7.a) Preview the selection by using pictures, diagrams, titles, and headings.
2.7.b) Set purpose for reading.
2.7.c) Read stories, poems, and passages with fluency and expression.
2.7.d) Reread and self-correct when necessary.
2.8. The student will read and demonstrate comprehension of fiction and nonfiction.
2.8.a) Make predictions about content.
2.8.b) Read to confirm predictions.
2.8.c) Relate previous experiences to the topic.
2.8.d) Ask and answer questions about what is read.
2.8.e) Locate information to answer questions.
2.8.f) Describe characters, setting, and important events in fiction and poetry.
2.8.g) Identify the problem, solution, and main idea.
2.9. The student will demonstrate comprehension of information in reference materials.
2.9.a) Use a table of contents.
2.9.b) Use pictures and charts.
2.9.c) Use dictionaries and indices.
2.10. The student will maintain manuscript and begin to make the transition to cursive.
2.11. The student will write stories, letters, and simple explanations.
2.11.a) Generate ideas before writing.
2.11.b) Organize writing to include a beginning, middle, and end.
2.11.c) Revise writing for clarity.
2.11.d) Use available technology.
2.12. The student will edit writing for correct grammar, capitalization, punctuation, and spelling.
2.12.a) Recognize and use complete sentences.
2.12.b) Use and punctuate declarative, interrogative, and exclamatory sentences.
2.12.c) Capitalize all proper nouns and the word I.
2.12.d) Use singular and plural nouns and pronouns.
2.12.e) Use apostrophes in contractions, including don't, isn't, and can't.
2.12.f) Use correct spelling for high-frequency sight words, including compound words and regular plurals.
3.1. The student will use effective communication skills in group activities.
3.1.a) Listen attentively by making eye contact, facing the speaker, asking questions, and summarizing what is said.
3.1.b) Ask and respond to questions from teachers and other group members.
3.1.c) Explain what has been learned.
3.2. The student will present brief oral reports.
3.2.a) Speak clearly.
3.2.b) Use appropriate volume and pitch.
3.2.c) Speak at an understandable rate.
3.2.d) Organize ideas sequentially or around major points of information.
3.2.e) Use grammatically correct language and specific vocabulary to communicate ideas.
3.3. The student will apply word-analysis skills when reading.
3.3.a) Use knowledge of all vowel patterns.
3.3.b) Use knowledge of homophones.
3.3.c) Decode regular multisyllabic words.
3.4. The student will use strategies to read a variety of fiction and nonfiction materials.
3.4.a) Preview and use text formats.
3.4.b) Set a purpose for reading.
3.4.c) Apply meaning clues, language structure, and phonetic strategies.
3.4.d) Use context to clarify meaning of unfamiliar words.
3.4.e) Read fiction and nonfiction fluently and accurately.
3.4.f) Reread and self-correct when necessary.
3.5. The student will read and demonstrate comprehension of fiction.
3.5.a) Set a purpose for reading.
3.5.b) Make connections between previous experiences and reading selections.
3.5.c) Make, confirm, or revise predictions.
3.5.d) Compare and contrast settings, characters, and events.
3.5.e) Identify the author's purpose.
3.5.f) Ask and answer questions.
3.5.g) Draw conclusions about character and plot.
3.5.h) Organize information and events logically.
3.5.i) Summarize major points found in fiction materials.
3.5.j) Understand basic plots of fairy tales, myths, folktales, legends, and fables.
3.6. The student will continue to read and demonstrate comprehension of nonfiction.
3.6.a) Identify the author's purpose.
3.6.b) Make connections between previous experiences and reading selections.
3.6.c) Ask and answer questions about what is read.
3.6.d) Draw conclusions.
3.6.e) Organize information and events logically.
3.6.f) Summarize major points found in nonfiction materials.
3.6.g) Identify the characteristics of biographies and autobiographies.
3.6.h) Compare and contrast the lives of two persons as described in biographies and/or autobiographies.
3.7. The student will demonstrate comprehension of information from a variety of print resources.
3.7.a) Use dictionary, glossary, thesaurus, encyclopedia, and other reference books, including online reference materials.
3.7.b) Use available technology.
3.8. The student will write legibly in cursive.
3.9. The student will write descriptive paragraphs.
3.9.a) Develop a plan for writing.
3.9.b) Focus on a central idea.
3.9.c) Group related ideas.
3.9.d) Include descriptive details that elaborate the central idea.
3.9.e) Revise writing for clarity.
3.10. The student will write stories, letters, simple explanations, and short reports across all content areas.
3.10.a) Use a variety of planning strategies.
3.10.b) Organize information according to the type of writing.
3.10.c) Identify the intended audience.
3.10.d) Revise writing for specific vocabulary and information.
3.10.e) Use available technology.
3.11. The student will edit writing for correct grammar, capitalization, punctuation, and spelling.
3.11.a) Use complete and varied sentences.
3.11.b) Use the word I in compound subjects.
3.11.c) Use past and present verb tense.
3.11.d) Use singular possessives.
3.11.e) Use commas in a simple series.
3.11.f) Use simple abbreviations.
3.11.g) Use apostrophes in contractions with pronouns.
3.11.h) Use correct spelling for high-frequency sight words, including irregular plurals.
4.1. The student will use effective oral communication skills in a variety of settings.
4.1.a) Present accurate directions to individuals and small groups.
4.1.b) Contribute to group discussions.
4.1.c) Seek ideas and opinions of others.
4.1.d) Use evidence to support opinions.
4.1.e) Use grammatically correct language and specific vocabulary to communicate ideas.
4.2. The student will make and listen to oral presentations and reports.
4.2.a) Use subject-related information and vocabulary.
4.2.b) Listen to and record information.
4.2.c) Organize information for clarity.
4.3. The student will read fiction and nonfiction with fluency and accuracy.
4.3.a) Use context to clarify meanings of unfamiliar words.
4.3.b) Explain words with multiple meanings.
4.3.c) Use knowledge of word origins; synonyms, antonyms, and homonyms; and multiple meanings of words.
4.3.d) Use word-reference materials, including the glossary, dictionary, and thesaurus.
4.4. The student will read and demonstrate comprehension of fiction.
4.4.a) Explain the author's purpose.
4.4.b) Describe how the choice of language, setting, and information contributes to the author's purpose.
4.4.c) Compare the use of fact and fantasy in historical fiction with other forms of literature.
4.4.d) Identify major events and supporting details.
4.4.e) Describe the relationship between text and previously read materials.
4.4.f) Identify sensory words.
4.5. The student will read and demonstrate comprehension of nonfiction.
4.5.a) Use text organizers, such as type, headings, and graphics, to predict and categorize information.
4.5.b) Formulate questions that might be answered in the selection.
4.5.c) Explain the author's purpose.
4.5.d) Make simple inferences, using information from texts.
4.5.e) Draw conclusions, using information from texts.
4.5.f) Summarize content of selection, identifying important ideas and providing details for each important idea.
4.5.g) Describe relationship between content and previously learned concepts or skills.
4.5.h) Distinguish between cause and effect and between fact and opinion.
4.5.i) Identify new information gained from reading.
4.6. The student will demonstrate comprehension of information resources to research a topic.
4.6.a) Construct questions about a topic.
4.6.b) Collect information, using the resources of the media center, including online, print, and media resources.
4.6.c) Evaluate and synthesize information.
4.7. The student will write effective narratives, poems, and explanations.
4.7.a) Focus on one aspect of a topic.
4.7.b) Develop a plan for writing.
4.7.c) Organize writing to convey a central idea.
4.7.d) Write several related paragraphs on the same topic.
4.7.e) Utilize elements of style, including word choice and sentence variation.
4.7.f) Write rhymed, unrhymed, and patterned poetry.
4.7.g) Use available technology.
4.8. The student will edit writing for correct grammar, capitalization, spelling, punctuation, and sentence structure.
4.8.a) Use subject-verb agreement.
4.8.b) Include prepositional phrases.
4.8.c) Eliminate double negatives.
4.8.d) Use noun-pronoun agreement.
4.8.e) Use commas in series, dates, and addresses.
4.8.f) Incorporate adjectives and adverbs.
4.8.g) Use the articles a, an, and the correctly.
4.8.h) Use correct spelling for frequently used words, including common homophones.
5.1. The student will listen, draw conclusions, and share responses in subject-related group learning activities.
5.1.a) Participate in and contribute to discussions across content areas.
5.1.b) Organize information to present reports of group activities.
5.1.c) Summarize information gathered in group activities.
5.2. The student will use effective nonverbal communication skills.
5.2.a) Maintain eye contact with listeners.
5.2.b) Use gestures to support, accentuate, and dramatize verbal message.
5.2.c) Use facial expressions to support and dramatize verbal message.
5.2.d) Use posture appropriate for communication setting.
5.3. The student will make planned oral presentations.
5.3.a) Determine appropriate content for audience.
5.3.b) Organize content sequentially or around major ideas.
5.3.c) Summarize main points before or after presentation.
5.3.d) Incorporate visual aids to support the presentation.
5.3.e) Use grammatically correct language and specific vocabulary.
5.4. The student will read fiction and nonfiction with fluency and accuracy.
5.4.a) Use context to clarify meaning of unfamiliar words.
5.4.b) Use knowledge of root words, prefixes, and suffixes.
5.4.c) Use dictionary, glossary, thesaurus, and other word-reference materials.
5.5. The student will read and demonstrate comprehension of fiction.
5.5.a) Describe the relationship between text and previously read materials.
5.5.b) Describe character development in fiction and poetry selections.
5.5.c) Describe the development of plot and explain how conflicts are resolved.
5.5.d) Describe the characteristics of free verse, rhymed, and patterned poetry.
5.5.e) Describe how an author's choice of vocabulary and style contributes to the quality and enjoyment of selections.
5.6. The student will read and demonstrate comprehension of nonfiction.
5.6.a) Use text organizers, such as type, headings, and graphics, to predict and categorize information.
5.6.b) Identify structural patterns found in nonfiction.
5.6.c) Locate information to support opinions, predictions, and conclusions.
5.6.d) Identify cause-and-effect relationships.
5.6.e) Identify compare-and-contrast relationships.
5.6.f) Skim materials to develop a general overview of content and to locate specific information.
5.6.g) Identify new information gained from reading.
5.7. The student will demonstrate comprehension of information from a variety of print resources.
5.7.a) Develop notes that include important concepts, summaries, and identification of information sources.
5.7.b) Organize information on charts, maps, and graphs.
5.8. The student will write for a variety of purposes: to describe, to inform, to entertain, and to explain.
5.8.a) Choose planning strategies for various writing purposes.
5.8.b) Organize information.
5.8.c) Demonstrate awareness of intended audience.
5.8.d) Use precise and descriptive vocabulary to create tone and voice.
5.8.e) Vary sentence structure.
5.8.f) Revise writing for clarity.
5.8.g) Use available technology to access information.
5.9. The student will edit writing for correct grammar, capitalization, spelling, punctuation, and sentence structure.
5.9.a) Use plural possessives.
5.9.b) Use adjective and adverb comparisons.
5.9.c) Identify and use interjections.
5.9.d) Use apostrophes in contractions and possessives.
5.9.e) Use quotation marks with dialogue.
5.9.f) Use commas to indicate interrupters and in the salutation and closing of a letter.
5.9.g) Use a hyphen to divide words at the end of a line.
5.9.h) Edit for clausal fragments, run-on sentences, and excessive coordination.
6.1. The student will analyze oral participation in small-group activities.
6.1.a) Communicate as leader and contributor.
6.1.b) Evaluate own contributions to discussions.
6.1.c) Summarize and evaluate group activities.
6.1.d) Analyze the effectiveness of participant interactions.
6.2. The student will listen critically and express opinions in oral presentations.
6.2.a) Distinguish between fact and opinion.
6.2.b) Compare and contrast viewpoints.
6.2.c) Present a convincing argument.
6.2.d) Paraphrase what is heard.
6.2.e) Summarize what is heard.
6.2.f) Use grammatically correct language and vocabulary appropriate to audience, topic, and purpose.
6.3. The student will read and learn the meanings of unfamiliar words and phrases.
6.3.a) Identify word origins, derivations, and inflections.
6.3.b) Identify analogies and figurative language.
6.3.c) Use context and sentence structure to determine meanings and differentiate among multiple meanings of words.
6.3.d) Use word-reference materials.
6.4. The student will read and demonstrate comprehension of a variety of fiction, narrative nonfiction, and poetry.
6.4.a) Identify the elements of narrative structure, including setting, character, plot, conflict, and theme.
6.4.b) Use knowledge of narrative and poetic structures to aid comprehension and predict outcomes.
6.4.c) Describe the images created by language.
6.4.d) Describe how word choice and imagery contribute to the meaning of a text.
6.4.e) Describe cause-effect relationships and their impact on plot.
6.4.f) Use information stated explicitly in the text to draw conclusions and make inferences.
6.4.g) Explain how character and plot development are used in a selection to support a central conflict or story line.
6.4.h) Paraphrase and summarize the main points in the text.
6.5. The student will read and demonstrate comprehension of a variety of informational selections.
6.5.a) Identify questions to be answered.
6.5.b) Make, confirm, or revise predictions.
6.5.c) Use context to determine meanings of unfamiliar words and technical vocabulary.
6.5.d) Draw conclusions and make inferences based on explicit and implied information.
6.5.e) Organize the main idea and details to form a summary.
6.5.f) Compare and contrast information about one topic contained in different selections.
6.5.g) Select informational sources appropriate for a given purpose.
6.6. The student will write narratives, descriptions, and explanations.
6.6.a) Use a variety of planning strategies to generate and organize ideas.
6.6.b) Establish central idea, organization, elaboration, and unity.
6.6.c) Select vocabulary and information to enhance the central idea, tone, and voice.
6.6.d) Expand and embed ideas by using modifiers, standard coordination, and subordination in complete sentences.
6.6.e) Revise writing for clarity.
6.7. The student will edit writing for correct grammar, capitalization, punctuation, spelling, and sentence structure.
6.7.a) Use a variety of graphic organizers, including sentence diagrams, to analyze and improve sentence formation and paragraph structure.
6.7.b) Use subject-verb agreement with intervening phrases and clauses.
6.7.c) Use pronoun-antecedent agreement to include indefinite pronouns.
6.7.d) Maintain consistent tense inflections across paragraphs.
6.7.e) Choose adverbs to describe verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs.
6.7.f) Use correct spelling for frequently used words.
7.1. The student will give and seek information in conversations, in group discussions, and in oral presentations.
7.1.a) Use oral vocabulary and style appropriate for listeners.
7.1.b) Communicate ideas and information orally in an organized and succinct manner.
7.1.c) Ask probing questions to seek elaboration and clarification of ideas.
7.1.d) Make supportive statements to communicate agreement with or acceptance of others' ideas.
7.1.e) Use grammatically correct language and vocabulary appropriate to audience, topic, and purpose.
7.2. The student will identify the relationship between a speaker's verbal and nonverbal messages.
7.2.a) Use verbal communication skills, such as word choice, pitch, feeling, tone, and voice.
7.2.b) Use nonverbal communication skills, such as eye contact, posture, and gestures.
7.2.c) Compare/contrast a speaker's verbal and nonverbal messages.
7.3. The student will describe persuasive messages in non-print media, including television, radio, and video.
7.3.a) Identify persuasive technique used.
7.3.b) Distinguish between fact and opinion.
7.3.c) Describe how word choice conveys viewpoint.
7.4. The student will read to determine the meanings and pronunciations of unfamiliar words and phrases.
7.4.a) Use roots and affixes to expand vocabulary.
7.4.b) Recognize analogies and figurative language.
7.4.c) Identify connotations.
7.5. The student will read and demonstrate comprehension of a variety of fiction, narrative nonfiction, and poetry.
7.5.a) Describe setting, character development, plot structure, theme, and conflict.
7.5.b) Compare and contrast forms, including short stories, novels, plays, folk literature, poetry, essays, and biographies.
7.5.c) Describe the impact of word choice, imagery, and poetic devices.
7.5.d) Explain how form, including rhyme, rhythm, repetition, line structure, and punctuation, conveys the mood and meaning of a poem.
7.5.e) Draw conclusions based on explicit and implied information.
7.5.f) Make inferences based on explicit and implied information.
7.5.g) Summarize text.
7.6. The student will read and demonstrate comprehension of a variety of informational texts.
7.6.a) Use knowledge of text structures to aid comprehension.
7.6.b) Use knowledge of words and phrases that signal an author's organizational pattern to aid comprehension.
7.6.c) Distinguish fact from opinion in newspapers, magazines, and other print media.
7.6.d) Identify the source, viewpoint, and purpose of texts.
7.6.e) Describe how word choice and language structure convey an author's viewpoint.
7.6.f) Summarize what is read.
7.6.g) Organize and synthesize information for use in written and oral presentations.
7.7. The student will apply knowledge of appropriate reference materials.
7.7.a) Use print and electronic sources to locate information in books and articles.
7.7.b) Use graphic organizers to organize information.
7.7.c) Synthesize information from multiple sources.
7.7.d) Credit primary and secondary sources.
7.8. The student will develop narrative, expository, and persuasive writing.
7.8.a) Apply knowledge of prewriting strategies.
7.8.b) Elaborate the central idea in an organized manner.
7.8.c) Choose vocabulary and information that will create voice and tone.
7.8.d) Use clauses and phrases to vary sentences.
7.8.e) Revise writing for clarity and effect.
7.8.f) Use a word processor to plan, draft, revise, edit, and publish selected writings.
7.9. The student will edit writing for correct grammar, capitalization, punctuation, spelling, sentence structure, and paragraphing.
7.9.a) Use a variety of graphic organizers, including sentence diagrams, to analyze and improve sentence formation and paragraph structure.
7.9.b) Demonstrate understanding of sentence formation by identifying the eight parts of speech and their functions in sentences.
7.9.c) Choose pronouns to agree with antecedents.
7.9.d) Use subject-verb agreement with intervening phrases and clauses.
7.9.e) Edit for verb tense consistency.
8.1. The student will use interviewing techniques to gain information.
8.1.a) Prepare and ask relevant questions for the interview.
8.1.b) Make notes of responses.
8.1.c) Compile and report responses.
8.1.d) Evaluate the effectiveness of the interview.
8.2. The student will develop and deliver oral presentations in groups and individually.
8.2.a) Choose topic and purpose appropriate to the audience.
8.2.b) Choose vocabulary and tone appropriate to the audience, topic, and purpose.
8.2.c) Use appropriate verbal and nonverbal presentation skills.
8.2.d) Respond to audience questions and comments.
8.2.e) Use grammatically correct language.
8.2.f) Critique oral presentations.
8.3. The student will analyze mass media messages.
8.3.a) Evaluate the persuasive technique being used.
8.3.b) Describe the possible cause-effect relationships between mass media coverage and public opinion trends.
8.3.c) Evaluate sources, including advertisements, editorials, and feature stories, for relationships between intent and factual content.
8.4. The student will apply knowledge of word origins, derivations, inflections, analogies, and figurative language to extend vocabulary development.
8.4.a) Identify simile, metaphor, personification, hyperbole, and analogy.
8.4.b) Use context, structure, and connotations to determine meaning of words and phrases.
8.5. The student will read and analyze a variety of narrative and poetic forms.
8.5.a) Explain the use of symbols and figurative language.
8.5.b) Describe inferred main ideas or themes, using evidence from the text as support.
8.5.c) Describe how authors use characters, conflict, point of view, and tone to create meaning.
8.5.d) Compare and contrast the use of the poetic elements of word choice, dialogue, form, rhyme, rhythm, and voice.
8.5.e) Compare and contrast authors' styles.
8.6. The student will read, comprehend, and analyze a variety of informational sources.
8.6.a) Draw on background knowledge and knowledge of text structure to understand selections.
8.6.b) Analyze the author's credentials, viewpoint, and impact.
8.6.c) Analyze the author's use of text structure and word choice.
8.6.d) Analyze details for relevance and accuracy.
8.6.e) Read and follow instructions to complete an assigned task.
8.6.f) Summarize and critique text.
8.6.g) Evaluate and synthesize information to apply in written and oral presentations.
8.6.h) Draw conclusions based on explicit and implied information.
8.6.i) Make inferences based on explicit and implied information.
8.7. The student will write in a variety of forms, including narrative, expository, persuasive, and informational.
8.7.a) Use prewriting strategies to generate and organize ideas.
8.7.b) Organize details to elaborate the central idea.
8.7.c) Select specific vocabulary and information.
8.7.d) Revise writing for word choice, sentence variety, and transitions among paragraphs.
8.7.e) Use available technology.
8.8. The student will edit writing for correct grammar, capitalization, punctuation, spelling, sentence structure, and paragraphing.
8.8.a) Use a variety of graphic organizers, including sentence diagrams, to analyze and improve sentence formation and paragraph structure.
8.8.b) Use and punctuate correctly varied sentence structures to include conjunctions and transition words.
8.8.c) Choose the correct case and number for pronouns in prepositional phrases with compound objects.
8.8.d) Maintain consistent verb tense across paragraphs.
8.8.e) Use comparative and superlative degrees in adverbs and adjectives.
9.1. The student will plan, present, and critique dramatic readings of literary selections.
9.1.a) Choose a literary form for presentation, such as a poem, monologue, scene from a play, or story.
9.1.b) Adapt presentation techniques to fit literary form.
9.1.c) Use verbal and nonverbal techniques for presentation.
9.1.d) Evaluate impact of presentation.
9.2. The student will make planned oral presentations.
9.2.a) Include definitions to increase clarity.
9.2.b) Use relevant details to support main ideas.
9.2.c) Illustrate main ideas through anecdotes and examples.
9.2.d) Cite information sources.
9.2.e) Make impromptu responses to questions about presentation.
9.2.f) Use grammatically correct language, including vocabulary appropriate to the topic, audience, and purpose.
9.3. The student will read and analyze a variety of literature.
9.3.a) Identify format, text structure, and main idea.
9.3.b) Identify the characteristics that distinguish literary forms.
9.3.c) Use literary terms in describing and analyzing selections.
9.3.d) Explain the relationships between and among elements of literature: characters, plot, setting, tone, point of view, and theme.
9.3.e) Explain the relationship between the author's style and literary effect.
9.3.f) Describe the use of images and sounds to elicit the reader's emotions.
9.3.g) Explain the influence of historical context on the form, style, and point of view of a written work.
9.4. The student will read and analyze a variety of informational materials (manuals, textbooks, business letters, newspapers, brochures, reports, catalogs) and nonfiction materials, including journals, essays, speeches, biographies, and autobiographies.
9.4.a) Identify a position/argument to be confirmed, disproved, or modified.
9.4.b) Evaluate clarity and accuracy of information.
9.4.c) Synthesize information from sources and apply it in written and oral presentations.
9.4.d) Identify questions not answered by a selected text.
9.4.e) Extend general and specialized vocabulary through speaking, reading, and writing.
9.4.f) Read and follow instructions to complete an assigned project or task.
9.5. The student will read dramatic selections.
9.5.a) Identify the two basic parts of drama: staging and scripting.
9.5.b) Compare and contrast the elements of character, setting, and plot in one-act plays and full-length plays.
9.5.c) Describe how stage directions help the reader understand a play's setting, mood, characters, plot, and theme.
9.6. The student will develop narrative, expository, and informational writings to inform, explain, analyze, or entertain.
9.6.a) Generate, gather, and organize ideas for writing.
9.6.b) Plan and organize writing to address a specific audience and purpose.
9.6.c) Communicate clearly the purpose of the writing.
9.6.d) Write clear, varied sentences.
9.6.e) Use specific vocabulary and information.
9.6.f) Arrange paragraphs into a logical progression.
9.6.g) Revise writing for clarity.
9.6.h) Proofread and prepare final product for intended audience and purpose.
9.7. The student will edit writing for correct grammar, capitalization, punctuation, spelling, sentence structure, and paragraphing.
9.7.a) Use and apply rules for the parts of a sentence, including subject/verb, direct/indirect object, and predicate nominative/predicate adjective.
9.7.b) Use parallel structures across sentences and paragraphs.
9.7.c) Use appositives, main clauses, and subordinate clauses.
9.7.d) Use commas and semicolons to distinguish and divide main and subordinate clauses.
9.8. The student will credit the sources of both quoted and paraphrased ideas.
9.8.a) Define the meaning and consequences of plagiarism.
9.8.b) Distinguish one's own ideas from information created or discovered by others.
9.8.c) Use a style sheet, such as that of the Modern Language Association (MLA) or the American Psychological Association (APA), for citing sources.
9.9. The student will use print, electronic databases, and online resources to access information.
9.9.a) Identify key terms specific to research tools and processes.
9.9.b) Narrow the focus of a search.
9.9.c) Scan and select resources.
9.9.d) Distinguish between reliable and questionable Internet sources and apply responsible use of technology.
10.1. The student will participate in and report on small-group learning activities.
10.1.a) Assume responsibility for specific group tasks.
10.1.b) Participate in the preparation of an outline or summary of the group activity.
10.1.c) Include all group members in oral presentation.
10.1.d) Use grammatically correct language, including vocabulary appropriate to the topic, audience, and purpose.
10.2. The student will critique oral reports of small-group learning activities.
10.2.a) Evaluate one's own role in preparation and delivery of oral reports.
10.2.b) Evaluate effectiveness of group process in preparation and delivery of oral reports.
10.3. The student will read, comprehend, and critique literary works.
10.3.a) Identify text organization and structure.
10.3.b) Identify main and supporting ideas.
10.3.c) Make predictions, draw inferences, and connect prior knowledge to support reading comprehension.
10.3.d) Explain similarities and differences of techniques and literary forms represented in the literature of different cultures and eras.
10.3.e) Identify universal themes prevalent in the literature of different cultures.
10.3.f) Examine a literary selection from several critical perspectives.
10.4. The student will read and interpret informational materials.
10.4.a) Analyze and apply the information contained in warranties, contracts, job descriptions, technical descriptions, and other informational sources, including labels, warnings, manuals, directions, applications, and forms, to complete specific tasks.
10.4.b) Skim manuals or informational sources to locate information.
10.4.c) Compare and contrast product information contained in advertisements with that found in instruction manuals and warranties.
10.5. The student will read and analyze a variety of poetry.
10.5.a) Compare and contrast the use of rhyme, rhythm, and sound to convey a message.
10.5.b) Compare and contrast the ways in which poets use techniques to evoke emotion in the reader.
10.5.c) Interpret and paraphrase the meaning of selected poems.
10.6. The student will read and critique dramatic selections.
10.6.a) Explain the use of asides, soliloquies, and monologues in the development of a single character.
10.6.b) Compare and contrast character development in a play to characterization in other literary forms.
10.7. The student will develop a variety of writing, with an emphasis on exposition.
10.7.a) Generate, gather, plan, and organize ideas for writing.
10.7.b) Elaborate ideas clearly through word choice and vivid description.
10.7.c) Write clear, varied sentences.
10.7.d) Organize ideas into a logical sequence.
10.7.e) Revise writing for clarity of content and presentation.
10.7.f) Proofread and prepare final product for intended audience and purpose.
10.8. The student will edit writing for correct grammar, capitalization, punctuation, spelling, sentence structure, and paragraphing.
10.8.a) Use a style manual, such as that of the Modern Language Association (MLA) or the American Psychological Association (APA), to apply rules for punctuation and formatting of direct quotations.
10.8.b) Apply rules governing use of the colon.
10.8.c) Distinguish between active and passive voice.
10.9. The student will critique professional and peer writing.
10.9.a) Analyze the writing of others.
10.9.b) Describe how the author accomplishes the intended purpose of a writing.
10.9.c) Suggest how writing might be improved.
10.10. The student will use writing to interpret, analyze, and evaluate ideas.
10.10.a) Explain concepts contained in literature and other disciplines.
10.10.b) Translate concepts into simpler or more easily understood terms.
10.11. The student will collect, evaluate, organize, and present information.
10.11.a) Organize information from a variety of sources.
10.11.b) Develop the central idea or focus.
10.11.c) Verify the accuracy and usefulness of information.
10.11.d) Credit sources for both quoted and paraphrased ideas.
10.11.e) Present information in an appropriate format, such as an oral presentation, written report, or visual product.
10.11.f) Use technology to access information, organize ideas, and develop writing.
11.1. The student will make informative and persuasive presentations.
11.1.a) Gather and organize evidence to support a position.
11.1.b) Present evidence clearly and convincingly.
11.1.c) Support and defend ideas in public forums.
11.1.d) Use grammatically correct language, including vocabulary appropriate to the topic, audience, and purpose.
11.2. The student will analyze and evaluate informative and persuasive presentations.
11.2.a) Critique the accuracy, relevance, and organization of evidence.
11.2.b) Critique the clarity and effectiveness of delivery.
11.3. The student will read and analyze relationships among American literature, history, and culture.
11.3.a) Describe contributions of different cultures to the development of American literature.
11.3.b) Compare and contrast the development of American literature in its historical context.
11.3.c) Discuss American literature as it reflects traditional and contemporary themes, motifs, universal characters, and genres.
11.3.d) Describe how use of context and language structures conveys an author's intent and viewpoint in contemporary and historical essays, speeches, and critical reviews.
11.4. The student will read and analyze a variety of informational materials.
11.4.a) Use information from texts to clarify or refine understanding of academic concepts.
11.4.b) Read and follow directions to complete an application for college admission, for a scholarship, or for employment.
11.4.c) Apply concepts and use vocabulary in informational and technical materials to complete a task.
11.4.d) Generalize ideas from selections to make predictions about other texts.
11.4.e) Analyze information from a text to draw conclusions.
11.5. The student will read and critique a variety of poetry.
11.5.a) Analyze the poetic elements of contemporary and traditional poems.
11.5.b) Identify the poetic elements and techniques that are most appealing and that make poetry enjoyable.
11.5.c) Compare and contrast the works of contemporary and past American poets.
11.6. The student will read and critique a variety of dramatic selections.
11.6.a) Describe the dramatic conventions or devices used by playwrights to present ideas.
11.6.b) Compare and evaluate adaptations and interpretations of a script for stage, film, or television.
11.6.c) Explain the use of verbal, situational, and dramatic irony.
11.7. The student will write in a variety of forms, with an emphasis on persuasion.
11.7.a) Generate, gather, plan, and organize ideas for writing.
11.7.b) Develop a focus for writing.
11.7.c) Evaluate and cite applicable information.
11.7.d) Organize ideas in a logical manner.
11.7.e) Elaborate ideas clearly and accurately.
11.7.f) Adapt content, vocabulary, voice, and tone to audience, purpose, and situation.
11.7.g) Revise writing for accuracy and depth of information.
11.7.h) Proofread final copy and prepare document for intended audience and purpose.
11.8. The student will edit writing for correct grammar, capitalization, punctuation, spelling, sentence structure, and paragraphing.
11.8.a) Use a style manual, such as that of the Modern Language Association (MLA) or the American Psychological Association (APA), for producing research projects.
11.8.b) Use verbals and verbal phrases to achieve sentence conciseness and variety.
11.8.c) Adjust sentence and paragraph structures for a variety of purposes and audiences.
11.9. The student will write, revise, and edit personal, professional, and informational correspondence to a standard acceptable in the workplace and higher education.
11.9.a) Apply a variety of planning strategies to generate and organize ideas.
11.9.b) Organize information to support purpose and form of writing.
11.9.c) Present information in a logical manner.
11.9.d) Revise writing for clarity.
11.9.e) Use technology to access information, organize ideas, and develop writing.
11.10. The student will analyze, evaluate, synthesize, and organize information from a variety of sources to produce a research product.
11.10.a) Narrow a topic.
11.10.b) Develop a plan for research.
11.10.c) Collect information to support a thesis.
11.10.d) Evaluate quality and accuracy of information.
11.10.e) Synthesize information in a logical sequence.
11.10.f) Document sources of information, using a style sheet, such as that of the Modern Language Association (MLA) or the American Psychological Association (APA).
11.10.g) Edit writing for clarity of content and effect.
11.10.h) Edit copy for grammatically correct use of language, spelling, punctuation, and capitalization.
11.10.i) Proofread final copy and prepare document for publication or submission.
11.10.j) Use technology to access information, organize ideas, and develop writing.
12.1. The student will make a 5 to 10 minute formal oral presentation.
12.1.a) Choose the purpose of the presentation: to defend a position, to entertain an audience, or to explain information.
12.1.b) Use a well-structured narrative or logical argument.
12.1.c) Use details, illustrations, statistics, comparisons, and analogies to support purposes.
12.1.d) Use visual aids or technology to support presentation.
12.1.e) Use grammatically correct language, including vocabulary appropriate to the topic, audience, and purpose.
12.2. The student will evaluate formal presentations.
12.2.a) Critique relationships among purpose, audience, and content of presentations.
12.2.b) Critique effectiveness of presentations.
12.3. The student will read and analyze the development of British literature and literature of other cultures.
12.3.a) Recognize major literary forms and their elements.
12.3.b) Recognize the characteristics of major chronological eras.
12.3.c) Relate literary works and authors to major themes and issues of their eras.
12.4. The student will read and analyze a variety of informational materials, including electronic resources.
12.4.a) Identify formats common to new publications and information resources.
12.4.b) Recognize and apply specialized informational vocabulary.
12.4.c) Evaluate a product based on analysis of the accompanying warranty and instruction manual.
12.4.d) Evaluate the quality of informational and technical materials.
12.5. The student will read and critique a variety of poetry.
12.5.a) Explain how the choice of words in a poem creates tone and voice.
12.5.b) Explain how the sound of a poem (rhyme, rhythm, onomatopoeia, repetition, alliteration, assonance, and parallelism) supports the subject and mood.
12.5.c) Explain how imagery and figures of speech (personification, simile, metaphor) appeal to the reader's senses and experience.
12.5.d) Compare and contrast traditional and contemporary works of poets from many cultures.
12.6. The student will read and critique dramatic selections from a variety of authors.
12.6.a) Describe the conflict, plot, climax, and setting.
12.6.b) Compare and contrast ways in which character, scene, dialogue, and staging contribute to the theme and the dramatic effect.
12.6.c) Identify the most effective elements of selected plays.
12.6.d) Compare and contrast dramatic elements of plays from American, British, and other cultures.
12.7. The student will develop expository and informational writings.
12.7.a) Generate, gather, and organize ideas for writing.
12.7.b) Consider audience and purpose when planning for writing.
12.7.c) Write analytically about literary, informational, and visual materials.
12.7.d) Elaborate ideas clearly and accurately.
12.7.e) Revise writing for depth of information and technique of presentation.
12.7.f) Apply grammatical conventions to edit writing for correct use of language, spelling, punctuation, and capitalization.
12.7.g) Proofread final copy and prepare document for publication or submission.
12.8. The student will write documented research papers.
12.8.a) Identify and understand the ethical issues of research and documentation.
12.8.b) Evaluate the accuracy and usefulness of information.
12.8.c) Synthesize information to support the thesis.
12.8.d) Present information in a logical manner.
12.8.e) Cite sources of information, using a standard method of documentation, such as that of the Modern Language Association (MLA) or the American Psychological Association (APA).
12.8.f) Edit copies for correct use of language, spelling, punctuation, and capitalization.
12.8.g) Proofread final copy and prepare document for publication or submission.
VA.1. Literacy: Oral Expression: The child will develop listening and speaking skills by communicating experiences and ideas through oral expression.
1.b. Correctly identify characters, objects, and actions in a picture book, as well as stories read aloud, and begin to comment about each
VA.4. Literacy: Letter Knowledge and Early Word Recognition: The child will demonstrate basic knowledge of the alphabetic principle.
4.d. Read simple/familiar high-frequency words, including his or her name
VA.6. Literacy: Written Expression: The child will write using a variety of materials.
6.a. Distinguish print from pictures