Texas State Standards for Social Studies: Grade 12

TX.113.35 (12.1) United States Government: History: The student understands major political ideas and forms of government in history.

12.1. (A) Explain major political ideas in history such as natural law, natural rights, divine right of kings, and social contract theory.

12.1. (B) Identify the characteristics of classic forms of government such as absolute monarchy, authoritarianism, classical republic, despotism, feudalism, liberal democracy, and totalitarianism.

TX.113.35 (12.2) United States Government: History: The student understands how constitutional government, as developed in the United States, has been influenced by people, ideas, and historical documents.

12.2. (A) Analyze the principles and ideas that underlie the Declaration of Independence and the U.S. Constitution, including those of Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, and Charles de Montesquieu.

12.2. (B) Analyze the contributions of the political philosophies of the Founding Fathers, including John Adams, Alexander Hamilton, Thomas Jefferson, and James Madison, on the development of the U.S. government.

12.2. (C) Analyze debates and compromises necessary to reach political decisions using historical documents.

12.2. (D) Identify significant individuals in the field of government and politics, including Abraham Lincoln, George Washington, and selected contemporary leaders.

TX.113.35 (12.3) United States Government: History: The student understands the roles played by individuals, political parties, interest groups, and the media in the U.S. political system, past and present.

12.3. (A) Give examples of the processes used by individuals, political parties, interest groups, or the media to affect public policy.

12.3. (B) Analyze the impact of political changes brought about by individuals, political parties, interest groups, or the media, past and present.

TX.113.35 (12.4) United States Government: Geography: The student understands why certain places and regions are important to the United States.

12.4. (A) Analyze the political significance to the United States of the location and geographic characteristics of selected places or regions such as Cuba and Taiwan.

12.4. (B) Analyze the economic significance to the United States of the location and geographic characteristics of selected places and regions such as oil fields in the Middle East.

TX.113.35 (12.5) United States Government: Geography: The student understands how government policies can affect the physical and human characteristics of places and regions.

12.5. (A) Analyze and evaluate the consequences of a government policy that affects the physical characteristics of a place or region.

12.5. (B) Analyze and evaluate the consequences of a government policy that affects the human characteristics of a place or region.

TX.113.35 (12.6) United States Government: Economics: The student understands the roles played by local, state, and national governments in both the public and private sectors of the U.S. free enterprise system.

12.6. (A) Analyze government policies that influence the economy at the local, state, and national levels.

12.6. (B) Identify the sources of revenue and expenditures of the U. S. government and analyze their impact on the U.S. economy.

12.6. (C) Compare the role of government in the U.S. free enterprise system and other economic systems.

TX.113.35 (12.7) United States Government: Economics: The student understands the relationship between U.S. government policies and international trade.

12.7. (A) Explain the effects of international trade on U.S. economic and political policies.

12.7. (B) Explain the government's role in setting international trade policies.

TX.113.35 (12.8) United States Government: Government: The student understands the American beliefs and principles reflected in the U.S. Constitution.

12.8. (A) Explain the importance of a written constitution.

12.8. (B) Evaluate how the federal government serves the purposes set forth in the Preamble to the U.S. Constitution.

12.8. (C) Analyze how the Federalist Papers explain the principles of the American constitutional system of government.

12.8. (D) Evaluate constitutional provisions for limiting the role of government, including republicanism, checks and balances, federalism, separation of powers, popular sovereignty, and individual rights.

12.8. (E) Analyze the processes by which the U.S. Constitution can be changed and evaluate their effectiveness.

12.8. (F) Analyze how the American beliefs and principles reflected in the U.S. Constitution contribute to our national identity.

TX.113.35 (12.9) United States Government: Government: The student understands the structure and functions of the government created by the U.S. Constitution.

12.9. (A) Analyze the structure and functions of the legislative branch of government, including the bicameral structure of Congress, the role of committees, and the procedure for enacting laws.

12.9. (B) Analyze the structure and functions of the executive branch of government, including the constitutional powers of the president, the growth of presidential power, and the role of the Cabinet and executive departments.

12.9. (C) Analyze the structure and functions of the judicial branch of government, including the federal court system and types of jurisdiction.

12.9. (D) Analyze the functions of selected independent executive agencies and regulatory commissions such as the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and the Federal Communications Commission.

12.9. (E) Explain how certain provisions of the U.S. Constitution provide for checks and balances among the three branches of government.

12.9. (F) Analyze selected issues raised by judicial activism and judicial restraint.

12.9. (G) Explain the major responsibilities of the federal government for domestic and foreign policy.

12.9. (H) Compare the structure and functions of the Texas state government to the federal system.

12.9. (I) Analyze the structure and functions of local government.

TX.113.35 (12.10) United States Government: Government: The student understands the concept of federalism.

12.10. (A) Explain why the Founding Fathers created a distinctly new form of federalism and adopted a federal system of government instead of a unitary system.

12.10. (B) Categorize government powers as national, state, or shared.

12.10. (C) Analyze historical conflicts over the respective roles of national and state governments.

12.10. (D) Evaluate the limits on the national and state governments in the U.S. federal system of government.

TX.113.35 (12.11) United States Government: Government: The student understands the processes for filling public offices in the U.S. system of government.

12.11. (A) Compare different methods of filling public offices, including elected and appointed offices, at the local, state, and national levels.

12.11. (B) Analyze and evaluate the process of electing the President of the United States.

TX.113.35 (12.12) United States Government: Government: The student understands the role of political parties in the U.S. system of government.

12.12. (A) Identify the functions of political parties.

12.12. (B) Analyze the two-party system and evaluate the role of third parties in the United States.

12.12. (C) Analyze the role of political parties in the electoral process at local, state, and national levels.

12.12. (D) Identify opportunities for citizens to participate in political party activities at local, state, and national levels.

TX.113.35 (12.13) United States Government: Government: The student understands the similarities and differences that exist among the U.S. system of government and other political systems.

12.13. (A) Compare the U.S. system of government with other political systems.

12.13. (B) Analyze advantages and disadvantages of federal, confederate, and unitary systems of government.

12.13. (C) Analyze advantages and disadvantages of presidential and parliamentary systems of government.

TX.113.35 (12.14) United States Government: Citizenship: The student understands rights guaranteed by the U.S. Constitution.

12.14. (A) Understand the roles of limited government and the rule of law to the protection of individual rights.

12.14. (B) Analyze the rights guaranteed by the Bill of Rights, including first amendment freedoms.

12.14. (C) Analyze issues addressed in selected cases such as Engel v. Vitale, Miranda v. Arizona, and Schenck v. U.S. that involve Supreme Court interpretations of rights guaranteed by the U.S. Constitution.

12.14. (D) Analyze the role of each branch of government in protecting the rights of individuals.

12.14. (E) Explain the importance of due process rights to the protection of individual rights and to the limits on the powers of government.

12.14. (F) Analyze the impact of the incorporation doctrine involving due process and the Bill of Rights on individual rights, federalism, and majority rule.

TX.113.35 (12.15) United States Government: Citizenship: The student understands the difference between personal and civic responsibilities.

12.15. (A) Explain the difference between personal and civic responsibilities.

12.15. (B) Evaluate whether and/or when the obligation of citizenship requires that personal desires and interests be subordinated to the public good.

12.15. (C) Evaluate whether and/or when the rights of individuals are inviolable even against claims for the public good.

12.15. (D) Analyze the consequences of political decisions and actions on society.

TX.113.35 (12.16) United States Government: Citizenship: The student understands the importance of voluntary individual participation in the U.S. democratic society.

12.16. (A) Analyze the effectiveness of various methods of participation in the political process at local, state, and national levels.

12.16. (B) Analyze historical and contemporary examples of citizen movements to bring about political change or to maintain continuity.

12.16. (C) Analyze the factors that influence an individual's political attitudes and actions.

12.16. (D) Compare and evaluate characteristics, style, and effectiveness of state and national leaders, past and present.

TX.113.35 (12.17) United States Government: Citizenship: The student understands the importance of the expression of different points of view in a democratic society.

12.17. (A) Analyze different points of view of political parties and interest groups on important contemporary issues.

12.17. (B) Analyze the importance of free speech and press in a democratic society.

12.17. (C) Express and defend a point of view on an issue of contemporary interest in the United States.

TX.113.35 (12.18) United States Government: Culture: The student understands the relationship between government policies and the culture of the United States.

12.18. (A) Evaluate a political policy or decision in the United States that was a result of changes in American culture.

12.18. (B) Analyze changes in American culture brought about by government policies such as voting rights, the GI bill, and racial integration.

12.18. (C) Describe an example of a government policy that has affected a particular racial, ethnic, or religious group.

TX.113.35 (12.19) United States Government: Science, Technology, and Society: The student understands the role the government plays in developing policies and establishing conditions that influence scientific discoveries and technological innovations.

12.19. (A) Identify examples of government-assisted research that, when shared with the private sector, have resulted in improved consumer products such as computer and communication technologies.

12.19. (B) Analyze how U.S. government policies fostering competition and entrepreneurship have resulted in scientific discoveries and technological innovations.

TX.113.35 (12.20) United States Government: Science, Technology, and Society: The student understands the impact of advances in science and technology on government and society.

12.20. (A) Analyze the potential impact on society of recent scientific discoveries and technological innovations.

12.20. (B) Analyze the reaction of government to scientific discoveries and technological innovations.

TX.113.35 (12.21) United States Government: Social Studies Skills: The student applies critical-thinking skills to organize and use information acquired from a variety of sources including electronic technology.

12.21. (A) Analyze information by sequencing, categorizing, identifying cause-and-effect relationships, comparing, contrasting, finding the main idea, summarizing, making generalizations and predictions, and drawing inferences and conclusions.

12.21. (B) Create a product on a contemporary government issue or topic using critical methods of inquiry.

12.21. (C) Explain a point of view on a government issue.

12.21. (D) Analyze and evaluate the validity of information from primary and secondary sources for bias, propaganda, point of view, and frame of reference.

12.21. (E) Evaluate government data using charts, tables, graphs, and maps.

12.21. (F) Use appropriate mathematical skills to interpret social studies information such as maps and graphs.

TX.113.35 (12.22) United States Government: Social Studies Skills: The student communicates in written, oral, and visual forms.

12.22. (A) Use social studies terminology correctly.

12.22. (B) Use standard grammar, spelling, sentence structure, and punctuation.

12.22. (C) Transfer information from one medium to another, including written to visual and statistical to written or visual, using computer software as appropriate.

12.22. (D) Create written, oral, and visual presentations of social studies information.

TX.113.35 (12.23) United States Government: Social Studies Skills: The student uses problem-solving and decision-making skills, working independently and with others, in a variety of settings.

12.23. (A) Use a problem-solving process to identify a problem, gather information, list and consider options, consider advantages and disadvantages, choose and implement a solution, and evaluate the effectiveness of the solution.

12.23. (B) Use a decision-making process to identify a situation that requires a decision, gather information, identify options, predict consequences, and take action to implement a decision.

TX.113.36 (12.1) Psychology (Elective Course): The Individual in Society: The student understands the dynamics of the relationships between self and others to be a contributing member of the community.

12.1. (A) Participate in class as a leader and follower.

12.1. (B) Adjust behavior appropriately to fit various situations.

12.1. (C) Contribute to the development of a supportive climate in groups.

12.1. (D) Accept and fulfill social responsibilities associated with citizenship in a group setting.

TX.113.36 (12.2) Psychology (Elective Course): The Individual in Society: The student understands that beliefs, decisions, and actions have consequences.

12.2. (A) Predict the likely outcome of given courses of action in particular situations, such as refusing to pay taxes, to register to vote, or to obey the speed limit.

12.2. (B) Evaluate the predicted outcomes of given courses of actions in particular situations based on an understanding of the development of morality.

TX.113.36 (12.3) Psychology (Elective Course): The Individual in Society: The student understands behavioral, social learning, and cognitive perspectives of motivation to describe his or her role and impact on economic systems.

12.3. (A) Apply various perspectives of motivation to a given economic situation such as the choice of car to purchase, personal budget priorities, or choice of jobs.

12.3. (B) Describe the role of reinforcement and punishment in determining persistence-and-effort allocation.

12.3. (C) Describe the processes of modeling/imitation and vicarious reinforcement using typical classroom situations.

12.3. (D) Describe and explain self-esteem, self-efficacy, and expectancy from the perspective of attribution theory.

TX.113.36 (12.4) Psychology (Elective Course): The Individual in Society: The student understands the influence of sensory perceptions on the shaping of individual beliefs and attitudes.

12.4. (A) Relate sensation and perception to various points of view.

12.4. (B) Define and give examples of bias related to various points of view.

TX.113.36 (12.5) Psychology (Elective Course): The Individual in Society: The student understands the relationship between biology and behavior.

12.5. (A) Describe the anatomy and localized function of given brain areas.

12.5. (B) Explain the effects of the endocrine system on development and behavior.

TX.113.36 (12.6) Psychology (Elective Course): The Individual in Society: The student understands the basic principles of tests and measurements.

12.6. (A) Define and differentiate reliability and validity.

12.6. (B) Define the concept of 'transformed score' and give examples of various types including percentile grade equivalent scores, intelligence quotient (IQ) scores, and College Entrance Examination Board (CEEB) scores such as Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) and Graduate Record Examination (GRE).

TX.113.36 (12.7) Psychology (Elective Course): History: The student understands the history of the field of psychology.

12.7. (A) Identify defining characteristics that differentiate the field of psychology from other related social sciences.

12.7. (B) Trace the impact of associationism, psychodynamic (Freudian) thinking, behaviorism, and humanism on current thinking in psychology.

TX.113.36 (12.8) Psychology (Elective Course): History: The student compares the processes of theory development and validation.

12.8. (A) Define and differentiate the concepts of theory and principle.

12.8. (B) Describe the relationship between earlier and later theories related to a given psychological construct.

12.8. (C) Identify and describe the basic methods of social scientific reasoning.

TX.113.36 (12.9) Psychology (Elective Course): Culture: The student understands the dynamic relationships between self and one's environment.

12.9. (A) Describe and explain learning as an adaptation to the environment.

12.9. (B) Relate cultural perspectives to the traditional physical environment of the culture group.

12.9. (C) Explain types of relationships of individuals with other individuals and with groups.

TX.113.36 (12.10) Psychology (Elective Course): Culture: The student understands behavioral, social, and cognitive perspectives of human learning.

12.10. (A) Identify related antecedents, behavior, and consequences in a provided behavioral situation.

12.10. (B) Identify elements of social learning theory in modern advertising.

12.10. (C) Describe the relationship between components of the structural information processing model.

12.10. (D) Evaluate the various perspectives of human learning and specify the strengths and weaknesses of each.

TX.113.36 (12.11) Psychology (Elective Course): Culture: The student understands the role of culture in forming the foundation and orienting framework for individuals and social behavior.

12.11. (A) Explain factors involved in cognitive development according to Piaget.

12.11. (B) Define common psychological disorders.

12.11. (C) Describe Erickson's stages of psychosocial development.

12.11. (D) Determine cultural influences such as fads or peers on one's own social behavior.

TX.113.36 (12.12) Psychology (Elective Course): Culture: The student understands personality development theories, including the applications and limitations.

12.12. (A) Give examples of growth and development based on social learning, behavioral, and cognitive theories.

12.12. (B) Evaluate the presented theories of human development and specify the strengths and weaknesses of each.

TX.113.36 (12.13) Psychology (Elective Course): Social Studies Skills: The student applies critical-thinking skills to organize and use information acquired from a variety of sources including electronic technology.

12.13. (A) Create a product on a contemporary psychology-related issue or topic using critical methods of inquiry.

12.13. (C) Define and compute measures of central tendency (mean, median, and mode) and dispersion (range and standard deviation).

12.13. (D) Explain and illustrate cautions related to interpreting statistics in news stories.

12.13. (E) Apply evaluation rules to quantitative information.

12.13. (F) Analyze information by sequencing, categorizing, identifying cause-and-effect relationships, comparing, contrasting, finding the main idea, summarizing, making generalizations and predictions, and drawing inferences and conclusions.

TX.113.36 (12.14) Psychology (Elective Course): Social Studies Skills: The student communicates in written, oral, and visual forms.

12.14. (A) Use psychology-related terminology correctly.

12.14. (B) Use standard grammar, spelling, sentence structure, and punctuation.

12.14. (C) Transfer information from one medium to another, including written to visual and written or visual to statistical, using computer software as appropriate.

12.14. (D) Create written, oral, and visual presentations of social studies information.

TX.113.36 (12.15) Psychology (Elective Course): Social Studies Skills: The student uses problem-solving and decision-making skills, working independently and with others, in a variety of settings.

12.15. (A) Use a problem-solving process to identify a problem, gather information, list and consider options, consider advantages and disadvantages, choose and implement a solution, and evaluate the effectiveness of the solution.

12.15. (B) Use a decision-making process to identify a situation that requires a decision, gather information, identify options, predict consequences, and take action to implement a decision.

12.15. (C) Participate in conflict resolution using persuasion, compromise, debate, and negotiation.

TX.113.36 (12.16) Psychology (Elective Course): Social Studies Skills: The student develops long-term and short-term goal-setting skills for individual and community problem solving.

12.16. (A) Illustrate the relationship and sequence between intermediate goals and terminal goals.

12.16. (B) Monitor and evaluate self-directed inquiry or projects for timelines, accuracy, and goal attainment.

TX.113.36 (12.17) Psychology (Elective Course): Science and technology. The student understands the implication of technology for the collection, storage, and use of psychological data.

12.17. (A) Apply the standards of the American Psychological Association for ethical decision making regarding the collection, storage, and use of psychological data.

12.17. (B) Acquire information through the use of electronic sources.

TX.113.36 (12.18) Psychology (Elective Course): Science and technology. The student understands the relationship of changes in technology to personal growth and development.

12.18. (A) Analyze examples of attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors related to changes in available technology.

12.18. (B) Evaluate the impact of changes in technology on personal growth and development.

TX.113.37 (12.1) Sociology (Elective Course): Citizenship: The student understands that individuals require knowledge of the dynamics of the relationships between self and others to be contributing members of the community.

12.1. (A) Describe models of group systems and the interactive roles of individuals, groups, and the community.

12.1. (B) Evaluate role conflicts and methods of resolution that may occur among individuals and groups.

TX.113.37 (12.2) Sociology (Elective Course): Citizenship: The student analyzes groups in terms of membership roles, status, values, and socioeconomic stratification.

12.2. (A) Compare the roles of group membership in various formal and informal groups.

12.2. (B) Compare the roles of group membership in selected primary and secondary groups.

TX.113.37 (12.3) Sociology (Elective Course): Economics: The student understands how socioeconomic stratification affects human motivation.

12.3. (A) Analyze the relationship between socioeconomic stratification and human motivation.

12.3. (B) Analyze the influence of different motivations and aspirations on economic decisions.

TX.113.37 (12.4) Sociology (Elective Course): Economics: The student understands the relationship between socioeconomic stratification and cultural values.

12.4. (A) Compare cultural values associated with socioeconomic stratification.

12.4. (B) Analyze and explain the influence of cultural values on economic behavior.

TX.113.37 (12.5) Sociology (Elective Course): Geography: The student uses geographic tools to collect, analyze, and interpret sociological data.

12.5. (A) Create thematic maps, graphs, charts, models, and data bases that represent various aspects of demographic and cultural patterns.

12.5. (B) Pose and answer questions about geographic distributions and demographic and cultural patterns shown on maps, graphs, charts, models, and databases.

TX.113.37 (12.6) Sociology (Elective Course): Geography: The student understands that socialization, cultural values, and norms vary in different geographic places and regions.

12.6. (A) Compare socialization in selected regions of the United States.

12.6. (B) Compare how geographic considerations have influenced the development of cultural values and norms.

TX.113.37 (12.7) Sociology (Elective Course): Government: The student understands how governments promote cultural values and provide for social controls.

12.7. (A) Identify the relationships between cultural values and the purposes and policies of government.

12.7. (B) Describe types of government social controls.

TX.113.37 (12.8) Sociology (Elective Course): Government: The student understands different styles and forms of leadership, political socialization, and communication techniques that influence perception, attitudes, and behavior.

12.8. (A) Identify and describe different forms of leadership as they relate to group-motivation techniques.

12.8. (B) Analyze the relationship among social class, racial, ethnic, and other culture group membership, and political power in the United States.

12.8. (C) Evaluate different communication techniques, including propaganda and advertising, used to influence perceptions, attitudes, and behaviors of persons and groups.

TX.113.37 (12.9) Sociology (Elective Course): History: The student understands the theoretical perspectives of the historic interpretations of human social development.

12.9. (A) Trace the development of the field of sociology.

12.9. (B) Identify major sociologists and explain their contributions to the field.

TX.113.37 (12.10) Sociology (Elective Course): History: The student understands the causes and effects of social and institutional changes.

12.10. (A) Evaluate changes in U.S. institutions resulting from industrialization, urbanization, and immigrant assimilation.

12.10. (B) Analyze changes such as those in advertising, food, and business in the majority U.S. culture resulting from adaptations to various immigrant and Native-American cultures.

TX.113.37 (12.11) Sociology (Elective Course): History: The student understands basic sociological principles related to change within a group and across groups.

12.11. (A) Relate theories of change to major changes in U.S. public policy such as the origins and consequences of the civil rights movement.

12.11. (B) Analyze social change and resulting social problems within and across groups.

TX.113.37 (12.12) Sociology (Elective Course): Culture: The student understands how cultural socialization, norms, values, motivation, and communication influence relationships among groups.

12.12. (A) Compare cultural norms among various U.S. subculture groups such as ethnic, national origin, age, socioeconomic strata, and gender groups.

12.12. (B) Describe stereotypes of the various U.S. subcultures.

12.12. (C) Analyze social problems in selected U.S. subcultures.

TX.113.37 (12.13) Sociology (Elective Course): Culture: The student understands how people develop social institutions to meet basic needs in a society.

12.13. (A) Summarize the functions of social institutions such as the family, religion, and education.

12.13. (B) Evaluate the importance of social institutions in the United States.

TX.113.37 (12.14) Sociology (Elective Course): Social Studies Skills: The student applies critical-thinking skills to organize and use information acquired from a variety of sources including electronic technology.

12.14. (A) Create a product on a contemporary sociological issue or topic using critical methods of inquiry.

12.14. (B) Analyze information by sequencing, categorizing, identifying cause-and-effect relationships, comparing, contrasting, finding the main idea, summarizing, making generalizations and predictions, and drawing inferences and conclusions.

12.14. (C) Use appropriate mathematical skills to interpret sociological information.

TX.113.37 (12.15) Sociology (Elective Course): Social Studies Skills: The student communicates in written, oral, and visual forms.

12.15. (A) Use sociology-related terminology correctly.

12.15. (B) Use standard grammar, spelling, sentence structure, and punctuation.

12.15. (C) Transfer information from one medium to another, including written to visual and written or visual to statistical, using computer software as appropriate.

12.15. (D) Create written, oral, and visual presentations of social studies information.

TX.113.37 (12.16) Sociology (Elective Course): Social Studies Skills: The student uses problem-solving and decision-making skills, working independently and with others, in a variety of settings.

12.16. (A) Use a problem-solving process to identify a problem, gather information, list and consider options, consider advantages and disadvantages, choose and implement a solution, and evaluate the effectiveness of the solution.

12.16. (B) Use a decision-making process to identify a situation that requires a decision, gather information, identify options, predict consequences, and take action to implement a decision.

12.16. (C) Participate in conflict resolution using persuasion, compromise, debate, and negotiation.

TX.113.37 (12.17) Sociology (Elective Course): Science, Technology, and Society: The student understands the impact of scientific discoveries and technological innovations on individuals and societies.

12.17. (A) Analyze how individual and societal behavior has changed as a result of scientific discoveries and technological innovations.

12.17. (B) Predict societal changes resulting from innovations in science and technology.

TX.113.37 (12.18) Sociology (Elective Course): Science, Technology, and Society: The student understands the impact of changes in science and technology on moral and ethical issues.

12.18. (A) Analyze how the norms and behaviors of a selected U.S. subculture group have changed as a result of changes in science and technology.

12.18. (B) Evaluate a current ethical issue that has resulted from scientific discoveries and/or technological innovations.

TX.113.38 (12.1) Special Topics in Social Studies (Elective Course): Social Studies Skills: The student applies critical-thinking skills to organize and use information acquired from a variety of sources including electronic technology.

12.1. (A) Differentiate between, locate, and use primary and secondary sources such as computer software, databases, media and news services, biographies, interviews, and artifacts to acquire information about a selected topic in social studies.

12.1. (B) Analyze information by sequencing, categorizing, identifying cause-and-effect relationships, comparing, contrasting, finding the main idea, summarizing, making generalizations and predictions, and drawing inferences and conclusions.

12.1. (C) Identify points of view from the historic context surrounding an event and the frame of reference that influenced the participants.

12.1. (D) Support a point of view on a social studies issue or event.

12.1. (E) Identify bias in written, oral, and visual material.

12.1. (F) Evaluate the validity of a source based on language, corroboration with other sources, and information about the author.

12.1. (G) Use appropriate mathematical skills to interpret social studies information such as maps and graphs.

TX.113.38 (12.2) Special Topics in Social Studies (Elective Course): Social Studies Skills: The student communicates in written, oral, and visual forms.

12.2. (A) Use social studies terminology correctly.

12.2. (B) Use standard grammar, spelling, sentence structure, and punctuation.

12.2. (C) Transfer information from one medium to another, including written to visual and statistical to written or visual, using computer software as appropriate.

12.2. (D) Create written, oral, and visual presentations of social studies information.

TX.113.38 (12.3) Special Topics in Social Studies (Elective Course): Social Studies Skills: The student uses problem-solving and decision-making skills, working independently and with others, in a variety of settings.

12.3. (A) Use a problem-solving process to identify a problem, gather information, list and consider options, consider advantages and disadvantages, choose and implement a solution, and evaluate the effectiveness of the solution.

12.3. (B) Use a decision-making process to identify a situation that requires a decision, gather information, identify options, predict consequences, and take action to implement a decision.

TX.113.39 (12.1) Social Studies Research Methods (Elective Course): Social Studies Skills: The student understands the basic philosophical foundation for qualitative and quantitative methods of inquiry.

12.1. (A) Develop and use criteria for the evaluation of qualitative and quantitative information.

12.1. (B) Generate logical and consistent conclusions from given qualitative and quantitative information.

12.1. (C) Design a research project with a rationale for a given research method.

TX.113.39 (12.2) Social Studies Research Methods (Elective Course): Social Studies Skills: The student understands the need for an organizing framework to identify a problem or area of interest and collect information.

12.2. (A) Select an issue, problem, or area of interest, write a rationale and preliminary ideas for research methods, and develop a bibliography.

12.2. (B) Apply a process approach to a research problem.

TX.113.39 (12.3) Social Studies Research Methods (Elective Course): Social Studies Skills: The student understands the fundamental principles and requirements of validity and reliability (both social science and historical fields of inquiry).

12.3. (A) Define and differentiate reliability and validity.

12.3. (B) Identify methods of checking for reliability.

12.3. (C) Evaluate various sources for reliability and validity and justify the conclusions.

TX.113.39 (12.4) Social Studies Research Methods (Elective Course): Social Studies Skills: The student understands how data can be collected from a variety of sources using a variety of methods.

12.4. (A) Collect information from a variety of sources (primary, secondary, written, and oral) using techniques such as questionnaires, interviews, and library research.

12.4. (B) Use various technology such as CD-ROM, library topic catalogues, networks, and on-line information systems to collect information about a selected topic.

TX.113.39 (12.5) Social Studies Research Methods (Elective Course): Social Studies Skills: The student understands the use of theory and research for descriptive and predictive purposes.

12.5. (A) Describe the results of a research process.

12.5. (B) Make predictions as to future actions and/or outcomes based on conclusions of research.

TX.113.39 (12.6) Social Studies Research Methods (Elective Course): Social Studies Skills: The student understands the principles and requirements of the scientific method.

12.6. (A) Apply the scientific method in a research project.

12.6. (B) Create a matrix relating various research methodologies such as survey research, ethnography, primary documents, and statistical analysis to given subject areas.

12.6. (C) Determine the most efficient research approach from a variety of alternatives using a cost-benefit analysis.

TX.113.39 (12.7) Social Studies Research Methods (Elective Course): Social Studies Skills: The student understands basic statistical approaches to the analysis of aggregate information.

12.7. (A) Define and compute statistical information using various statistical approaches such as means testing and correlation, measures of central tendency and distribution, the development of categorical systems, and logical analysis.

12.7. (B) Analyze information using a spreadsheet or statistical analysis information software.

TX.113.39 (12.8) Social Studies Research Methods (Elective Course): Social Studies Skills: The student understands the requirements of graphic displays of data.

12.8. (A) Construct visuals such as charts, graphs, tables, time lines, and maps to convey appropriate data.

12.8. (B) Create a presentation on a selected topic using word-processing, graphics, and multimedia software.

TX.113.39 (12.9) Social Studies Research Methods (Elective Course): Social Studies Skills: The student understands the basic principles of historic analysis.

12.9. (A) Differentiate between primary and secondary sources and describe the best uses for each.

12.9. (B) Construct and test cause-and-effect hypotheses and compare them with correlational analyses.

12.9. (C) Select the appropriate use of chronological relationships in historiography.

TX.113.39 (12.10) Social Studies Research Methods (Elective Course): Social Studies Skills: The student understands the ethical aspects of collecting, storing, and using data.

12.10. (A) Describe breaches of ethical standards for handling human experimental or survey information in a given scenario.

12.10. (B) Evaluate the relationship among copyright laws, proper citation requirements, and ethical ways of collecting and presenting information.

TX.113.52 (12.1) Social Studies Advanced Studies (Elective Course): The student will investigate, independently or collaboratively, a problem, issue, or concern within a selected profession or discipline.

12.1. (A) Analyze the relationship between his or her interests and career/discipline.

12.1. (B) Review literature from varied sources from the selected career or discipline.

12.1. (C) Identify a problem, issue, or concern.

12.1. (D) Survey and/or interview professionals to determine the appropriateness of a project.

12.1. (E) Develop a proposal that includes well-defined questions, goals and objectives, rationale, and procedures for the project.

TX.113.52 (12.2) Social Studies Advanced Studies (Elective Course): The student will demonstrate understanding of the research methods and/or technologies used in a selected profession or discipline.

12.2. (A) Develop an understanding of the requirements and practices of the profession in the selected career or discipline through observation.

12.2. (B) Simulate the methods and/or technologies used in the research process particular to the selected field or discipline.

12.2. (C) Review and revise the original proposal to reflect changes needed based upon preliminary research and practices.

TX.113.52 (12.3) Social Studies Advanced Studies (Elective Course): The student will develop products that meet standards recognized by the selected profession or discipline.

12.3. (A) Collaborate with the appropriate professionals to define the product.

12.3. (B) Develop a plan for product completion.

12.3. (C) Develop assessment criteria for successful completion of the project.

12.3. (D) Establish the appropriateness of the product for the intended audience.

12.3. (E) Implement the plan for product completion.

12.3. (F) Maintain a journal to document all phases of the implementation of the plan and reflections on learning experiences and processes.

TX.113.52 (12.4) Social Studies Advanced Studies (Elective Course): The student will demonstrate an understanding of the selected problem, issue, or concern by explaining or justifying findings to an appropriate audience for public comment or professional response.

12.4. (A) Review and revise the plan to present the findings.

12.4. (B) Make arrangements for the presentation of findings to an appropriate audience.

12.4. (C) Present findings, simulating the skills used by professionals.

12.4. (D) Consider feedback received from the audience.

12.4. (E) Reflect on the study and its potential for impact on the field.

12.4. (F) Reflect on personal learning experiences of the study.