New Jersey State Standards for Social Studies: Grade 10

NJ.6.1. Social Studies Skills: All students will utilize historical thinking, problem solving, and research skills to maximize their understanding of civics, history, geography, and economics.

6.1.A. Social Studies Skills

6.1.A.1. Analyze how historical events shape the modern world.

6.1.A.2. Formulate questions and hypotheses from multiple perspectives, using multiple sources.

6.1.A.3. Gather, analyze, and reconcile information from primary and secondary sources to support or reject hypotheses.

6.1.A.4. Examine source data within the historical, social, political, geographic, or economic context in which it was created, testing credibility and evaluating bias.

6.1.A.5. Evaluate current issues, events, or themes and trace their evolution through historical periods.

6.1.A.6. Apply problem-solving skills to national, state, or local issues and propose reasoned solutions.

6.1.A.7. Analyze social, political, and cultural change and evaluate the impact of each on local, state, national, and international issues and events.

6.1.A.8. Evaluate historical and contemporary communications to identify factual accuracy, soundness of evidence, and absence of bias and discuss strategies used by the government, political candidates, and the media to communicate with the public.

NJ.6.2. Civics: All students will know, understand and appreciate the values and principles of American democracy and the rights, responsibilities, and roles of a citizen in the nation and the world.

6.2.A. Civic Life, Politics, and Government

6.2.A.1. Analyze how reserved and jointly held powers in the United States Constitution result in tensions among the three branches of government and how these tensions are resolved (e.g., Marbury v. Madison-1803; Federalist #78; United States v. Nixon-1974, claims of Executive Privilege by Presidents Nixon, Clinton, and Bush).

6.2.A.2. Apply the concept of the rule of law to contemporary issues (e.g., impeachment of President Clinton, use of Executive Privilege, recess appointments to federal courts, the Senate's advise and consent process, and the use of litmus tests).

6.2.A.3. Analyze how individual responsibility and commitment to law are related to the stability of American society.

6.2.A.4. Evaluate competing ideas about the purpose of the national and state governments and how they have changed over time (e.g., the American version of federalism, the powers of the federal government and the states, differing interpretations of Article I, Sections 8-10).

6.2.A.5. Discuss how participation in civic and political life can contribute to the attainment of individual and public good.

6.2.A.6. Evaluate ways that national political parties influence the development of public policies and political platforms, including political action committees, McCain-Feingold Act, platform committees, and political campaigns.

6.2.A.7. Analyze how public opinion is measured and used in public debate (e.g., electronic polling, focus groups, Gallup polls, newspaper and television polls) and how public opinion can be influenced by the government and the media.

6.2.B. American Values and Principles

6.2.B.1. Analyze major historical events and important ideas that led to and sustained the constitutional government of the United States, including the Constitutional Convention of 1787, the Judiciary Act of 1789, the first Cabinet under George Washington, and Amendments 1-15.

6.2.B.2. Propose and justify new local, state, or federal governmental policies on a variety of contemporary issues (e.g., definition of marriage, voting systems and procedures, censorship, religion in public places).

6.2.B.3. Describe historic and contemporary efforts to reduce discrepancies between ideals and reality in American public life, including Amendments 13-15, the Civil Rights Act of 1866 and 1875, the Abolitionist movement, the Civil War, and the end of slavery in the United States.

6.2.B.4. Discuss how a common and shared American civic culture is based on commitment to central ideas in founding-era documents (e.g., United States Constitution) and in core documents of subsequent periods of United States history (e.g., Washington's Farewell Address; Seneca Falls Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions-1848; The Gettysburg Address; President Franklin Roosevelt's 'Four Freedoms' speech -1941; President Kennedy's Inaugural Address-1961; the 17th, 19th, and 24th Amendments; Martin Luther King Jr.'s 'I Have a Dream' speech and the 'Letter from Birmingham Jail').

6.2.B.5. Analyze the successes of American society and disparities between American ideals and reality in American political, social, and economic life and suggest ways to address them (e.g., rights of minorities, women, physically and mentally challenged individuals, foreign born individuals).

6.2.B.6. Explore the importance and presence of voluntarism and philanthropy in America and examine the role of local, state, national, and international organizations such as the American Red Cross, the Salvation Army, and the Rotary.

6.2.C. The Constitution and American Democracy

6.2.C.1. Debate current issues and controversies involving the central ideas of the American constitutional system, including representative government (e.g., Electoral College and the popular vote), civic virtue (e.g., increasing voter turnout through registrations and campaigns), checks and balances, and limits on governmental power.

6.2.C.2. Analyze, through current and historical examples and Supreme Court cases, the scope of governmental power and how the constitutional distribution of responsibilities seeks to prevent the abuse of that power.

6.2.C.3. Compare the American system of representative government with systems in other democracies such as the parliamentary systems in England and France.

6.2.C.4. Compare and contrast the major constitutional and legal responsibilities of the federal government for domestic and foreign policy and describe how disagreements are resolved.

6.2.C.5. Describe the nature of political parties in America and how they reflect the spectrum of political views on current state and federal policy issues.

6.2.C.6. Explain the federal and state legislative process and analyze the influence of lobbying, advocacy groups, the media, and campaign finance on the development of laws and regulations.

6.2.D. Citizenship

6.2.D.1. Evaluate the characteristics needed for effective participation in civic and political life.

6.2.D.2. Compare and contrast the rights and responsibilities of government and its citizens as delineated in the United States Constitution, the New Jersey Constitution of 1947, and the United Nations' Universal Declaration of Human Rights.

6.2.D.3. Compare and contrast the benefits of American citizenship (e.g., habeas corpus, secret ballots, freedom of movement and expression) with those of citizens of other nations, including democratic and non-democratic countries.

6.2.D.4. Recommend ways that citizens can use knowledge of state or federal government policies and decision-making processes to influence the formation, development, or implementation of current public policy issues (e.g., First Amendment right to petition for redress of grievances).

6.2.D.5. Discuss how citizens can participate in the political process at the local, state, or national level (e.g., registering to vote, voting, attending meetings, contacting a representative, demonstrating, petitions, boycotting) and analyze how these forms of political participation influence public policy.

6.2.E. International Education: Global Challenges, Cultures, and Connections

6.2.E.1. Compare and contrast key past and present United States foreign policy actions (e.g., diplomacy, economic aid, humanitarian aid, military aid) and positions (e.g., treaties, sanctions, interventions) and evaluate their consequences.

6.2.E.2. Analyze and evaluate United States foreign policy actions and positions, including the Monroe Doctrine, the Mexican Cession, the Truman Doctrine, the Cold War, the world-wide struggle against terrorism, and the Iraq War.

6.2.E.3. Describe how the world is organized politically into nation-states and alliances and how these interact with one another through organizations such as the European Union, North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), the United Nations, the World Court, and the Group of Seven Industrialized Nations (G7).

6.2.E.4. Analyze and evaluate the interconnections of local, regional, and national issues with global challenges and issues, and recommend possible solutions.

6.2.E.5. Discuss how global interconnections can have both positive and negative consequences (e.g., international companies, transfer of jobs to foreign plants, international security and access to transportation).

6.2.E.6. Investigate a global challenge (e.g., hunger, AIDS, nuclear defense, global warming) in depth and over time, predict the impact if the current situation does not change, and offer possible solutions.

6.2.E.7. Participate in events to acquire understanding of complex global problems (e.g., Model United Nations, international simulations, field trips to government sites).

6.2.E.8. Justify an opinion or idea about a global issue while showing respect for divergent viewpoints.

6.2.E.9. Discuss the impact of technology, migration, the economy, politics, and urbanization on culture.

6.2.E.10. Compare and contrast common social and behavioral practices in various cultures (e.g., birth, marriage, death, gender issues, family structure, health issues).

6.2.E.11. Participate in activities that foster understanding and appreciation for diverse cultures (e.g., world language instruction, student exchange, clubs, international forums, community service, speaker programs, arts, sports).

6.2.E.12. Analyze the impact of communication networks, technology, transportation, and international business on global issues.

6.2.E.13. Analyze how the media presents cultural stereotypes and images and discuss how this impacts beliefs and behaviors.

6.2.E.14. Connect the concept of universal human rights to world events and issues.

6.2.E.15. Compare and contrast current and past genocidal acts and other acts of hatred and violence for the purposes of subjugation and exploitation (e.g., Holocaust, Native Americans, Irish famine, Armenia, Ukrainian collectivization, Cambodia, Rwanda) and discuss present and future actions by individuals and governments to prevent the reoccurrence of such events.

NJ.6.3. World History: All students will demonstrate knowledge of world history in order to understand life and events in the past and how they relate to the present and the future.

6.3.A. The Birth of Civilization to 1000 BCE

6.3.A.1. Reinforce indicators from previous grade levels.

6.3.B. Early Human Societies to 500 CE

6.3.B.1. Reinforce indicators from previous grade levels.

6.3.C. Expanding Zones of Exchange and Interaction to 1400 CE

6.3.C.1. Reinforce indicators from previous grade levels.

6.3.D. The Age of Global Encounters (1400-1750)

6.3.D.1. Discuss the major developments in Asia, Africa, and the Americas, including China during the Ming and Qing Dynasty, Japan during the Tokugawa Period, the influence of Islam in shaping the political and social structure in the Middle East, including the Ottoman period, West Africa, including Mali and Songhay, India, including the Mughal Empire, and the impact of European arrival in the Americas.

6.3.D.2. Analyze and compare the ways that slavery and other forms of coerced labor or social bondage were practiced in East Africa, West Africa, Southwest Asia, Europe, and the Americas.

6.3.D.3. Describe the significant social and cultural changes that took place during the Renaissance, including advances in printing press technology, the works of Renaissance writers and elements of Humanism, the revival of Greco-Roman art, architecture, and scholarship, and differing ideas on the role of women.

6.3.D.4. Describe the early influences on the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment.

6.3.D.5. Discuss the contributions of the Scientific Revolution to European society, including important discoveries in mathematics, physics, biology, and chemistry, and the significance of the scientific method advanced by Descartes and Bacon.

6.3.D.6. Discuss the major developments in European society and culture.

6.3.E. The Age of Revolutionary Change (1750-1914)

6.3.E.1. Discuss the causes and consequences of political revolutions in the late 18th and early 19th centuries.

6.3.E.2. Discuss how industrialization shaped social class (e.g., child labor, conditions of social class) and the development of labor organizations.

6.3.E.3. Explain the main patterns of global change in colonizing Africa, Asia, the Middle East, and the Americas, including the Indian Ocean and Pan Asian economies prior to the rise of Europe.

6.3.E.4. Trace the growth of independence movements and the rejection of colonialism including the Haitian Revolution and leaders such as Toussaint L'Ouverture, Simon Bolivar in Venezuela, and Jose Manti in Cuba.

6.3.E.5. Evaluate the changes brought about by the Meiji Restoration period in Japan (e.g., modernization, changes in policies on Western influence).

6.3.E.6. Describe how Christianity, Islam, and Buddhism spread during this period, including the areas of influence and reasons for the growth.

6.3.E.7. Discuss events that shaped the social structure of Russia in the 19th and early 20th century.

6.3.F. The Era of the Great Wars (1914-1945)

6.3.F.1. Analyze the causes and aftermath of World War I.

6.3.F.2. Analyze the background and global consequences of actions leading to World War II.

6.3.G. The Modern World (1945-1979)

6.3.G.1. Analyze the transition from wartime alliances to new patterns of global conflict and cooperation, and the reconstruction of Europe and Asia.

6.3.G.2. Apply historical analysis to explain global political, economic, and social changes in the 20th century.

6.3.H. Looking to the Future (1980-present)

6.3.H.1. Analyze global political, economic, and social changes in the 20th century.

6.3.H.2. Assess the growth of a worldwide economy of interdependent regions and the development of a dynamic new world order of increasingly interdependent regions, including NATO, the World Bank, the United Nations, the World Court, the North American Free Trade Agreement, and the European Economic Union, IMF and OPEC.

6.3.H.3. Evaluate the paradoxes and promises of the 21st century.

6.3.H.4. Analyze the development and effects of multinational corporations on trade, employment, and the environment.

NJ.6.4. United States and New Jersey History: All students will demonstrate knowledge of United States and New Jersey history in order to understand life and events in the past and how they relate to the present and future.

6.4.A. Family and Community Life

6.4.A.1. Reinforce indicators from previous grade levels.

6.4.B. State and Nation

6.4.B.1. Reinforce indicators from previous grade levels.

6.4.C. Many Worlds Meet (to 1620)

6.4.C.1. Reinforce indicators from previous grade levels.

6.4.D. Colonization and Settlement (1585-1763)

6.4.D.1. Analyze the major issues of the colonial period, including European hegemony over North America and mercantilism and trade.

6.4.D.2. Analyze how American colonial experiences caused change in the economic institutions of Europe, Africa, and the native population by examining indentured servitude and slavery and the rights of men and women.

6.4.D.3. Analyze the cultural reactions and survival techniques used by enslaved Africans to maintain their family structure, culture, and faith.

6.4.D.4. Analyze the political, religious, social, and economic institutions that emerged in colonial New Jersey.

6.4.D.5. Discuss Spanish exploration, settlement, and missions in the American Southwest.

6.4.E. Revolution and the New Nation (1754-1820)

6.4.E.1. Discuss the social, political, and religious aspects of the American Revolution, including key decisions leading to the Revolution, efforts by Parliament and the colonies to prevent revolution, the ideas of different religious denominations, and the economic and social differences of Loyalists, Patriots, and those who remained neutral.

6.4.E.2. Analyze the social and economic impact of the Revolutionary War, including problems of financing the war (e.g., wartime inflation, hoarding and profiteering), the impact of the war on women and African Americans, and the personal and economic hardships on families involved with the war.

6.4.E.3. Discuss the involvement of European nations during the Revolution and how their involvement influenced the outcome and aftermath (e.g., the assistance of France and Spain, how the self-interests of France and Spain differed from the United States after the war, the contributions of European military leaders, the creation of the Alien Sedition Acts).

6.4.E.4. Analyze strategic elements used during the Revolutionary War, discuss turning points during the war, and explain how the Americans won the war against superior resources.

6.4.E.5. Analyze New Jersey's role in the American Revolution, including New Jersey's Constitution of 1776 as a revolutionary document, why some New Jerseyans became Loyalists, and the Battles of Trenton, Princeton, and Monmouth.

6.4.E.6. Compare and contrast the major philosophical and historical influences on the development of the Constitution (e.g., Washington's Farewell Address (1796), Locke's Second Treatise, the ideas of Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, Thomas Jefferson, and William Paterson).

6.4.E.7. Describe the early evolution of the system of government and political parties in the United States (e.g., presidential elections of 1792, 1796, 1800).

6.4.E.8. Discuss the implementation of the federal government under the United States Constitution during the presidency of George Washington.

6.4.E.9. Describe the origin and development of the political parties, the Federalists, and the Democratic Republicans (1793-1801).

6.4.F. Expansion and Reform (1801-1861)

6.4.F.1. Discuss the political interests and views of the War of 1812 (e.g., US responses to shipping harassment, role of Native Americans, role of white settlers in the Northwest Territory; congressional positions for and against the war).

6.4.F.2. Analyze American territorial expansion during this period, including the reasons for and consequences of the Louisiana Purchase, the Monroe Doctrine, Manifest Destiny, the Mexican War, the settlement of the frontier, and conflicts with Native-Americans.

6.4.F.3. Analyze the political, economic, and social changes in New Jersey prior to the Civil War, including the growth of New Jersey's cities, New Jersey's 1844 Constitution, the early stages of industrialization, including Alexander Hamilton and the Society for the Establishment of Useful Manufacturing, and the political and economic implications of the transportation monopolies.

6.4.F.4. Compare and contrast the characteristics of cultural, religious, and social reform movements in the antebellum period, including the abolition movement, the public school movement, the temperance movement, and the women's rights movement (e.g., Seneca Falls Declaration of Sentiments).

6.4.G. Civil War and Reconstruction (1850-1877)

6.4.G.1. Analyze key issues, events, and personalities of the Civil War period, including New Jersey's role in the Abolitionist Movement and the national elections, the development of the Jersey Shore, and the roles of women and children in New Jersey factories.

6.4.G.2. Assess the continuing social and political issues following the Civil War, including the various Reconstruction plans, the amendments to the United States Constitution, and the women's suffrage movement.

6.4.G.3. Describe New Jersey's role in the post-Civil War era, including New Jersey's votes on the 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments to the United States Constitution.

6.4.H. The Industrial Revolution (1870-1900)

6.4.H.1. Analyze and evaluate key events, people, and groups associated with industrialization and its impact on urbanization, immigration, farmers, the labor movement, social reform, and government regulation.

6.4.H.2. Analyze the development of industrialization in America and New Jersey during this period and the resulting transformation of the country, including the construction of the transcontinental railroad, the introduction of mechanized farming, the rise of corporations and organized labor, and the growth of cities.

6.4.H.3. Analyze social and political trends in post Reconstruction America, including immigration restrictions, Jim Crow Laws and racial segregation, the rise of extra legal organizations such as the Ku Klux Klan, and the Plessy v. Ferguson decision.

6.4.H.4. Describe the economic development by which the United States became a major industrial power in the world and analyze the factors that contributed to industrialization.

6.4.H.5. Discuss the causes and consequences of the Spanish-American War (e.g., United States' justifications, the role of the United States in Cuba, impact on international relations, the acquisition of new territories).

6.4.H.6. Discuss elements that contributed to late 19th century expansionist foreign policy, including racial ideology, missionary zeal, nationalism, domestic tensions, and economic interests.

6.4.I. The Emergence of Modern America (1890-1930)

6.4.I.1. Analyze the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine (1904) and explain how it modified the Monroe Doctrine (1823), justifying a new direction in United States foreign policy.

6.4.I.2. Discuss the rise of the Progressive Movement, including the relationship between Progressivism and the Populist Movement, Woodrow Wilson as Governor of New Jersey, anti-trust reform, the woman suffrage movement (e.g., Alice Paul), and municipal reform (e.g., Frank Hague).

6.4.I.3. Analyze United States foreign policy through World War I, including relations with Japan and China, the Spanish, Cuban, American War, and the building of the Panama Canal.

6.4.I.4. Describe the major events, personalities, and decisions of World War I, including the causes of United States involvement, social conditions on the home front, significant battles, Wilson's peace plan, and isolationism.

6.4.I.5. Explore and evaluate the role of New Jersey industry in World War I.

6.4.I.6. Analyze President Woodrow Wilson's 'Fourteen Points' Address to Congress (1918) and explain how it differed from proposals by French and British leaders for a treaty to conclude World War I.

6.4.I.7. Discuss the ratification of the Versailles Treaty and United States non-participation in the League of Nations.

6.4.I.8. Compare and contrast the social, cultural, and technological changes in the inter-war period, including the changing role of women, the rise of a consumer economy, the resurgence of nativism and racial violence, the Harlem Renaissance, and the Great Migration of African Americans to New Jersey from the south.

6.4.I.9. Discuss the working conditions in the Paterson silk mills and the strike of 1913.

6.4.I.10. Discuss the creation of social, labor, political, and economic advocacy organizations and institutions, including the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), the AFL/CIO and other labor organizations, and the Women's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU).

6.4.I.11. Discuss the role of Chief Sitting Bull, the outcome and impact of the Wounded Knee Tragedy of 1890, and the suppression of the American Indian revivalist movement known as Ghost Dance.

6.4.J. The Great Depression and World War II (1929-1945)

6.4.J.1. Explain the economic impact of the Hawley-Smoot Tariff (1930).

6.4.J.2. Describe how the Great Depression and the New Deal of Franklin D. Roosevelt transformed America, including the growth of the federal government, the rise of the Welfare State, and industrial unionism.

6.4.J.3. Analyze how the Great Depression and the New Deal transformed New Jersey, including Work Progress Administration (WPA) projects in New Jersey, the Jersey Homesteads, and New Deal projects.

6.4.J.4. Discuss how the Depression contributed to the development of Social Security, the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB), and the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC).

6.4.J.5. Compare and contrast key events and people involved with the causes, course, and consequences of World War II.

6.4.J.6. Describe the political background leading to American involvement in World War II, the course of the war in Europe and Asia, the mobilization of women and African Americans into the military and related industries, the segregated military, the use of the Atom Bomb, and the founding of the United Nations.

6.4.J.7. Describe New Jersey's role in World War II.

6.4.K. Postwar Years (1945-1970s)

6.4.K.1. Discuss how American policies following World War II developed as a result of the failures experienced and lessons learned after World War I.

6.4.K.2. Explain changes in the post war society of the United States and New Jersey, including the impact of television, the interstate highway system, the growth of the suburbs, and the democratization of education.

6.4.K.3. Interpret political trends in post-war New Jersey, including the New Jersey State Constitution of 1947, the impact of legal cases such as Hedgepeth and Williams v. Trenton Board of Education on the banning of segregation in the schools under the new State Constitution, the development and impact of New Jersey's Law Against Discrimination (P.L. 1945, c.169), and the shift of political power from rural and urban areas to the suburbs.

6.4.K.4. Analyze United States foreign policy during the Cold War period, including US/USSR relations, United States reaction to the Soviet subjugation of Eastern Europe, the Truman Doctrine, the Marshall Plan, the Korean and Vietnam Wars, and relations with China.

6.4.K.5. Analyze political trends in post war America, including major United States Supreme Court decisions and the administrations of Harry Truman, Dwight D. Eisenhower, John F. Kennedy, and Lyndon B. Johnson.

6.4.K.6. Analyze the Civil Rights and Women's Movements, including the Montgomery Bus Boycott, the Civil Rights Act (1957 and 1964), the Little Rock Schools Crisis, the Voting Rights Act, Brown v. Board of Education, the formation of the National Council of La Raza (NCLR), the American Indian Movement (AIM), the formation of the National Organization for Women (NOW), and the passing of Title IX.

6.4.K.7. Describe how changes in federal policy impacted immigration to New Jersey and America, including the shift in places of origin from Western Europe to Latin America, the Caribbean, and Asia.

6.4.L. Contemporary America (1968-present)

6.4.L.1. Examine the administration of American presidents, beginning with President Richard M. Nixon, as a means to analyze political and economic issues in contemporary America, including domestic policy and international affairs.

6.4.L.2. Investigate the economic and social patterns in contemporary New Jersey, including shifts in immigration patterns, urban decline and renewal, important New Jersey Supreme Court rulings (e.g., Mount Laurel decision), and the issue of preserving open space.

6.4.L.3. Describe the growth of the technology and pharmaceutical industries in New Jersey.

6.4.L.4. Analyze United States domestic policies, including the civil rights movement, affirmative action, the labor and women's movements, conservatism vs. liberalism, the post-industrial economy, free trade, and international trade agreements such as the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT).

6.4.L.5. Compare and contrast key events and people associated with foreign policy, including the fall of communism and the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War, the Cuban Missile Crisis, United States involvement in Haiti, Somalia, Bosnia, Herzegovina, and Kosovo, the Iran Hostage Crisis, and the war on terrorism.

6.4.L.6. Compare and contrast population trends and immigration and migration patterns in the United States (e.g., growth of Hispanic population, demographic and residential mobility).

6.4.L.7. Discuss major contemporary social issues, such as the evolution of governmental rights for individuals with disabilities, multiculturalism, bilingual education, gay rights, free expression in the media, and the modern feminist movement.

NJ.6.5. Economics: All students will acquire an understanding of key economic principles.

6.5.A. Economic Literacy

6.5.A.1. Describe different types of local, state, and federal taxes such as sales, income, and social security, discuss how deductions, exemptions, and credits reduce taxable income, and explain the difference between a progressive and regressive tax.

6.5.A.2. Describe the purposes of social security and Medicare.

6.5.A.3. Explain and interpret basic economic indicators, including Gross Domestic Product (GDP), Consumer Price Index (CPI) the rate of economic growth, the poverty rate, the deficit and national debt, and the trade deficit.

6.5.A.4. Identify entrepreneurs in the community and describe the risks and rewards of starting a new business.

6.5.A.5. Discuss how a market economy experiences periodic business cycles of prosperity and recession and that the federal government can adjust taxes, interest rates, spending, and other policies to help restore economic health.

6.5.A.6. Analyze federal and state budgets, and discuss the proportional share of government spending to major elements such as education, social programs, public safety, military, foreign aid, and welfare.

6.5.A.7. Analyze the impact of supply and demand on market adjustments and prices (e.g., real estate and interest rates).

6.5.A.8. Define basic terms associated with international trade such as imports, exports, quotas, embargoes, tariffs, and free trade.

6.5.A.9. Compare and contrast forms of insurance that protect individuals from loss or damage (e.g., life, property, health, disability, personal liability, bank deposits).

6.5.A.10. Explain how changes in exchange rates impact the purchasing power of people in the United States and other countries.

6.5.B. Economics and Society

6.5.B.1. Compare and contrast the roles of the United States government and the private sector in the United States economy (e.g., Federal Reserve System, United States Mint, Stock Exchange).

6.5.B.2. Evaluate international trade principles and policies.

6.5.B.3. Analyze labor and environmental issues affecting American citizens raised by economic globalization and free trade pacts.

6.5.B.4. Discuss the value and role of free and fair competition versus the social need for cooperation and how business, industry, and government try to reconcile these goals.

6.5.B.5. Analyze the importance of economic issues to politics and be able to distinguish the economic views of different political parties.

6.5.B.6. Analyze the connections and potential effects of the widening gap between the rich and the poor in the United States, the decline in labor union membership since 1950, rapidly advancing technology, globalization, and problems of public schools.

6.5.B.7. Compare and contrast the causes and consequences of discrimination in markets, employment, housing, business, and financial transactions.

6.5.B.8. Evaluate the activities and impact in various countries of major international institutions including the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, and the World Trade Organization.

6.5.B.9. Describe how clearly defined and enforced property rights (e.g., copyright laws, patents) are essential to a market economy.

NJ.6.6. Geography: All students will apply knowledge of spatial relationships and other geographic skills to understand human behavior in relation to the physical and cultural environment.

6.6.A. The World in Spatial Terms

6.6.A.1. Discuss the application of geographic tools and supporting technologies, such as GIS, GPS, the Internet, and CD databases.

6.6.A.2. Use maps of physical and human characteristics of the world to answer complex geographical questions.

6.6.A.3. Analyze, explain, and solve geographical problems using maps, supporting technologies, and other graphical representations.

6.6.A.4. Use geographic tools and technologies to pose and answer questions about spatial distributions and patterns on Earth.

6.6.A.5. Apply spatial thinking to understand the interrelationship of history, geography economics, and the environment, including domestic and international migrations, changing environmental preferences and settlement patterns, and frictions between population groups.

6.6.B. Places and Regions

6.6.B.1. Analyze and compare the functions and spatial arrangements of cities both locally and globally.

6.6.B.2. Evaluate how human interaction with the physical environment shapes the features of places and regions.

6.6.B.3. Analyze why places and regions are important factors to individual and social identity.

6.6.C. Physical Systems

6.6.C.1. Assess relationships between soil, climate, plant, and animal life and how this impacts the distribution of ecosystems.

6.6.C.2. Analyze the effects of both physical and human changes in ecosystems, such as acid rain, ozone layer, carbon-dioxide levels, and clean water issues.

6.6.D. Human Systems

6.6.D.1. Analyze the impact of human migration on physical and human systems.

6.6.D.2. Explain the spatial-technological processes of cultural convergence (cultural adaptations over distances) and divergence (separating effects of cultural diffusion over distances).

6.6.D.3. Analyze the historic movement patterns of people and their goods and their relationship to economic activity.

6.6.D.4. Analyze the processes that change urban areas.

6.6.D.5. Analyze how cooperation and conflict influence the control of economic, political, and social entities on Earth.

6.6.E. Environment and Society

6.6.E.1. Discuss the global impacts of human modification of the physical environment (e.g., the built environment).

6.6.E.2. Discuss the importance of maintaining biodiversity.

6.6.E.3. Analyze examples of changes in the physical environment that have altered the capacity of the environment to support human activity, including pollution, salinization, deforestation, species extinction, population growth, and natural disasters.

6.6.E.4. Compare and contrast the historical movement patterns of people and goods in the world, United States, and New Jersey and analyze the basis for increasing global interdependence.

6.6.E.5. Evaluate policies and programs related to the use of local, national and global resources.

6.6.E.6. Analyze the human need for respect for and informed management of all resources (sustainability), including human populations, energy, air, land, and water to insure that the earth will support future generations.

6.6.E.7. Describe how and why historical and cultural knowledge can help to improve present and future environmental maintenance.

6.6.E.8. Delineate and evaluate the environmental impact of technological change in human history (e.g., printing press, electricity and electronics, automobiles, computer, and medical technology).