Mississippi State Standards for Science:

MS.1. Develop an understanding that living and non-living things have identifiable characteristics. (L)

1.a. Compare similarities between parents and offspring. 2
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 1.a.

1.b. Classify animals as farm, zoo, pet, wild (non-domesticated), or ocean (aquatic) according to appearance and action. 27
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 1.b.

1.c. Identify animals by habitat (land, air and water). 25
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 1.c.

1.d. Differentiate among humans, other animals, and plants. 9
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 1.d.

1.e. Classify objects as living or non-living based on characteristics. 9
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 1.e.

1.f. Illustrate parts of a plant. 6
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 1.f.

1.g. Identify major external parts of living organisms (human, insects, and plants). 11
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 1.g.

MS.2. Demonstrate an understanding of the five senses. (L)

2.a. Identify the five senses. 20
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 2.a.

2.b. Select and describe objects by size, color, shape, texture, and use. 10
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 2.b.

2.c. Identify taste (sweet/sour). 3
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 2.c.

2.d. Identify smells (pleasant/unpleasant). 6
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 2.d.

2.e. Classify sounds (fast/slow, loud/soft). 3
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 2.e.

2.f. Classify materials by texture (smooth/rough, soft/hard). 4
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 2.f.

MS.3. Explore proper nutrition and the relationship to personal hygiene. (L)

3.a. Classify foods by food groups. 10
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 3.a.

3.b. Recognize good dental hygiene. 2
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 3.b.

MS.4. Investigate the different types of observable and measurable characteristics of matter. (P)

4.a. Classify objects according to color, shape, size, texture, and use. 7
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 4.a.

4.b. Identify a solid and a liquid. 5
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 4.b.

4.c. Identify objects that sink or float. 2
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 4.c.

4.d. Demonstrate the interactions between magnets and objects. 6
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 4.d.

4.e. Distinguish between warmer and cooler using a thermometer. 13
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 4.e.

4.f. Demonstrate knowledge of fire safety. 4
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 4.f.

MS.5. Explore and use non-standard units of length, weight and capacity/volume. (P)

5.a. Model and discuss terms of comparison such as more/less, taller/shorter, heavier/lighter, hotter/colder, and before/after. 27
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 5.a.

5.b. Measure the length, weight and capacity of objects using non-standard units. 38
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 5.b.

5.c. Investigate volume/capacity (holds more, less, or about the same) using different shape containers and materials. 7
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 5.c.

MS.6. Collect, organize and interpret data. (L, P, E)

6.a. Collect, model and construct graphs using real objects. 9
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 6.a.

6.b. Interpret and analyze data in graphical form (bar graphs, pictographs, etc.). 9
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 6.b.

MS.7. Develop an understanding of the Earth as a planet; its structure, and its processes. (E)

7.a. Describe the Earth according to its shape. 5
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 7.a.

7.b. Describe the Earth according to its physical make-up (land, water, air). 6
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 7.b.

7.c. Distinguish the characteristics of the seasons. 24
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 7.c.

7.d. Describe weather safety and weather differences by using terms related to weather. 22
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 7.d.

7.e. Compare and contrast characteristics of day and night. 6
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 7.e.

7.f. Distinguish between continents as landforms and oceans as large bodies of water. 9
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 7.f.

MS.8. Describe the appearance of the sky by day and by night. (E)

8.a. Describe the appearance of the sun in the sky (very bright; visible only by day). 7
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 8.a.

8.b. Describe the appearance of the stars in the sky (faint; some brighter than others; visible only by night). 4
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 8.b.

8.c. Describe the appearance of the moon in the sky (visible by day; bright by night; different shapes). 7
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 8.c.

8.d. Describe the appearance of clouds in the sky (sometimes covering part or all of the sky; sometimes white or dark gray; sometimes bringing rain; sometimes colorful at sunset; sometimes hiding the sun, moon, and stars). 6
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 8.d.

MS.9. Discover how environmental concerns relate to land, water, and air. (E)

9.a. Identify substances that can be recycled. 20
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 9.a.

9.b. Determine how environmental hazards can affect organisms living in specific areas. 20
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 9.b.

MS.1. Explore the basic patterns of living systems. (L)

1.a. Examine the function of plant parts. 7
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 1.a.

1.b. Illustrate the parts of a seed. 2
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 1.b.

1.c. Observe and sequence the life cycles of plants, insects, and animals. 34
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 1.c.

1.d. Identify major organs of the human body such as the heart, lungs, brain, intestines, and stomach. 10
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 1.d.

MS.2. Investigate the diversity of living things. (L, P)

2.a. Classify plants and animals according to external features (scales, feathers, fur, etc.). 3
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 2.a.

2.b. Identify plants and animals indigenous to Mississippi. 3
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 2.b.

2.c. Compare plants and animals in Mississippi with those found in the jungle, desert and arctic regions. 3
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 2.c.

2.d. Explain the term 'extinct' as related to animals. 2
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 2.d.

MS.3. Identify and describe daily changes in the sky. (E, P)

3.a. Describe the changing position of the sun in the daytime sky. 8
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 3.a.

3.b. Describe the changing position of the stars in the nighttime sky. 4
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 3.b.

3.c. Describe the changing position of the moon in the sky. 9
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 3.c.

3.d. Identify day and night as parts of a cycle of regular change. 3
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 3.d.

MS.4. Examine the structure of the solar system. (E, P)

4.a. Name the nine planets. 30
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 4.a.

4.b. Identify the sun as the major source of energy. 9
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 4.b.

MS.5. Discover the diversity of the Earth's surface. (E)

5.a. Identify features of the Earth surface such as mountains, lakes, oceans, and rivers. 11
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 5.a.

5.b. Describe the difference between the oceans and the continents. 3
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 5.b.

MS.6. Explore changes that occur in the Earth atmosphere. (E)

6.a. Record, graph, and compare weather differences including sunshine, clouds, rain, wind, and snow. 10
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 6.a.

6.b. Identify the environmental changes that occur with the seasons. 5
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 6.b.

MS.7. Investigate how environmental concerns relate to the quality of life. (E)

7.a. Examine pollution and how recycling helps the environment. 23
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 7.a.

7.b. Identify ways to reduce the amount of wastes thrown away. 23
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 7.b.

MS.8. Examine the different types of observable and measurable changes that matter can undergo. (P)

8.a. Observe and discuss the transformation of solids, liquids, and gases. 7
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 8.a.

8.b. Identify solids, liquids, and gases as states of matter. 7
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 8.b.

8.c. Compare/contrast objects according to size, shape, color, texture, and use. 7
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 8.c.

8.d. Manipulate magnets to demonstrate the interaction of magnets and other objects. 4
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 8.d.

MS.9. Explore the concepts of length, weight, temperature, and capacity/volume using nonstandard and standard (English and metric) units of measurement.

9.a. Use nonstandard (paper clips, unifix cubes) and standard (inches, centimeters) units to explore length. 13
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 9.a.

9.b. Compare weight of objects (heavy/light). 14
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 9.b.

9.c. Explore and estimate capacity/volume of various containers in nonstandard units. 11
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 9.c.

9.d. Explore the concept of hot/cold using a non-mercury thermometer. 21
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 9.d.

MS.1. Explore the functions and systems of living things. (L)

1.a. Explain how plants are used as a food source by living organisms and relate this to the food chain. 18
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 1.a.

1.b. Dissect and explain the function of the parts of a seed. 6
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 1.b.

1.c. Describe the function of the major internal organs to include the heart, brain, lungs, liver, kidneys, and intestines. 7
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 1.c.

1.d. Investigate the digestive system. 7
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 1.d.

MS.2. Research the diversity and interaction of living things. (L)

2.a. Define and recognize 'endangered' species. 2
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 2.a.

2.b. Compare and contrast physical and behavioral characteristics of different species. 43
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 2.b.

2.c. Analyze the suitability of different environments in meeting the needs of plants and animals. 46
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 2.c.

2.d. Classify animals in vertebrate categories (fish, bird, mammal, amphibian, and reptile). 39
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 2.d.

MS.3. Explore the structure of the Solar System. (E)

3.a. List and describe the nine planets in order. 15
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 3.a.

3.b. Identify the sun as a star. 1
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 3.b.

MS.4. Identify and describe weekly and monthly changes in the sky. (E)

4.a. Describe the apparent shapes of the moon from week to week. 9
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 4.a.

4.b. Identify the moon phases as parts of a cycle of regular change. 9
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 4.b.

MS.5. Recognize the diversity of the Earth composition. (E)

5.a. Create a model depicting the major layers of the Earth. 3
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 5.a.

5.b. Discover and explore the characteristics of various earth materials such as clay, silt, sand, pebbles, and gravel. 4
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 5.b.

MS.6. Analyze changes that occur in the Earth atmosphere. (E)

6.a. Introduce the water cycle. 14
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 6.a.

6.b. Describe the different types of clouds and the weather associated with each. 5
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 6.b.

MS.7. Investigate how environmental concerns relate to the quality of life. (E).

7.a. Design and construct a compost pile. 28
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 7.a.

7.b. Observe the benefits of composting to the community. 28
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 7.b.

MS.8. Predict and explore the effects of forces and energy on matter. (P)

8.a. Introduce and discuss the concept that matter takes up space. 15
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 8.a.

8.b. Classify solids, liquids and gases as states of matter according to their characteristics. 8
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 8.b.

8.c. Determine the properties of the states of matter by experimenting. 9
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 8.c.

8.d. Manipulate magnets to show that they are only attracted to certain metals. 6
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 8.d.

MS.9. Investigate the properties of color, heat, and light. (P)

9.a. Demonstrate light and heat as forms of energy. 6
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 9.a.

9.b. Identify the colors of the spectrum. 6
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 9.b.

9.c. Demonstrate how sound travels through different media (wood, plastics, water, air). 6
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 9.c.

MS.10. Determine length, mass, weight, and capacity/volume using the appropriate standard (English and metric) units of measurement. (L, E, P)

10.a. Use appropriate tools and terms to explore measurement. 10
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 10.a.

10.b. Estimate and measure length, mass, weight, and capacity/volume using standard units of measurement (inch, foot, yard, centimeter, meter, ounce, pound, gram, kilogram, cup, pint, quart, and liter). 18
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 10.b.

10.c. Categorize measurement terms according to length, mass, weight, and capacity/volume. 18
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 10.c.

10.d. Use convincing arguments to justify the selection of a specific unit of measure for a given item. 18
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 10.d.

10.e. Collect and compare seasonal temperatures using a Fahrenheit thermometer.

MS.1. Investigate the interactions of objects and organisms. (L, E)

1.a. Identify major causes of endangerment and extinction. 14
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 1.a.

1.b. Distinguish between harmful and helpful human actions on the environment. 8
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 1.b.

1.c. Describe methods to prevent pollution of the environment. 4
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 1.c.

MS.2. Explore the components of living systems. (L)

2.a. Classify and identify different types of seeds. 8
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 2.a.

2.b. Compare and contrast dicot and monocot seeds. 8
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 2.b.

2.c. Demonstrate photosynthesis. 9
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 2.c.

2.d. Show that plants grow from other parts and explain the germination of seeds. 5
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 2.d.

2.e. Label the parts and functions of a flower. 6
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 2.e.

2.f. Explain methods of pollination.

2.g. Understand the functions of the skeletal system and label major bones of the human body. 7
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 2.g.

MS.3. Identify and describe the appearance of stars in the night sky. (E, P)

3.a. Locate and identify constellations as imaginary patterns of stars that remain fixed in shape from night to night. 7
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 3.a.

3.b. Describe the actual nature of stars as distant suns that appear small and faint only because of their great distances. 5
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 3.b.

MS.4. Discover how internal and external forces affect the Earth surface. (E)

4.a. Describe the three major layers of the Earth.

4.b. Examine and identify rocks of different types (metamorphic, sedimentary, and igneous). 6
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 4.b.

4.c. Discuss places fossils can be found. 7
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 4.c.

4.d. Relate how internal forces affect the Earth surface including earthquakes and volcanoes. 8
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 4.d.

MS.5. Examine changes in matter. (P)

5.a. Identify and demonstrate chemical changes. 2
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 5.a.

5.b. Identify and demonstrate physical changes. 4
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 5.b.

MS.6. Analyze changes in matter. (E)

6.a. Label an illustration of the water cycle. 11
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 6.a.

6.b. Collect and graph weather data. 11
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 6.b.

MS.7. Develop the process of measurement and related concepts. (L, E, P)

7.a. Identify and compare differences among length, weight/mass, and capacity/volume using English and metric measures. 8
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 7.a.

7.b. Choose appropriate units of measurement for length, weight/mass, and capacity/volume. 6
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 7.b.

7.c. Convert between pints, quarts, and gallons. 3
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 7.c.

7.d. Convert miles to feet and yards. 4
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 7.d.

7.e. Compare metric measurements to English measurements. 17
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 7.e.

7.f. Using various types of instruments measure: length in millimeters, meters, kilometers; mass in grams and kilograms; capacity/volume in milliliters and liters; time to nearest minute; temperature in Celsius and Fahrenheit. 10
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 7.f.

7.g. Use manipulatives and gridded regions to determine area of shapes. 1
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 7.g.

MS.1. Investigate the ability of living things to adapt to their environment. (L)

1.a. Compare food chains and food webs. 16
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 1.a.

1.b. Compare and contrast adaptations necessary for animals and plants to survive in different habitats. 3
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 1.b.

MS.2. Explore the interactions of components in living systems. (L)

2.a. Identify parts and basic functions of various body systems (circulatory, respiratory, digestive, skeletal and nervous systems). 45
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 2.a.

2.b. Analyze the circulatory system. 7
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 2.b.

2.c. Group animals as invertebrates or vertebrates. 31
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 2.c.

2.d. Explore the four requirements necessary for photosynthesis. 3
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 2.d.

2.e. Compare and contrast flowering and non-flowering plants. 4
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 2.e.

MS.3. Communicate an understanding of the interaction of bodies in the solar system. (E, P)

3.a. Explain why the apparent size of an object depends on its distance from the observer. 6
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 3.a.

3.b. Describe the interaction between the Earth, Sun, Earth moon, and planets of the solar system. 32
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 3.b.

3.c. Describe the apparent motion of constellations in the night sky (east to west throughout the night, east to west throughout the year). 2
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 3.c.

MS.4. Identify and describe the visual and telescopic appearance of planets and moons. (E, P)

4.a. Locate and identify planets as bright, shining bodies that move in front of the background of constellations. 30
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 4.a.

4.b. Explain the nature of telescopes as devices that collect light and enlarge the apparent size of distant objects to reveal otherwise unseen features. 3
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 4.b.

4.c. Describe the physical features of the moon (craters, plains, mountains) and the planets. 35
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 4.c.

MS.5. Discover the effects of external forces on the Earth surface. (E)

5.a. Describe how external forces including heat, wind and water affect the Earth's surface. 4
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 5.a.

5.b. Using maps, students identify watershed and run-off patterns of local areas. 2
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 5.b.

5.c. Group landform examples by the forces that may have created them. 28
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 5.c.

MS.6. Explore changes that occur in the Earth atmosphere. (E)

6.a. Analyze and predict the weather using the thermometer, anemometer, rain gauge, barometer and hygrometer. 8
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 6.a.

6.b. Recognize and collect data of extreme weather conditions. 8
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 6.b.

MS.7. Discover how environmental concerns relate to the hydrosphere, lithosphere, and atmosphere. (E, L)

7.a. Describe ways to protect the air we breathe. 1
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 7.a.

7.b. Recognize the need for conservation of water resources. 4
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 7.b.

7.c. Discuss the ways man can protect and manage organisms in the environment. 13
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 7.c.

MS.8. Investigate the changes in the states of matter. (P)

8.a. Observe that matter occupies space and has mass and volume. 15
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 8.a.

8.b. Demonstrate transformations of the states of matter. 8
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 8.b.

8.c. Explore and classify physical and chemical changes. 7
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 8.c.

MS.9. Examine the different forms of energy. (E, L, P)

9.a. Differentiate energy as potential or kinetic energy. 2
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 9.a.

9.b. Identify and explore forms of energy such as heat, sound, light, or electricity. 19
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 9.b.

9.c. Demonstrate the use of the sun as an energy source. 1
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 9.c.

MS.10. Develop the process of measurement and the concepts related to units of measurement. (L, E, P)

10.a. Measure a given object using specified scientific measurement (English and/or metric). 6
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 10.a.

10.b. Select, use, compare and convert within the appropriate standard (English and metric) system of measurement. 6
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 10.b.

10.c. Identify the attributes of length, weight, capacity/volume, mass, time and temperature using English and metric units of measurement. 17
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 10.c.

10.d. Calculate and solve problems with elapsed time. 4
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 10.d.

MS.1. Identify and describe structures and functions in living systems. (L, E)

1.a. Investigate levels of organization in organisms including cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, whole organisms, and ecosystems. 43
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 1.a.

1.b. Explore ecosystems and biomes. 16
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 1.b.

MS.2. Identify and describe reproduction and heredity of organisms. (L, P)

2.a. Define and recognize examples of sexual and asexual reproduction. 18
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 2.a.

2.b. Explore how traits are used to classify individual inheritance patterns. 4
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 2.b.

MS.3. Determine the factors that influence the regulation and behavior of organisms. (L, E)

3.a. Identify and describe resources needed to grow, reproduce, maintain, and survive in a changing environment. 27
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 3.a.

3.b. Investigate ways organisms adapt to their environment. 18
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 3.b.

MS.4. Examine the physical factors of populations as they relate to the formation of an ecosystem. (L, E)

4.a. Identify, describe, and illustrate the roles among producers, consumers, and decomposers in a food web. 10
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 4.a.

4.b. Investigate resources and other factors (living and nonliving) that promote and limit growth of populations in an ecosystem. 8
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 4.b.

MS.5. Explore the diversity and adaptations of organisms. (L, E)

5.a. Classify organisms by their similarities. 15
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 5.a.

5.b. Explore and explain biological adaptations in a particular environment. 15
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 5.b.

5.c. Research and investigate environmental changes and the inability of a species to adapt. 3
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 5.c.

MS.6. Investigate the structure of the Earth. (E)

6.a. Investigate the structure of the atmosphere (gas-air), hydrosphere (liquid-water), and lithosphere (solid-land). 4
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 6.a.

6.b. Examine how organisms affect the composition of the Earth and it atmosphere. 8
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 6.b.

6.c. Analyze processes that cause changes on Earth. 2
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 6.c.

6.d. Explore fossils as indicators of how life and environmental conditions have changed. 9
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 6.d.

MS.7. Investigate the Earth as a part of the solar system. (E, P)

7.a. Explore how the Earth motion defines the day and the year and influences the phases of the moon and eclipses. 3
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 7.a.

7.b. Explain how gravity influences the action of the tides. 3
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 7.b.

7.c. Explain and illustrate how the tilt of the Earth axis and Earth revolution around the Sun create the seasons. 2
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 7.c.

MS.8. Identify properties and changes of matter. (E, P)

8.a. Observe and explore physical and chemical properties such as density, boiling/freezing point, and solubility of a substance. 5
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 8.a.

8.b. Explore, observe, discuss, and record physical and chemical changes using everyday substances. 6
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 8.b.

8.c. Recognize elements that combine chemically to produce compounds. 2
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 8.c.

8.d. Demonstrate the ability to use simple measuring devices using metric and English units. 9
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 8.d.

MS.9. Investigate the effect motions and forces have on objects. (E, L, P)

9.a. Explore, measure, and graph the motion of an object. 6
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 9.a.

9.b. Explore and measure the effect of force on an object. 2
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 9.b.

MS.10. Examine the transformations of forms of energy. (P)

10.a. Design and construct simple and compound machines. 19
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 10.a.

10.b. Design and construct electrical circuits (open, closed, series, parallel). 3
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 10.b.

10.c. Design and construct an electromagnet. 1
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 10.c.

MS.1. Investigate structure and functions in living systems. (L, E)

1.a. Identify, compare, and contrast levels of organization including cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, and organisms. 20
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 1.a.

1.b. Compare and contrast patterns and interactions of ecosystems and biomes. 6
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 1.b.

MS.2. Compare and classify the reproduction and heredity of organisms. (L)

2.a. Differentiate between sexual and asexual reproduction. 5
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 2.a.

2.b. Determine how traits are used to classify individual inherited patterns. 6
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 2.b.

MS.3. Explore how changing resources will influence the regulation and behavior of organisms. (L, E)

3.a. Evaluate the significance of resources required by organisms. 5
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 3.a.

3.b. Investigate, compare/contrast ways organisms adapt to their environment. 1
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 3.b.

MS.4. Explore how different populations determine the formation of an ecosystem. (L, E)

4.a. Compare/contrast the roles among producers, consumers, and decomposers in a food web.

4.b. Manipulate resources and other factors (living and nonliving) that promote and limit growth of populations in an ecosystem. 6
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 4.b.

MS.5. Explore the unique characteristics and adaptations of organisms. (L, E)

5.a. Evaluate and chart the similarities of organisms. 4
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 5.a.

5.b. Propose and relate environmental changes and the adaptive characteristics that influence the extinction of a species. 3
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 5.b.

MS.6. Model the structure of the Earth system past and present. (E)

6.a. Construct and explain the structure of the atmosphere (gas-air), hydrosphere (liquid-water), lithosphere (solid-land), and changes that occur within. 2
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 6.a.

6.b. Examine the changes and processes that alter the Earth's system. 2
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 6.b.

6.c. Analyze fossils as indicators of how life and environmental conditions have changed. 9
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 6.c.

MS.7. Investigate the Earth in relation to the solar system. (E, P)

7.a. Demonstrate how the Earth's motion influences the day, year, phases of the moon, and eclipses. 5
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 7.a.

7.b. Explore how gravity influences the motion of all celestial bodies. 2
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 7.b.

7.c. Demonstrate how the tilt of the Earth axis and Earth revolution around the sun create the seasons. 6
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 7.c.

MS.8. Investigate structure, properties, and changes of matter. (E, P)

8.a. Analyze properties such as density, boiling point, and solubility of a substance.

8.b. Record and interpret physical and chemical changes using everyday substances. 5
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 8.b.

8.c. Differentiate between common elements that combine chemically to produce compounds. 3
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 8.c.

8.d. Demonstrate the ability to use simple measuring devices using metric and English units. 7
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 8.d.

MS.9. Evaluate the effect of force on the motion of an object. (E, L, P)

9.a. Analyze, measure, and graph the motion of an object. 3
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 9.a.

9.b. Experiment and measure the effect of force on an object. 2
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 9.b.

MS.10. Examine the transfer of energy in many different forms. (E, L, P)

10.a. Observe and manipulate energy as potential or kinetic. 2
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 10.a.

10.b. Investigate forms of energy such as heat, sound, light, or electricity. 20
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 10.b.

10.c. Recognize the sun as a major source of energy. 1
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 10.c.

MS.1. Compare and contrast structure and function in living systems. (L)

1.a. Compare and contrast plant and animal cells through investigations. 23
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 1.a.

1.b. Describe the process of respiration and the use of its products. 6
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 1.b.

1.c. Illustrate the parts of the digestive system and the interaction of each part. 5
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 1.c.

1.d. Illustrate the parts of and interaction between the respiratory and circulatory system. 8
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 1.d.

1.e. Illustrate the parts of the excretory system and the interaction of each part. 5
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 1.e.

MS.2. Explore the processes of the reproduction and heredity of organisms. (L)

2.a. Distinguish genes as sections of DNA molecules that carry the genetic code for inherited traits. 30
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 2.a.

2.b. Examine the concepts of homozygous and heterozygous traits. 23
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 2.b.

2.c. Explain mitosis and relate it to an organism's growth and repair processes. 30
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 2.c.

MS.3. Determine how organisms co-exist in their environment. (L)

3.a. Demonstrate that cells interact with their environment. 19
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 3.a.

3.b. Investigate homeostasis as it relates to plants and animals. 12
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 3.b.

MS.4. Explore how environmental factors of population influence the formation of an ecosystem. (L, E)

4.a. Describe the process of photosynthesis and the use of its products. 15
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 4.a.

4.b. Design an experiment in plant behavior to include responses to water, gravity, and light. 5
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 4.b.

4.c. Investigate and research environmental concerns of the land, water, and air. 97
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 4.c.

4.d. Analyze the importance of biological diversity in communities and ecosystems. 3
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 4.d.

MS.5. Examine survival strategies of organisms over many generations. (L)

5.a. Apply concepts of adaptation by analyzing how organisms are classified into groups and subgroups. 10
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 5.a.

5.b. Research animal adaptations and behaviors as related to survival strategies. 2
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 5.b.

5.c. Explain how natural and man-made pressures cause extinction. 1
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 5.c.

MS.6. Explore the composition and changes of the Earth system. (E, P)

6.a. Identify minerals by using any or all of the following tests: streak, cleavage, fracture, hardness, specific gravity, and special properties. 4
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 6.a.

6.b. Research and explain how crustal movements result in earthquakes, volcanoes, mountain formation, etc. 2
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 6.b.

6.c. Distinguish between chemical and physical weathering. 2
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 6.c.

6.d. Identify how forces such as erosion and deposition create landforms. 40
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 6.d.

6.e. Research landforms and fossils specific to Mississippi. 9
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 6.e.

6.f. Compare properties and composition of salt water, fresh water, and brackish water. 22
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 6.f.

6.g. Investigate the interactive forces that produce weather to include moisture, temperature, fronts, air masses, and cloud formations. 4
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 6.g.

MS.7. Explain the causes of lunar phases, eclipses, and Earth seasons. (E)

7.a. Distinguish between radiating objects (the sun and the stars) and reflecting objects (the planets and their moons). 17
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 7.a.

7.b. Characterize lunar phases in terms of their appearance, their visibility at a given time of day or night, and their progression through time. 7
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 7.b.

7.c. Illustrate the relationship between lunar phases and the phase angle between the sun and the moon as seen from Earth. 7
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 7.c.

7.d. Illustrate the alignments of the Earth, the moon, and the sun, which give rise to solar and lunar eclipses and explain why these eclipses do not occur every month. 17
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 7.d.

7.e. Explain how the position of the earth in relation to the sun has an effect on seasonal weather changes. 7
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 7.e.

MS.8. Investigate chemical and physical properties of matter. (P)

8.a. Determine and measure experimentally: boiling point, melting point, density, and solubility. 4
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 8.a.

8.b. Demonstrate understanding that chemical and physical properties determine a substance identity. 3
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 8.b.

8.c. Compare common metals, nonmetals, and metalloids by name, symbol, and characteristics. 1
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 8.c.

8.d. Recognize elements that will combine to form compounds. 4
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 8.d.

8.e. Relate density to mass and volume. 2
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 8.e.

MS.9. Investigate motions and forces. (P)

9.a. Using SI units, measure and graph the motion of an object by its position, direction of motion, and speed. 14
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 9.a.

9.b. Investigate Newton's Laws of Motion. 2
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 9.b.

9.c. Using the scientific method, design an experiment to test how different types of surfaces affect friction. 3
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 9.c.

MS.10. Investigate the sources of energy. (P, E)

10.a. Investigate the sun as a major source of energy. 3
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 10.a.

10.b. Compare and contrast how the three forms of thermal energy flow. 6
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 10.b.

10.c. Research one or more of the sources of energy (nuclear, solar, wind, geothermal, hydro). 13
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 10.c.

MS.1. Analyze and relate structure and function in living systems. (L)

1.a. Analyze body systems and their functions. 18
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 1.a.

1.b. Relate interactions among body systems. 25
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 1.b.

1.c. Identify the parts of and show the interaction between the reproductive and endocrine systems. 12
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 1.c.

1.d. Examine diseases that are the result of body system failures or infection by other organisms. 50
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 1.d.

MS.2. Analyze genetic continuity of organisms. (L)

2.a. Define meiosis by relating the process to genetic continuity. 9
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 2.a.

2.b. Compare and contrast genotype and phenotype. 13
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 2.b.

2.c. Explain the advantages and disadvantages of both hybrid and purebred species of plants and animals. 6
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 2.c.

2.d. Examine genes as a section of a DNA molecule that carries the genetic code for inherited traits. 19
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 2.d.

MS.3. Determine the economic factors that influence the regulation and behavior of organisms. (L, E)

3.a. Appraise the economic factors associated with regulations and protection of the environment. 6
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 3.a.

3.b. Explain environmental degradation to include overpopulation, bio-diversity, sea-level rise, and enhanced greenhouse effect. 34
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 3.b.

MS.4. Examine the physical factors of populations as they relate to the formation of ecosystems. (L, E)

4.a. Analyze the adaptation of representative organisms to aquatic or terrestrial environments. 2
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 4.a.

4.b. Evaluate the effects of urbanization on aquatic or terrestrial ecosystems. 3
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 4.b.

4.c. Analyze how predation and food webs help structure communities. 3
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 4.c.

MS.5. Investigate atmospheric movements that affect the Earth system.

5.a. Analyze the cycles including nitrogen, water, carbon dioxide, and oxygen cycle. 7
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 5.a.

5.b. Use weather maps for analyzing and predicting weather. 5
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 5.b.

5.c. Construct a weather map to forecast the weather over a region, giving temperature in degrees Celsius. 5
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 5.c.

MS.6. Investigate the Earth's geological past. (E, L)

6.a. Identify the components/stages of a geological timetable and discuss how the environment (including animals and landforms) has changed in each period. 7
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 6.a.

6.b. Describe methods and tools used in dating rocks and fossils. 2
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 6.b.

6.c. Discuss Mississippi geological areas. 1
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 6.c.

MS.7. Describe the appearance and nature of our galaxy and the universe. (E)

7.a. Explain the relationship between distance and light-travel time (light year). 2
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 7.a.

7.b. Identify and describe deep-sky objects visible from Earth (diffuse nebulae, galactic and globular clusters, planetary nebulae, supernova remnants, 'spiral nebulae'). 3
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 7.b.

7.c. Identify and describe the Milky Way as the galaxy to which we belong. 11
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 7.c.

7.d. Identify and describe our galaxy in terms of its components (core of older stars, spiral arms of gas and dust with younger stars, halo, 'dark matter') and our location within it. 10
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 7.d.

7.e. Identify and describe 'spiral nebulae' as distant galaxies. 4
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 7.e.

7.f. Identify and describe different types of galaxies in terms of their shape (spiral, barred spiral, elliptical, irregular) and level of activity. 7
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 7.f.

MS.8. Analyze the properties of matter. (P)

8.a. Determine experimentally physical and chemical properties including density, conductivity, and reactions with water, acids, and bases. 4
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 8.a.

8.b. Interpret information given on the periodic table to predict reactions between elements. 31
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 8.b.

8.c. Write simple formulas for compounds. 7
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 8.c.

8.d. Distinguish among atoms, ions, and molecules. 23
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 8.d.

8.e. Determine the density of regular and irregular objects. 5
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 8.e.

8.f. Determine experimentally how acidic or basic a substance is using a pH scale indicator. 1
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 8.f.

8.g. Introduce the factor label method for unit conversions in the metric system. 8
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 8.g.

MS.9. Explore the application of simple and complex machines. (P)

9.a. Apply and demonstrate Newton Three Laws of Motion using simple machines. 3
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 9.a.

9.b. Design and construct simple and complex machines. 2
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 9.b.

MS.10. Investigate the transfer of energy. (P)

10.a. Measure the transfer of heat between two objects using the Celsius scale. 3
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 10.a.

10.b. Illustrate wave motion in different media. 2
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 10.b.

10.c. Research and discuss energy transformation. 21
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 10.c.

10.d. Convert one energy form to another. 21
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 10.d.

10.e. Analyze mechanical waves (sound waves, water waves, earthquake waves, etc.) and electromagnetic waves (light, infrared, x-rays, etc.). 2
Suggested Titles for Mississippi Science State Standard 10.e.

MS.1. Astronomy: Discuss the history of astronomy. (E, P)

1.a. Identify the layers and sublayers of the atmosphere and of the earth.

1.b. Explain how the invention of the telescope impacted the development of modern astronomy.

1.c. Trace the development of models to predict planetary motion (Ptolemy, Copernicus, Kepler and Newton).

1.d. Explore theories of the universe origin.

MS.2. Astronomy: Investigate the technologies and instruments (optical telescopes, radio telescopes, space probes, artificial satellites, etc.) used in ground and space based astronomy. (E)

2.a. Differentiate between various methods of observation.

2.b. Explore the methods used in determining the characteristics of our solar system components (spectra, probes, Doppler, etc.).

2.c. Characterize the physical and chemical parameters of dissolved O2, pH, temperature, and salinity through analysis of different water column depths/zones.

2.d. Examine the interaction of erupting volcanoes and the atmosphere.

2.e. Describe the various cycles (water, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, etc.).

2.f. Identify the types of sensor platforms.

MS.3. Aerospace Studies: Discuss the design and function of major aircraft structures, instruments, and life support systems, (L, E, P)

3.a. Describe the structure and gravitational interactions of a planetary system according to Newton Laws of Motion and Gravitation.

3.b. Describe the designs, functions, and uses of various flight control surfaces.

3.c. Describe the motion and interactions of a planetary system according to Kepler Laws.

3.d. Calculate period, distance from the sun, and/or velocity of a planet using Kepler Laws.

3.e. Explain the processes that create earthquakes and volcanoes.

3.f. Develop an emergency preparedness plan for natural disasters associated with crustal movement.

3.g. Explore the principles and applications for solving problems in two-dimensional motion.

3.h. Identify and distinguish among forms of asexual and sexual reproduction.

MS.4. Astronomy: Investigate and compare data about celestial bodies in our solar system. (E)

4.a. Explore the motion of celestial bodies (planetary rotation and revolution, comets, asteroids, moons, sun, etc.)

4.b. Compare and contrast internal and surface components of celestial bodies.

4.c. Track the Earth moon over an extended period of time.

MS.5. Organic Chemistry: Relate organic chemicals to their application in industry, drug manufacture, and biological chemistry. (P, L)

5.a. Discuss star classification (by size and magnitude) and types of stars.

5.b. Examine the origin and demise of stars.

5.c. Research the composition, energy production and solar-magnetic activity of stars.

5.d. Describe the use of organic compounds in medicine, drugs, and personal care products.

5.e. Describe star systems visible from earth.

5.f. Discuss the major aspects of the production of petrochemicals.

MS.6. Astronomy: Describe the universe in terms of its diverse components and their relationships. (E)

6.a. Identify types of galaxies, proximity of galaxies, the name of Earth galaxy, etc.

6.b. Research recent reports on the structure of the universe.

6.c. Examine components of the celestial sphere.

6.d. Evaluate the effects of urbanization on aquatic ecosystems.

6.e. Identify practical uses of biotechnology.

6.f. Evaluate the moral and ethical issues related to genetic engineering.

MS.7. Aquatic Science: Investigate applications of modern technology in aquatic systems. (L, P)

7.a. Define frames of reference and the space-time continuum.

7.b. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the use of modern technology within aquatic science (mariculture and aquaculture).

7.c. Relate the contribution of aquatic technology to industry and government.

7.d. Calculate relativistic length, time, and mass.

7.e. Discuss the main components of General Relativity Theory.

MS.1. Biology II: Utilize critical thinking and scientific problem solving in designing and performing biological research and experimentation. (L, P, E)

1.a. Demonstrate the proper use and care for scientific equipment used in biology.

1.b. Observe and practice safe procedures in the classroom and laboratory.

1.c. Apply the components of scientific processes and methods in the classroom and laboratory investigations.

1.d. Communicate results of scientific investigations in oral, written, and graphic form.

MS.2. Biology II: Investigate chemical processes of the cell that maintain life. (L, P)

2.a. Relate chemical structure and characteristics of organic compounds to cell and organism functions.

2.b. Investigate enzymatic reactions and identify factors that influence enzyme activity.

2.c. Analyze light dependent and light independent reactions of photosynthesis with respect to site, reactions involved and energy input/output.

2.d. Analyze processes of cellular respiration with respect to site, reactions involved, and energy input/output in each stage.

MS.3. Biology II: Explore the molecular basis of heredity. (L, P)

3.a. Investigate the discovery of DNA.

3.b. Analyze DNA/RNA/enzyme roles in the stages of protein synthesis.

3.c. Investigate modern DNA technologies (gene splicing, gel electrophoresis and recombinant DNA in agriculture, medicine and forensics).

3.d. Examine bioethical issues resulting from genetic technology.

3.e. Review genetic principles for solving inheritance problems.

MS.4. Biology II: Investigate the role that natural selection plays in maintaining diversity. (L, E)

4.a. Identify the components of natural selection.

4.b. Predict the successes and failures of a population when exposed to changing environmental factors.

4.c. Examine factors that affect populations, such as distribution, competition, migration, isolation, and disease.

MS.5. Biology II: Apply principles of classification to groups of organisms. (L)

5.a. Use classification as a tool to organize diverse groups.

5.b. Compare classical (morphological) and modern (molecular) classification systems.

5.c. Conduct an in-depth study of classification within at least one of the kingdoms.

MS.6. Biology II: Examine the behavior of organisms. (L)

6.a. Analyze the behavioral responses of an organism to internal and external stimuli.

6.b. Associate function of the nervous system to behavior.

6.c. Distinguish among types of learned, innate, and voluntary behavior.

6.d. Compare the selective advantage of several behavioral responses.

MS.1. Physical Science: Demonstrate the proper use of scientific methods and investigative techniques. (P)

1.a. Experimentally investigate a problem utilizing the scientific process.

1.b. Scientifically communicate the results of an experiment.

1.c. Demonstrate safe and proper use of scientific equipment.

MS.2. Physical Science: Perform measurements and mathematical calculations using metric units. (P)

2.a. Express numbers and perform operations using scientific notation.

2.b. Identify the significant digits in a given measurement.

2.c. Employ graphs to record, display, and interpret data.

2.d. Perform unit conversions within the metric system.

MS.3. Physical Science: Identify basic structure of matter. (P)

3.a. Define and specify the location of the basic components of an atom.

3.b. Utilize the periodic table to determine atomic composition of elements and periodic patterns.

3.c. Describe the states of matter using the kinetic molecular theory.

3.d. Differentiate between elements, compounds, solutions, and mixtures.

3.e. Compare and contrast atoms, ions, and isotopes.

3.f. Write chemical formulas for compounds.

3.g. Classify compounds as acids, bases, or salts.

3.h. Identify compounds with regard to bond type.

MS.4. Physical Science: Investigate physical and chemical changes in matter. (P)

4.a. Differentiate between physical and chemical changes.

4.b. Identify chemical reactions as endothermic or exothermic.

4.c. Balance equations when chemical formulas are given.

4.d. Examine current theories, proposals and supporting data of celestial bodies in our solar system.

4.e. Describe the origin, composition and structure of asteroids, meteors and comets.

4.f. Identify the functions of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids in living organisms with examples of each.

MS.5. Physical Science: Investigate matter in motion. (P)

5.a. Show how motion involves a frame of reference.

5.b. Calculate average speed.

5.c. Define the fundamental forces of nature.

5.d. Explain the basic principles found in Newton Three Laws of Motion.

5.e. Determine net force and the resulting motion of objects.

MS.6. Physical Science: Describe sources, uses, and effects of energy. (P)

6.a. Differentiate between kinetic and potential energy.

6.b. Discuss the transfer and/or transformation of energy (conservation of energy).

6.c. Define heat and temperature and their effect on particle motion.

6.d. Observe and communicate that systems tend to become less orderly over time (entropy).

MS.7. Physical Science: Discuss general properties and characteristics of waves. (P)

7.a. Classify waves as either mechanical or electromagnetic.

7.b. Differentiate among transverse, longitudinal, and surface waves.

7.c. Determine wavelength, frequency, period, and velocity of waves.

7.d. Examine the properties of waves (interference, refraction, reflection, diffraction, Doppler effect, etc.).

MS.8. Botany: Describe the ecological importance of plants. (L, E)

8.a. Explain the importance of variations in organisms.

8.b. Identify concepts such as nutrient cycling, succession, natural selection, competition, and symbiosis that influence/alter plant stability within the environment.

8.c. Analyze the effects of human activity on the plant world.

8.d. Identify primary and secondary colors.

8.e. Demonstrate the additive and subtractive properties of colors.

MS.9. Botany: Apply the modern classification scheme utilized in naming plants. (L)

9.a. Explain the classification scheme used in botany.

9.b. Apply the concept of classification by using a dichotomous key to identify a native Mississippi plant.

9.c. Identify the types of relationships that occur among populations.

9.d. Explain how energy flows through ecosystems.

9.e. Describe the cycling of matter through ecosystems.

MS.1. Earth Science: Describe the elements and compounds related to the composition of the Earth crust. (E, P)

1.a. List elements in the earth crust and their percentages by mass.

1.b. Compare the elements in the earth crust to the elements in the atmosphere and oceans.

MS.2. Earth Science: Characterize the different types of mineral deposits. (E, P)

2.a. Research the six common minerals.

MS.3. Earth Science: Describe the basic types of rocks and how they are formed. (E, P)

3.a. List the three basic types of rocks and the sources of their production.

MS.4. Earth Science: Explain the physical and chemical processes of weathering. (E, P)

4.a. Research the causes of physical (mechanical) and chemical weathering.

4.b. Analyze weathering as a type of erosion.

4.c. Research the effects of physical and chemical weathering.

MS.5. Earth Science: Describe the processes involved in shaping the internal and external features of the Earth. (E, P)

5.a. Research the external processes that shape the earth features.

5.b. Define the internal processes that shape the earth features.

MS.6. Earth Science: Illustrate the geological timetable. (L, E)

6.a. Research the origins of the earth.

6.b. Research the scientists responsible for the theories of earth origin.

6.c. Investigate layering as a process of determining the earth origin.

MS.7. Earth Science: Explain how the oceans affect other processes on Earth. (L, E, P)

7.a. Determine how ocean currents affect climate.

7.b. Research ocean flora and fauna and their place in the life forms of earth.

MS.8. Earth Science: Describe the composition of the atmosphere. (E, P)

8.a. Investigate the different layers of the atmosphere.

8.b. Research the Greenhouse Effect as it relates to the atmosphere.

MS.9. Earth Science: Describe the processes involved in weather and climate. (E, P)

9.a. Compare and contrast the terms weather and climate.

9.b. Research the circulation of the atmosphere.

9.c. Explore the different climatic zones.

9.d. Determine the causes of the change of seasons.

MS.10. Botany: Explore the principles of plant genetics. (L)

10.a. Explain the results of monohybrid and dihybrid crosses.

10.b. Explain the effects of genetic engineering of plants on society.

MS.11. Earth Science: Describe the structure and gravitational interaction of our planetary system. (E, P)

11.a. Investigate the sizes and spacing of the planets in our solar system.

11.b. Define gravity and calculate gravitational pull.

11.c. Determine the relationship between the moon pull of gravity and the Earth's tides.

MS.12. Earth Science: Explain the orderly and predictable motion of celestial bodies. (E, P)

12.a. Investigate comets.

12.b. Explore the concept of red and blue shift.

MS.13. Earth Science: Demonstrate the proper use of scientific methods and investigative techniques. (L, E, P)

13.a. Experimentally investigate a problem utilizing the scientific process.

13.b. Scientifically communicate the results of an experiment.

13.c. Demonstrate safe and proper use of scientific equipment.

MS.1. Chemistry I: Explain how the properties of matter relate to structure and changes in structure. (P)

1.a. Demonstrate the proper use and care of scientific equipment.

1.b. Observe and practice safe procedures in classroom and laboratory.

1.c. Define chemistry and matter.

1.d. Apply the language of chemistry appropriately including terms such as element, atom, compound, and molecule.

1.e. Calculate the average and standard deviation from repeated measurements.

1.f. Validate GPS derived data with other known sources.

1.g. Write the symbol or formula for monatomic and polyatomic ions.

MS.2. Chemistry I: Solve numerical chemistry problems using the International System of Measurement (SI) units, mathematical expressions, and factor labeling. (P)

2.a. Choose the most appropriate SI unit of mass, length or volume of an object.

2.b. Define the common SI prefixes used in chemistry and interconvert, using the factor-label method (dimensional analysis) to obtain the desired unit in solving problems.

2.c. Apply the definition of mass, length, volume, time, density, temperature and pressure.

2.d. Use scientific notation in chemical calculations.

2.e. Round values to the proper significant digits.

MS.3. Chemistry I: Develop a visual conceptualization of atomic structure based on theory and a knowledge of fundamental particles. (P)

3.a. Identify various theories of the atom, including Rutherford, Bohr, and electron cloud theories by matching the theory to its description.

3.b. Identify the three fundamental particles of an atom when given the charge, mass, and location of the particle.

3.c. Determine the number of protons, electrons, or neutrons in an element when given the atomic number and the atomic mass of the element, or vice versa.

3.d. Write the electron configurations of elements.

3.e. Draw the electron-dot (Lewis) structure of elements.

3.f. Predict the charge of an ion based on the element valence electrons.

MS.4. Chemistry I: Analyze patterns and trends in organization of elements in the periodic table. (P)

4.a. Identify an element as a metal, nonmetal, metalloid, or noble gas.

4.b. Locate elements by name and group number (family) or period (series).

4.c. Compare elements in terms of atomic radius, ionization energy, or electronegativity using their positions on the periodic table.

4.d. Predict the charge of monoatomic ions on the basis of position (group number).

MS.5. Chemistry I: Compare the properties of compounds according to their type of bonding. (P, L, E)

5.a. Describe what determines covalent, ionic, and metallic bonds.

5.b. Relate bond type between elements on the basis of electronegativity differences.

5.c. Relate bond type to the position of elements on the Periodic table, electron configuration, and properties of the compound formed.

5.d. Draw Lewis electron dot structures and determine the geometric structure of simple molecules.

5.e. Identify simple molecules as polar or non-polar on the basis of molecular shape and bond polarity.

5.f. Relate bond and molecular polarity to intermolecular forces.

MS.6. Chemistry I: Write names and formulas of covalent and ionic compounds. (P)

6.a. Write chemical formulas of ionic compounds using monatomic and polyatomic ions.

6.b. Write chemical formulas of molecular compounds using prefixes.

6.c. Write names of compounds from their formulas.

6.d. Given the formula of a compound, identify oxidation states of the elements.

6.e. Write the names and formulas of common acids and bases.

MS.7. Chemistry I: Interpret chemical change in terms of chemical reactions. (P)

7.a. Write an equation in sentence form (word equation) when given a chemical equation.

7.b. Balance a simple chemical equation by inspection when given the formulas or names of all reactants and products.

7.c. Classify simple equations as to type: single displacement, double displacement, synthesis and decomposition.

7.d. Complete chemical equations when given reactants for reactions, such as synthesis, decomposition, single displacement, and double displacement.

7.e. Given a list of solubility rules, predict if a precipitate is formed upon mixing solutions of known chemicals in a double displacement reaction.

7.f. Use the activity series to predict single displacement reactions and write equations of these reactions.

7.g. Predict products of simple synthesis and decomposition reactions.

7.h. Identify redox reactions by recognizing the species that are oxidized and reduced.

MS.8. Chemistry I: Explore the relationship between mass and quantity through various stoichiometric relationships. (P)

8.a. Calculate the formula/molecular mass of compounds.

8.b. Define the mole as a quantity of matter.

8.c. Interconvert among mass, mole, and number of particles.

8.d. Determine the empirical formula from the percentage composition and the molecular formula from the empirical formula and molar mass, or vice-versa.

8.e. Solve stoichiometry problems.

8.f. Identify the limiting reagent through stoichiometric calculations.

MS.9. Chemistry I: Apply understanding of the interactions of matter and energy. (P)

9.a. Demonstrate understanding by performing calculations relating enthalpy change, temperature change, mass, and specific heat.

9.b. Calculate the energy required to change state using mass and heat of vaporization or heat of fusion.

9.c. Classify chemical reactions as endothermic or exothermic.

MS.10. Chemistry I: Analyze the nature and behavior of gaseous, liquid, and solid substances using Kinetic Molecular Theory. (P)

10.a. Describe a gas, liquid or solid in terms of Kinetic Molecular Theory.

10.b. Describe the relationship among volume, temperature, pressure, and moles using ideal gas laws.

10.c. Explore the current trends in biotechnology of plants.

MS.11. Chemistry I: Describe and explain the solution process. (P)

11.a. Describe solutions in terms of solute and solvent; electrolyte or non-electrolyte; soluble or insoluble; unsaturated, saturated or supersaturated; miscible or immiscible.

11.b. Express the concentration of a solution as percent by mass, molarity, molality, and mole fraction, given appropriate data.

11.c. Explore the factors that affect solubility.

11.d. Describe how to make a solution of given molarity in terms of mass needed, or vice-versa.

11.e. Describe how to dilute a solution in terms of molarity and volume.

MS.12. Chemistry I: Analyze the factors that affect equilibrium with an emphasis on visualizing its dynamic nature at the macroscopic and molecular levels. (P)

12.a. Describe a reversible reaction in terms of a dynamic equilibrium process.

12.b. Using LeChatelier principle, predict the effect upon a reaction at equilibrium of changing the temperature, concentrations of a reactant or a product, pressure, or adding a catalyst.

MS.13. Chemistry I: Visualize and explain acid-base interactions applying concepts of chemical bonding and solutions. (P, L)

13.a. Compare properties of acids and bases, including how they affect indicators and the relative pH of the solution.

13.b. Classify species in aqueous solutions according to Arrhenius and Bronsted definitions, respectively.

13.c. Predict the product of an aqueous neutralization reaction.

13.d. Calculate the pH or pOH from the hydrogen or hydroxide ion concentrations of solutions and vice versa.

13.e. Describe the role of indicators in experimental prediction of pH.

MS.1. Chemistry II: Visualize and interpret the atomic structure in terms of quantum theory. (P)

1.a. Characterize electromagnetic radiation in terms of wavelength, frequency and speed.

1.b. Explain the concept of quantified energy as it relates atomic spectroscopic data.

1.c. Relate the wave and particulate properties of electromagnetic radiation.

1.d. Describe the Heisenberg uncertainty principle and link its significance to electron probability distribution.

1.e. Explain the quantum numbers n, l, ml, and ms in terms of energy and electron probability distribution.

1.f. Relate quantum numbers to the accepted orbital notation of s, p, d and f.

1.g. Depict or interpret s, p, d, and f orbitals in two and three-dimensional sketches.

1.h. Explain the Pauli exclusion principle in terms of electron spin and apply when determining electron configuration.

1.i. Write electron configurations following the Aufbau principle.

MS.2. Chemistry II: Explain the variations in chemical bonding types (covalent, ionic and metallic) in terms of the fundamental principles of electrostatic attraction and repulsion and atomic orbital overlap. (P)

2.a. Explain how and why an ionic bond is formed.

2.b. Explain how and why a covalent bond is formed.

2.c. Explain how and why a polar covalent bond is formed.

2.d. Draw Lewis structures for compounds in which the central atoms can accommodate an expanded octet (e.g. sulfur fluoride).

2.e. Describe the concept of resonance.

2.f. Select the most favorable resonance based on formal charge.

2.g. Describe multiple bond formation in terms of sigma and pi covalent bonds.

2.h. Define bond dissociation energy.

2.i. Calculate heat of reaction using average bond dissociation energies.

MS.3. Chemistry II: Explain observed physical properties of solids and liquids to their intermolecular forces. (P, L)

3.a. Differentiate between intramolecular and intermolecular bonding

3.b. Describe dipole-dipole forces, hydrogen bonding, and London dispersion forces.

3.c. Relate intermolecular forces to properties of liquids: surface tension, capillary action, and viscosity.

3.d. Relate the relative boiling point, freezing point and vapor pressure of a series of molecules to intermolecular forces.

3.e. Interpret phase diagrams.

MS.4. Chemistry II: Apply stoichiometric principles to reactions that occur in aqueous solution. (P)

4.a. Represent reactions in aqueous solution with net ionic equations.

4.b. Predict precipitation products and represent with net ionic equations.

4.c. Perform stoichiometric calculations involving precipitation reactions.

4.d. Perform stoichiometric calculations involved in acid-base reactions.

4.e. Write and balance oxidation-reduction reactions by the half-equation method.

4.f. Perform stoichiometric calculations involved in oxidation-reduction reactions.

MS.5. Chemistry II: Explain the thermodynamics of chemistry, including the interconversion of one form of energy to another. (P)

5.a. Define enthalpy.

5.b. Calculate the change in enthalpy in a chemical reaction.

5.c. Define enthalpy of formation and calculate the change in enthalpy of reaction using Hess's Law.

5.d. Define entropy.

5.e. Describe general trends in absolute entropies with respect to state, structure, and molar mass.

5.f. Contrast the relative entropy of a pure substance to the substance in solution.

5.g. Identify and distinguish among forms of asexual and sexual reproduction.

5.h. Define free energy change and relate it to spontaneity.

5.i. Define the free energy of formation, and calculate free energy of reaction using Hess Law.

MS.6. Chemistry II: Link the reaction pathway (mechanism) and the rate law for simple reactions. (P, L)

6.a. Describe two types of rate laws; differential and integral.

6.b. Determine the rate law for a reaction given experimental law.

6.c. Determine the relationship between the reaction pathway and the rate law of a reaction.

6.d. Explain how a catalyst increases the rate of reaction.

MS.7. Chemistry II: Analyze chemical equilibrium expressions and the effect of contributing factors. (P, L)

7.a. Write equilibrium expressions for various types of equilibrium including equilibrium constants for concentration, partial pressure, acids, bases, and water.

7.b. Calculate the equilibrium constant given concentrations at equilibrium.

7.c. Calculate concentration at equilibrium given initial concentrations and the equilibrium constant.

7.d. Predict the extent of reaction based on the magnitude of the equilibrium constant.

7.e. Predict the effect of temperature on the equilibrium constant given the change of enthalpy of a reaction.

7.f. Describe characteristics and applications of buffer solutions.

MS.8. Chemistry II: Apply oxidation-reduction and aqueous reaction chemistry to the interconversion of chemical and electrical energy (electrochemistry). (P, L)

8.a. Draw a schematic diagram (sketch) for an electrochemical cell, given an oxidation-reduction reaction that occurs in an aqueous solution.

8.b. Describe the parts of an electrochemical cell and the function of each.

8.c. Identify the path taken by electrons in electrochemical cells.

8.d. Compare and contrast voltaic and electrolytic cells.

8.e. Predict the outcome of an oxidation-reduction reaction using standard reduction potential values.

8.f. Explain how the activity series and reduction potentials are linked to electronegativity and to each other.

8.g. Describe the oxidation-reduction reactions that occur in zinc-carbon (dry cell), alkaline, mercury, Ni-Cad, and lead acid batteries.

8.h. Make everyday applications of oxidation-reduction; for example, the nervous system or electrolytic plating of metals.

8.i. Perform stoichiometric calculations based on current and time data in such applications.

MS.9. Chemistry II: Analyze nuclear changes in matter. (P, L, E)

9.a. Identify alpha, beta, and gamma radiation with respect to mass and charge.

9.b. Complete and balance nuclear equations.

9.c. Calculate the half-life of a radioactive nuclide both mathematically and graphically.

9.d. Calculate time or amount of isotope remaining given the initial amount and the half-life of the radioisotope.

9.e. Describe, compare and contrast fusion and fission.

9.f. Compare and contrast the adaptations of plants and animals found in the major biomes.

9.g. Compare protective measures when using radioactive material including time, distance, and shielding.

MS.10. Chemistry II: Describe the structure, reactions, and uses of selected organic compounds. (P, L)

10.a. Determine the name or structural formula for given hydrocarbons and functional groups.

10.b. Illustrate some common reactions of hydrocarbons.

10.c. Describe the formation of polymers from monomers.

10.d. Describe alternative methods of plant propagation.

10.e. Calculate the relative fuel value of various fossil fuels.

MS.1. Physics I: Apply fundamental mathematics used in physical concepts. (P)

1.a. Utilize fundamental SI base and derived units.

1.b. Demonstrate proper use of scientific notation and significant figures in calculations and measurements.

1.c. Create, extend and record relationships from tables and graphs.

1.d. Manipulate equations to solve problems.

MS.2. Physics I: Investigate the kinematics of physical bodies. (P)

2.a. Identify terminology associated with kinematics and the history of the ideas associated with motion.

2.b. Differentiate between vector and scalar quantities.

2.c. Observe, measure, record and graph experimental results involving bodies in motion.

2.d. Interpret displacement, velocity, and acceleration graphs.

2.e. Solve problems involving kinematic relationships.

MS.3. Physics I: Investigate physical dynamics. (E, P)

3.a. Solve vector problems mathematically and graphically.

3.b. Distinguish between weight and mass.

3.c. Explain physical dynamics in terms of Newton Three Laws of Motion.

3.d. Solve problems using Newton Three Laws of Motion.

3.e. Apply the principles of impulse and conservation of momentum to interpret Newton Third Law of Motion.

3.f. Explain the effects of the Law of Universal Gravitation and calculate the force between two masses.

3.g. Explore the principles and applications for solving problems in two-dimensional motion.

3.h. Apply concepts of centripetal force and torque in solving circular motion problems.

MS.4. Physics I: Explore the concepts and relationships among work, power, and energy. (P)

4.a. Identify terminology associated with work, power and energy.

4.b. Apply the Law of Conservation of Energy.

4.c. Utilize the Work-Energy Theorem to solve problems.

MS.5. Physics I: Describe the characteristics and properties of mechanical waves. (P)

5.a. Describe the types, characteristics and behavior of mechanical waves.

5.b. Explain conceptually and/or mathematically the Doppler Effect.

MS.6. Physics I: Investigate the principles related to electromagnetic radiation. (P)

6.a. Determine the relationship between frequency and wavelength using the constancy of the speed of light.

6.b. Compare the various components of the electromagnetic spectrum.

6.c. Describe the characteristics of lenses and mirrors conceptually, mathematically and/or pictorially.

MS.7. Physics I: Measure and calculate the properties of static and current electricity. (P)

7.a. Identify terminology and units associated with electricity.

7.b. Describe the characteristics of an electric field.

7.c. Describe, measure and/or calculate the properties of stationary and moving electric charges (using Coulomb Law and Ohm Law).

7.d. Determine current, voltage, and resistance involved in series and parallel circuits.

MS.1. Physics II: Investigate mechanics of physical motion (Review of Physics I). (P)

1.a. Apply fundamental mathematics used in physical concepts.

1.b. Investigate physical kinematics and dynamics of one and two-dimensional motion.

1.c. Explore the concepts and relationships among work, power, energy, and momentum.

MS.2. Physics II: Investigate the principles related to thermal energy. (P)

2.a. Interpret the principles of the Kinetic Molecular Theory and the Laws of Thermodynamics.

2.b. Apply principles of the Kinetic Molecular Theory to changes of state for solids, liquids, gases, and plasma.

2.c. Solve problems with heat energy transfer, entropy and enthalpy.

MS.3. Physics II: Investigate properties and principles of fluids. (P)

3.a. Determine pressure using Pascal's Principle.

3.b. Differentiate between hydrostatics and hydrodynamics.

3.c. Interpret and apply Bernoulli principle.

3.d. Evaluate the behaviors of fluids (surface tension, capillary action adhesion, and effects of pressure on boiling and melting points).

3.e. Discuss the plasma state.

MS.4. Physics II: Investigate the principles and applications of magnetism. (P)

4.a. Identify the properties of magnetism (fields, forces, etc.).

4.b. Establish the interactions between current flow and magnetic fields.

4.c. Explain the principle of induction.

4.d. Solve problems with magnetic fields, magnetic forces, and induction.

4.e. Relate principles of electromagnetism to the operation of motors, generators, transformers, electromagnets, etc.

MS.5. Physics II: Investigate the principles of the Quantum Theory. (P)

5.a. Describe and analyze the dual nature of light.

5.b. Discuss the photoelectric and Compton effects.

5.c. Explain quantum energy absorption and emission spectra.

MS.6. Physics II: Investigate the principles of nuclear physics. (P)

6.a. Discuss types and properties of elementary and other subatomic particles.

6.b. Discuss applications of nuclear energy.

6.c. Differentiate between nuclear fission and fusion and the net energy of both.

6.d. Write nuclear equations for fission and fusion reactions.

6.e. Examine creation of plasma and ionic propulsion.

MS.7. Physics II: Investigate relativity. (P)

7.a. Define frames of reference and the space-time continuum.

7.b. Discuss the main components of Special Relativity Theory.

7.c. Investigate the applications of special relativity to motions of observer and observed.

7.d. Calculate relativistic length, time, and mass.

7.e. Discuss the main components of General Relativity Theory.

MS.8. Physics II: Investigate current theories of physics. (P)

8.a. Discuss Grand Unification Theories.

8.b. Research black holes, worm holes, and dimensions.

MS.1. Human Anatomy and Physiology: Utilize critical thinking and scientific problem solving in designing and performing biological research and experimentation. (L, P, E)

1.a. Demonstrate the proper use and care for scientific equipment used in life science.

1.b. Observe and practice safe procedures in the classroom and laboratory.

1.c. Apply the components of scientific processes and methods in the classroom and laboratory investigations.

1.d. Communicate results of scientific investigations in oral, written, and graphic form.

MS.2. Human Anatomy and Physiology: Describe the basic organization of the body using the appropriate anatomical concepts. (L)

2.a. Define the terms: anatomy, physiology, and homeostasis; explain the importance of the interaction between structure and function of organs and organ systems in the human body.

2.b. Describe the anatomical position and apply anatomical terms, terms of direction, and planes of section to describe the body and the relationship of its parts.

2.c. Identify the cavities of the body and locate the essential organs in each.

MS.3. Human Anatomy and Physiology: Discuss the biochemical composition of the human body. (L, P)

3.a. Identify the major elements that form the bulk of body matter.

3.b. Explain the relationships among atoms, molecules, elements, and compounds.

3.c. Explain the importance of water to body homeostasis.

3.d. Describe the concept of pH and its relationship to acids and bases in the human body.

3.e. Name the four major groups of organic substances in the human body and give examples and functions of specific members of each group.

MS.4. Human Anatomy and Physiology: Explore the relationship of the cell to the more complex levels of organization within the body. (L)

4.a. Describe the structure and function of the components of a typical animal cell, including membranous and non-membranous organelles.

4.b. Relate plasma membrane structure to active and passive transport mechanisms.

4.c. Name the four major categories of tissues and compare the location, structure, and function of each.

MS.5. Human Anatomy and Physiology: Identify the structure and function of the human body systems, explore the interactions among the systems and investigate major disorders/diseases. (L)

5.a. Associated with each of the following: Integumentary; Skeletal; Muscular; Nervous; Endocrine; Digestive; Respiratory; Circulatory; Lymphatic; Urinary; Reproductive.

MS.1. Science Skills and Reasoning: Observe and practice safe procedures in the classroom and laboratory. (L, E, P)

1.a. Demonstrate knowledge of safety rules before working in the laboratory and model all safety rules in each lab activity.

1.b. Demonstrate proper use and care of scientific equipment to include the compound light microscope.

1.c. Demonstrate accuracy and precision when using scientific equipment.

MS.2. Science Skills and Reasoning: Utilize critical thinking and scientific problem solving in designing and performing scientific research and experimentation. (L, E, P)

2.a. Identify and use the SI units of length, capacity/volume, mass/weight and temperature.

2.b. Research and critically analyze current investigations/problems using periodicals (newspapers, magazines and science journals).

2.c. Demonstrate an ability to record and organize data from a variety of sources (scientific articles, magazines, and journals).

2.d. Identify and apply the components of scientific methods in classroom and laboratory investigations using the processes of predicting, observing, gathering data, and drawing conclusions.

MS.3. Science Skills and Reasoning: Interpret and communicate results of scientific investigations in oral, written, and graphic form. (L, E, P)

3.a. Demonstrate graphing techniques: plotting points, labeling x- and y-axis, title, and legends for pie, bar, and line graphs.

3.b. Generate and interpret graphs from classroom experiments.

3.c. Draw conclusions about current scientific issues using graphs found in scientific literature.

3.d. Communicate the results of classroom experiments using lab reports and oral presentations.

MS.4. Science Skills and Reasoning: Investigate the chemical basis of life. (L, P)

4.a. Describe differences among atoms, elements, ions, molecules and compounds.

4.b. Compare and contrast ionic and covalent bonding.

4.c. Identify the chemical symbols of elements needed for life.

4.d. Identify the components of a chemical reaction (reactant, product, equation).

4.e. Identify properties of acids and bases and use pH to classify substances as basic, acidic, or neutral.

4.f. Identify the functions of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids in living organisms with examples of each.

MS.5. Science Skills and Reasoning: Investigate cell structures, functions, and methods of reproduction. (L)

5.a. Differentiate between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

5.b. Distinguish between plant and animal eukaryotic cell structures.

5.c. Identify and describe the structure and basic functions of the major eukaryotic organelles.

5.d. Explain the differences among tissues, organs, and organ systems.

5.e. Describe the structure and function of a selectively permeable membrane and its role in diffusion and osmosis.

5.f. Compare and contrast mitosis and meiosis emphasizing the differences in resulting chromosome number.

5.g. Identify and distinguish among forms of asexual and sexual reproduction.

MS.6. Science Skills and Reasoning: Investigate energy use in living organisms. (L)

6.a. Explain the differences between autotrophs and heterotrophs.

6.b. Compare and contrast the processes of photosynthesis and respiration.

MS.7. Science Skills and Reasoning: Relate the structure and function of nucleic acids in the principles and mechanisms of genetics. (L, P)

7.a. Describe the basic structure and function of DNA and RNA.

7.b. Describe how DNA copies itself and the results of mistakes in this process.

7.c. Utilize genetic terminology and apply genetic principles to solve simple Mendelian crosses.

MS.8. Science Skills and Reasoning: Apply concepts of natural selection as they relate to classification. (L)

8.a. Explain the importance of variations in organisms.

8.b. Describe how the need for adaptation leads to formation of new species.

8.c. Classify organisms into the major kingdoms based upon their characteristics.

MS.9. Science Skills and Reasoning: Investigate how organisms interact with their environment. (L, E)

9.a. Identify biotic and abiotic factors in an ecosystem.

9.b. Explain the levels of biological organization (i.e., population, community, ecosystem, biosphere).

9.c. Identify the types of relationships that occur among populations.

9.d. Explain how energy flows through ecosystems.

9.e. Describe the cycling of matter through ecosystems.

9.f. Compare and contrast the adaptations of plants and animals found in the major biomes.

MS.1. Biomedical Research: Utilize critical thinking and scientific problem solving in designing and performing biological research and experimentation. (L, E, P)

1.a. Demonstrate the proper use and care for scientific equipment used in the laboratory.

1.b. Observe and practice safe procedures in the classroom and laboratory.

1.c. Apply the components of scientific processes and methods in the classroom and laboratory investigations.

1.d. Communicate results of scientific investigations in oral, written, and graphic form.

MS.2. Biomedical Research: Explore the processes and technologies by which biomedical scientific literature is stored, catalogued and retrieved. (L)

2.a. Utilize printed library materials and computer resources to identify the area of research of an identified biomedical researcher, through recovery of relevant scientific publications.

2.b. Prepare a glossary of technical scientific terminology from the information presented in the recovered publication(s).

MS.3. Biomedical Research: Investigate the use of the World Wide Web (WWW), through the Internet, to identify current, topical advances in biomedical research and health care areas. (L)

3.a. Identify major biomedicine-related WWW sites, including the Center for Disease Control, the National Institute of Health, the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and the Society for Neuroscience, using computer access.

3.b. Download and retrieve on printed copy routine updates from one or more of the identified sites.

3.c. Establish active dialogues with science students at other high school sites using electronic communications (e-mail).

MS.4. Biomedical Research: Communicate the scientific background of, technical approach to, major results from, and conclusions pertaining to two contemporary professional biomedical research publications. (L)

4.a. Identify a general area of biomedical science of interest and select two representative scientific citations from the literature database.

4.b. Examine the publications in detail.

4.c. Determine additional resources (textbooks, periodicals, personal interviews with a scientist or teacher familiar with that area of research) needed to discuss the research findings.

4.d. Present a formal, oral summation of one of the two publications to the entire class, and submit a written discussion of that publication.

MS.5. Biomedical Research: Analyze contemporary issues, related to the practice or application of biomedical research, that pose an ethical dilemma or dilemmas to our society. (L)

5.a. Suggested areas of initial focus including fetal tissue research, legalization of drugs, drug abuse, euthanasia, research fraud, use of non-human animals in research, genetic engineering, and universal health care.

5.b. Prepare written arguments for identified issues that detail the scientific background for the issue, identify the nature of the ethical dilemma, and argue for or against a specific position related to that issue.

MS.6. Biomedical Research: Explore the basic elements of genetics and molecular biology that are fundamental to modern biomedical research. (L)

6.a. Document major historical events leading to the development of the science of genetics.

6.b. Identify the nature of recent (past 25 years) events that have revolutionized genetic analysis and manipulation, including the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), gene transfection, the Human Genome Project, protein sequencing, and in vitro fertilization.

6.c. Explore the subcellular organelles responsible for protein synthesis and reproduction.

6.d. Discuss the influence that environmental pollutants and other man-made chemicals could have on the regulation of protein synthesis and reproduction.

MS.7. Biomedical Research: Describe key areas of human physiology towards which a major commitment of United States federal funding of biomedical research is applied. (L)

MS.8. Biomedical Research: Describe important principles of organic chemical reactions that form the basis of life processes. (L, P)

8.a. Classify hydrocarbons according to bonding families.

8.b. Name and write structural formulas for substituted and non-substituted hydrocarbons.

8.c. Differentiate among formulas and properties of substituted hydrocarbon families.

8.d. Understand the basis for optical resolution between stereoisomers, and the use of nuclear magnetic resonance for structural determinations.

8.e. Describe the use of protein crystallography in determination of the structure of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).

MS.9. Biomedical Research: Demonstrate proficiency in the application of fundamental technical procedures related to biomedical laboratory research activities. (L, P)

9.a. Acquire the skills necessary to set up, operate, and interpret the results from the use of the laboratory spectrophotometer.

9.b. Determine quantitatively the concentration of a solute in a solution, using the spectrophotometer.

9.c. Utilize the process of paper chromatography to identify the components of a chemical mixture.

9.d. Describe the chemical reactions essential to determination of protein concentrations in a solution through use of the Lowry method.

9.e. Prepare a series of protein concentrations using accurate and safe pipetting techniques.

9.f. Practice preparation of sample organic compounds, including methane, ethane, acetic acid, ethyl ethanoate, and methanol.

MS.1. Spatial Information Science: Demonstrate the basic concepts of global positioning systems (GPS). (E)

1.a. Determine the latitude, longitude and elevation of the main entrance or front door of your school.

1.b. Determine the latitude and longitude of a site where a GPS receiver is unable to make an accurate measurement.

1.c. Demonstrate that angle units smaller than one degree are needed for GPS related measurement.

1.d. Show how to report and compute arithmetically with various angle units.

1.e. Calculate the average and standard deviation from repeated measurements.

1.f. Validate GPS derived data with other known sources.

MS.2. Spatial Information Science: Demonstrate the basic concepts of remote sensing. (E, P)

2.a. Describe the characteristics of the electromagnetic spectrum.

2.b. Using images and graphs, interpret the absorption/reflection spectrum.

2.c. Distinguish between passive vs. active sensor systems.

2.d. Analyze the effects of changes in spatial, temporal, and spectral resolution.

2.e. Analyze the effects on images due to changes in scale.

2.f. Identify the types of sensor platforms.

MS.3. Spatial Information Science: Demonstrate the basic concepts of data and image processing. (E)

3.a. Differentiate among the types of data: raster, vector, and attribute.

3.b. Locate a variety of sources for geological data and imaging.

3.c. Formulate a hypothesis of geological factors/problems and determine data sets pertinent to the hypothesis.

3.d. Verify that data sets are geo-referenced and geo-rectified.

3.e. Assess the quality and accuracy of GPS and/or remote sensing data.

MS.4. Spatial Information Science: Demonstrate the basic concepts of geographic information systems. (E)

4.a. Produce compatible geographic data layers of information utilizing computer software.

4.b. Analyze relationships between geographic data.

4.c. Produce a geographic information image showing results of analysis.

4.d. Draw conclusions based on analysis and summary of geographic image information results.

4.e. Explore a variety of applications for geographic information systems.

MS.5. Spatial Information Science: Demonstrate the proper use and care of scientific equipment. (E)

5.a. Demonstrate proper use and care of GPS receivers, computers, and other scientific equipment.

5.b. Demonstrate the ability to adjust equipment to obtain correct, clear data images.

MS.1. Genetics: Use critical thinking and scientific problem solving in designing and performing biological research and experimentation. (L, P, E)

1.a. Demonstrate the proper use and care for scientific equipment used in genetics.

1.b. Observe and practice safe procedures in the classroom and laboratory.

1.c. Apply the components of scientific processes and methods in the classroom and laboratory investigations.

1.d. Communicate results of scientific investigations in oral, written and graphic form.

MS.2. Genetics: Review the structure and function of the cell as it applies to genetics. (L)

2.a. Review the structures and functions of the cell.

2.b. Describe the process of mitosis and the cell cycle

2.c. Discuss the process of meiosis, differentiating spermatogenesis and oogenesis.

2.d. Apply the chromosome theory of inheritance to genetics problems.

MS.3. Genetics: Analyze the structure and function of DNA and RNA molecules. (L, P)

3.a. Explore the historical contributions leading to the discovery of nucleic acids.

3.b. Investigate the role of DNA and RNA in replication, transcription, translation, and DNA repair.

3.c. Identify types of mutations and the consequences of each.

3.d. Summarize the process of gene transfer using biotechnology.

MS.4. Genetics: Apply classical genetics principles to solving basic genetic problems. (L)

4.a. Evaluate the significant contributions of well-known scientists to the historical progression of classical Mendelian genetics.

4.b. Compare and contrast genes and alleles, dominance and recessiveness, and the laws of segregation and independent assortment.

4.c. Discuss the process of sex determination with regard to chromosomes.

4.d. Apply each of the major inheritance patterns in diploid organisms (multiple alleles, dihybrid cross, polygenic inheritance, epistasis, incomplete dominance, and sex linkage) to given experimental results, both actual and theoretical.

MS.5. Genetics: Describe the techniques used to determine patterns of inheritance. (L)

5.a. Discuss and be able to apply the process of chromosome mapping to experimental situations.

5.b. Discuss and be able to apply the process of karyotyping to experimental situations.

5.c. Discuss and be able to apply the process of pedigree development to experimental situations.

MS.6. Genetics: Discuss genetic diversity in humans. (L)

6.a. Explore genetic differences among humans such as blood type, race, and simple inheritance patterns of genetic diversity.

6.b. Analyze genetic disorders and relate the cause to the following inheritance patterns: autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, sex-linked, polygenic, chromosomal abnormalities.

MS.7. Genetics: Apply the concept of population genetics to both microbial and multicellular organisms. (L)

7.a. Discuss genetic variability within a population.

7.b. Compare sexual and asexual reproduction with regard to genetic variability in a population.

7.c. Examine the effects on a population when the prerequisites for a Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium do not hold true.

MS.8. Genetics: Debate the significance of discoveries and issues raised as a result of biotechnology. (L)

8.a. Examine implications of the Human Genome Project.

8.b. Discuss bioethics of given real-life scenarios.

8.c. Research current issues in genetic engineering/biotechnology.

MS.1. Microbiology: Utilize critical thinking and scientific problem solving in designing and performing biological research and experimentation. (L, P, E)

1.a. Demonstrate the proper use and care for scientific equipment used in microbiology.

1.b. Observe and practice safe procedures in the classroom and laboratory.

1.c. Apply the components of scientific processes and methods in the classroom and laboratory investigations.

1.d. Communicate results of scientific investigations in oral, written, and graphic form.

MS.2. Microbiology: Describe the major historical events that have transformed microbiology into a 'true' science. (L)

2.a. Describe the contributions of ancient cultures to early understandings of the spread of disease.

2.b. Describe the development of the microscope.

2.c. Describe the germ theory of disease and summarize the historical events that led to its formation.

MS.3. Microbiology: Demonstrate current methods used to culture and study microorganisms. (L)

3.a. Demonstrate the use of aseptic technique.

3.b. Demonstrate proper use of the microscope and slide preparation techniques.

3.c. Name and describe the different types of stains used in microbiology.

3.d. Name and describe the types of culture media and explain how each type provides the nutritional requirements for microbial growth.

3.e. Demonstrate proper techniques for isolating, culturing, and staining microorganisms.

MS.4. Microbiology: Describe the classification, morphology, characteristics, pathology and benefits associated with bacteria. (L)

4.a. Compare and contrast the characteristics of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cell types.

4.b. Describe the taxonomic criteria used to place bacteria into related groups.

4.c. Identify and describe the structure and function of internal and external bacterial cell components.

4.d. Identify the most common pathogenic bacteria.

4.e. Investigate the beneficial aspects of bacteria in medicine, industry, and everyday life.

MS.5. Microbiology: Describe the classification, morphology, characteristics and pathology associated with viruses. (L)

5.a. Describe the general characteristics of viruses.

5.b. Identify and describe the major characteristics of each group of viruses.

5.c. Describe the mechanisms of replication in virulent and temperate phages.

5.d. Identify the most common viruses and the diseases associated with each.

MS.6. Microbiology: Describe the classification, morphology, characteristics, benefits and associated pathology of fungi. (L)

6.a. Describe the general characteristics of fungi.

6.b. Identify the major groups of fungi and describe the classification of each group.

6.c. Identify the most common types of pathogenic fungi and the diseases associated with each.

6.d. Describe the economic importance of fungi.

MS.7. Microbiology: Describe the classification, morphology, characteristics and associated pathology of protists. (L)

7.a. Describe the characteristics that distinguish protists from other microorganisms.

7.b. Describe the classification of protists.

7.c. Identify the most common pathogenic protists and the diseases associated with each.

MS.1. Molecular Biology: Utilize critical thinking and scientific problem solving in designing and performing biological research and experimentation. (L, P, E)

1.a. Demonstrate the proper use and care for scientific equipment used in molecular biology.

1.b. Observe and practice safe procedures in the classroom and laboratory.

1.c. Apply the components of scientific processes and methods in the classroom and laboratory investigations.

1.d. Communicate results of scientific investigations in oral, written, and graphic form.

MS.2. Molecular Biology: Review the structure, functions, and processes of the cell involved in maintaining life. (L, P)

2.a. Review organic compounds and biochemical processes in the cell.

2.b. Review the structure and function of the cell.

MS.3. Molecular Biology: Investigate the structure and function of DNA. (L, P)

3.a. Describe the contributions of various scientists to the discovery and understanding that DNA is the genetic material.

3.b. Describe the organization of DNA.

3.c. Summarize the steps in replication.

MS.4. Molecular Biology: Analyze the roles of DNA and RNA in protein synthesis. (L, P)

4.a. State the central dogma of molecular biology.

4.b. Discuss the processes of transcription and translation.

4.c. Compare and contrast the roles of three types of RNA including codons and anticodons.

4.d. Describe the effects of mutations on protein synthesis.

MS.5. Molecular Biology: Describe the mechanisms of gene expression in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. (L, P)

5.a. Investigate inducible and repressable operon models of gene expression in prokaryotic cells.

5.b. Investigate the levels of control of gene expression in eukaryotic cells including pre-transcriptional, post-transcriptional, pre-translational, and post-translational factors.

MS.6. Molecular Biology: Investigate the basic tools and techniques used to manipulate DNA. (L, P)

6.a. Describe the basic steps in genetic engineering experiments.

6.b. Explore how scientists use restriction enzymes.

6.c. Explore the role of vectors in genetic research.

6.d. Discuss how transformation techniques are used.

6.e. Identify practical uses of biotechnology.

6.f. Evaluate the moral and ethical issues related to genetic engineering.

MS.1. Botany: Utilize critical thinking and scientific problem solving in designing and performing biological research and experimentation. (L, P, E)

1.a. Demonstrate the proper use and care for scientific equipment used in botany.

1.b. Observe and practice safe procedures in the classroom and laboratory.

1.c. Apply the components of scientific processes and methods in the classroom and laboratory investigations.

1.d. Communicate results of scientific investigations in oral, written, and graphic form.

MS.2. Botany: Examine plant cell structures and functions to include the formation of specialized tissue. (L)

2.a. Identify the major organelles, their structures and functions.

2.b. Determine the role of pigments.

2.c. Identify the cellular basis of tissues and explore the functions of specialized root, stem, and leaf tissues.

MS.3. Botany: Identify plant products that impact humans. (L, P)

3.a. Examine the chemical compounds extracted from plants, to include drugs.

3.b. Discuss the impact of the timber industry on local and national economy.

3.c. Determine the origin of a wide variety of assorted plant products - spices, herbs, fossil fuels, fibers.

MS.4. Botany: Compare and contrast the characteristics of different plant divisions. (L)

4.a. Explore the differences and similarities of the nonvascular plants including mosses and liverworts.

4.b. Describe the differences and similarities of the non-seed-bearing vascular plants, including ferns and horsetails.

4.c. Explore the characteristics of seed-bearing vascular plants.

MS.5. Botany: Identify the major structures of seed-bearing plants, relating them to overall plant function. (L)

5.a. Identify the major vegetative structures and/or their modifications in angiosperms and gymnosperms.

5.b. Identify the reproductive structures, and their modifications, in angiosperms and gymnosperms.

5.c. Compare and contrast the vegetative organs of monocots, herbaceous dicots, and woody dicots.

MS.6. Botany: Analyze the physical and chemical processes of plants. (L, P)

6.a. Compare and contrast the relationships of photosynthesis, cellular respiration, and translocation to overall plant survival.

6.b. Explore the importance of soil type to overall plant survival, including mineral nutrition and air/water balance.

6.c. Explain the mechanism of water movement in plants.

6.d. Explain the effects of environmental conditions such as light, heat, water content, and wind on plant survival.

6.e. Identify the physical response of plants to sunlight, day length and gravity (tropisms).

MS.7. Botany: Identify the structures and processes of sexual and asexual reproduction in plants. (L)

7.a. Explain the concept of alternation of generations.

7.b. Compare and contrast the structures and mechanisms involved in sexual and asexual reproduction in selected plant species.

7.c. Identify the different methods of seed distribution in plants.

MS.8. Botany: Describe the ecological importance of plants. (L, E)

8.a. Compare and contrast plant structure, form, and adaptation and describe how each relates to habitat (biome).

8.b. Identify concepts such as nutrient cycling, succession, natural selection, competition, and symbiosis that influence/alter plant stability within the environment.

8.c. Analyze the effects of human activity on the plant world.

MS.9. Botany: Apply the modern classification scheme utilized in naming plants. (L)

9.a. Explain the classification scheme used in botany.

9.b. Apply the concept of classification by using a dichotomous key to identify a native Mississippi plant.

MS.10. Botany: Explore the principles of plant genetics. (L)

10.a. Explain the results of monohybrid and dihybrid crosses.

10.b. Explain the effects of genetic engineering of plants on society.

10.c. Explore the current trends in biotechnology of plants.

10.d. Describe alternative methods of plant propagation.

MS.1. Zoology: Utilize critical thinking and scientific problem solving in designing and performing biological research and experimentation. (L, P, E)

1.a. Demonstrate the proper use and care for scientific equipment used in zoology.

1.b. Observe and practice safe procedures in the classroom and laboratory.

1.c. Apply the components of scientific processes and methods in the classroom and laboratory investigations.

1.d. Communicate results of scientific investigations in oral, written, and graphic form.

MS.2. Zoology: Review the general characteristics and phylogeny of animals. (L)

2.a. Explain the levels of organization of structures in animals (cells, tissues, organs and systems).

2.b. Describe the characteristics of animals that distinguish them from other kingdoms.

2.c. Discuss adaptations of the major phyla that lead to their survival.

2.d. Discuss the phylogenic sequencing of the nine major phyla.

2.e. Review the classification scheme used in zoology.

MS.3. Zoology: Compare and contrast the anatomy and physiology of the 9 major phyla of the animal kingdom. (L)

3.a. With special attention to: symmetry; digestion; support; germ layers; circulation; locomotion; body plan; coordination; reproduction; embryonic development; excretion.

MS.4. Zoology: Relate the life histories of groups of animals to the success of the groups. (L)

4.a. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of both asexual and sexual reproduction.

4.b. Illustrate life cycles of various groups of animals.

MS.5. Zoology: Explain how behavior and symbiosis are related to the success of a group of animals. (L)

5.a. Discuss, giving specific examples of, division of labor within a group of animals.

5.b. Compare and contrast the degree of parental care given in groups of animals.

5.c. Discuss mutualism, communalism, parasitism and mimicry, giving specific examples of each.

MS.1. Aquatic Science: Utilize critical thinking and scientific problem solving in designing and performing biological research and experimentation. (L, P, E)

1.a. Demonstrate the proper use and care for scientific equipment used aquatic science.

1.b. Observe and practice safe procedures in the classroom and laboratory.

1.c. Apply the components of scientific processes and methods in the classroom and laboratory investigations.

1.d. Communicate results of scientific investigations in oral, written, and graphic form.

MS.2. Aquatic Science: Analyze the physical and chemical properties of water and how they affect the organisms that live in it. (L, P)

2.a. Investigate the causes and characteristics of tides.

2.b. Describe the physical principles of waves and currents.

2.c. Characterize the physical and chemical parameters of dissolved O2, pH, temperature, and salinity through analysis of different water column depths/zones.

2.d. Explore the role of bodies of water as they relate to weather.

2.e. Describe the various biogeochemical cycles.

MS.3. Aquatic Science: Describe major geologic features of specific aquatic environments. (L, E)

3.a. Identify the causes and effects of erosion.

3.b. Define terminology associated with plate tectonics.

3.c. Distinguish among rise, slope, elevation, and depth.

3.d. Compare the formation of dunes, reefs, barrier/volcanic islands, and coastal/flood plains.

3.e. Describe watershed formation and its relationship to bodies of fresh water.

MS.4. Aquatic Science: Describe the biodiversity and interactions among aquatic life. (L)

4.a. Analyze the adaptations of representative organisms to aquatic environments.

4.b. Analyze the relationship of organisms in food chains/webs within aquatic environments.

4.c. Calculate and interpret population data with regard to aquatic organisms.

4.d. Identify representative examples that illustrate various aquatic reproductive strategies.

4.e. Compare and contrast characteristics of planktonic, nektonic, and benthic organisms.

4.f. Classify different aquatic organisms using dichotomous keys.

4.g. Compare and contrast aquatic producers, consumers, and decomposers.

MS.5. Aquatic Science: Examine the unique properties of selected aquatic ecosystems. (L, E)

5.a. Describe the abiotic and biotic characteristics of a barrier island, coral reef, and ocean.

5.b. Describe the abiotic and biotic characteristics of a river, stream, lake, pond, and swamp.

5.c. Describe the abiotic and biotic characteristics of a bay, sound, estuary, and marsh.

5.d. Describe the symbiotic relationships in an aquatic ecosystem.

MS.6. Aquatic Science: Identify the impact of natural and human activity on aquatic ecosystems. (L, E)

6.a. Identify various sources of pollution in aquatic environments.

6.b. Describe the effects of natural phenomena such as hurricanes, floods, or drought on aquatic habitats.

6.c. Describe a variety of methods of environmental management and stewardship.

6.d. Evaluate the effects of urbanization on aquatic ecosystems.

6.e. Describe the effects of bodies of water on human cultural development.

MS.7. Aquatic Science: Investigate applications of modern technology in aquatic systems. (L, P)

7.a. Identify various careers related to aquatic science.

7.b. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the use of modern technology within aquatic science (mariculture and aquaculture).

7.c. Relate the contribution of aquatic technology to industry and government.

MS.1. Environmental Science: Utilize critical thinking and scientific problem solving in designing and performing biological research and experimentation. (L, P, E)

1.a. Demonstrate the proper use and care for scientific equipment used in environmental science.

1.b. Observe and practice safe procedures in the classroom and laboratory.

1.c. Apply the components of scientific processes and methods in the classroom and laboratory investigations.

1.d. Communicate results of scientific investigations in oral, written, and graphic form.

MS.2. Environmental Science: Explain the flow of matter and energy in ecosystems. (L, P)

2.a. Investigate the role of biotic and abiotic factors within habitats, ecosystems and biomes.

2.b. Identify indigenous plants and animals and their roles in different ecosystems.

2.c. Describe food chains and food webs within an ecosystem.

2.d. Predict how the introduction, removal or reintroduction of an organism may alter the food chain, change populations, and impact the biodiversity of ecosystems.

2.e. Investigate chemical cycles within ecosystems.

MS.3. Environmental Science: Describe the relationships and changes within an ecosystem. (L, E)

3.a. Explain how a species adapts to its niche.

3.b. Relate population dynamics (natural selection, exponential growth, predator/prey) to carrying capacity and limiting factors.

3.c. Evaluate the effects of biotic and abiotic factors on local ecosystems and biomes.

3.d. Describe the process of primary and secondary succession.

3.e. Analyze and describe the effects of events such as fires, hurricanes, deforestation, mining, population growth and industry on environments.

MS.4. Environmental Science: Investigate the major biomes of the world ecosystems. (L, E)

4.a. Describe the following biomes to include location, climate, adaptations and diversity: desert; coniferous forest; tundra; deciduous forest; grassland; rain forest; savannah; aquatic environments.

4.b. Illustrate where the eight major biomes occur.

MS.5. Environmental Science: Summarize the interrelationships among the resources and human activities in the local environment. (L, E)

5.a. Identify sources, use, quality and conservation of water.

5.b. Identify renewable and non-renewable resources.

5.c. Evaluate the impact of human activity and technology on the lithosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere.

5.d. Identify the effects of pollution (water, noise, air, etc.) on the ecosystem.

5.e. Describe how communities have restored ecosystems.

MS.6. Environmental Science: Research various environmental topics, such as major events, careers, history, and significant contributions. (L, P, E)

MS.1. Geology: Investigate the Earth internal and external components. (E)

1.a. Identify the layers and sublayers of the atmosphere and of the earth.

1.b. Describe the basic kinds of rocks and their subtypes.

1.c. Discuss the characteristics of mineral deposit types and methods of formation.

MS.2. Geology: Investigate the interaction between the Earth internal and external components. (E, P)

2.a. Determine the effects of physical weathering (atmospheric, glacial, etc.).

2.b. Examine the effects of chemical weathering (acid rain, etc.).

2.c. Discuss the transfer of energy.

2.d. Examine the interaction of erupting volcanoes and the atmosphere.

2.e. Describe the various cycles (water, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, etc.).

MS.3. Geology: Investigate plate tectonics. (E)

3.a. Explore the theories of plate development and continental drift.

3.b. Explain the process that power crustal movements.

3.c. Identify and describe the types of crustal movements and their resulting landforms.

3.d. Locate areas of crustal movement around the world.

3.e. Explain the processes that create earthquakes and volcanoes.

3.f. Develop an emergency preparedness plan for natural disasters associated with crustal movement.

MS.4. Geology: Investigate local and regional geological areas. (E)

4.a. Identify major geological features in Mississippi (the Delta, the Coastal Plains, etc.)

4.b. Research geological activity of the New Madrid Fault line.

MS.5. Geology: Explore the geological timetable. (E)

5.a. Compare and contrast the relative and absolute age of the Earth (radiometric dating, index of fossil layers, etc.).

5.b. Describe the differences among eras, periods, and epochs as recorded in the geological time scale.

5.c. Explore the connections among geological history, landforms, and presence of minerals.

MS.1. Astronomy: Discuss the history of astronomy. (E, P)

1.a. Recognize observations that significantly contributed to the understanding of the solar system prior to the telescope development.

1.b. Explain how the invention of the telescope impacted the development of modern astronomy.

1.c. Trace the development of models to predict planetary motion (Ptolemy, Copernicus, Kepler and Newton).

1.d. Explore theories of the universe origin.

MS.2. Astronomy: Investigate the technologies and instruments (optical telescopes, radio telescopes, space probes, artificial satellites, etc.) used in ground and space based astronomy. (E)

2.a. Differentiate between various methods of observation.

2.b. Explore the methods used in determining the characteristics of our solar system components (spectra, probes, Doppler, etc.).

MS.3. Astronomy: Investigate Newton Universal Gravitation Law and Kepler Laws. (E, P)

3.a. Describe the structure and gravitational interactions of a planetary system according to Newton Laws of Motion and Gravitation.

3.b. Utilize the Universal Gravitational constant to calculate the orbital velocity in a two body system.

3.c. Describe the motion and interactions of a planetary system according to Kepler Laws.

3.d. Calculate period, distance from the sun, and/or velocity of a planet using Kepler Laws.

MS.4. Astronomy: Investigate and compare data about celestial bodies in our solar system. (E)

4.a. Explore the motion of celestial bodies (planetary rotation and revolution, comets, asteroids, moons, sun, etc.)

4.b. Compare and contrast internal and surface components of celestial bodies.

4.c. Track the Earth moon over an extended period of time.

4.d. Examine current theories, proposals and supporting data of celestial bodies in our solar system.

4.e. Describe the origin, composition and structure of asteroids, meteors and comets.

MS.5. Astronomy: Investigate the sun, other stars and star systems. (E)

5.a. Discuss star classification (by size and magnitude) and types of stars.

5.b. Examine the origin and demise of stars.

5.c. Research the composition, energy production and solar-magnetic activity of stars.

5.d. Measure distance using triangulation and parallax methods.

5.e. Describe star systems visible from earth.

MS.6. Astronomy: Describe the universe in terms of its diverse components and their relationships. (E)

6.a. Identify types of galaxies, proximity of galaxies, the name of Earth galaxy, etc.

6.b. Research recent reports on the structure of the universe.

6.c. Examine components of the celestial sphere.

MS.1. Aerospace Studies: Explore the history of flight. (E)

1.a. Identify and discuss achievements of early aviators.

1.b. Discuss applications of flight.

1.c. Investigate flight as personal recreation.

MS.2. Aerospace Studies: Describe principles of aerodynamics and flight control. (E, P)

2.a. Describe how the flow of air over an airfoil creates lift.

2.b. Discuss relationships among forces (lift, weight, thrust, drag) and their affects on flight.

MS.3. Aerospace Studies: Discuss the design and function of major aircraft structures, instruments, and life support systems, (L, E, P)

3.a. Identify the airplane structural components and instruments and their purposes.

3.b. Describe the designs, functions, and uses of various flight control surfaces.

3.c. Relate how the location of center of gravity affects flight stability.

3.d. Discuss the function and necessity of life-support systems on aircraft.

MS.4. Aerospace Studies: Compare the various methods of aircraft propulsion. (E, P)

4.a. Describe the operation of reciprocating, turbine, and jet engines.

4.b. Trace the development of aircraft propulsion systems.

4.c. Use the combined gas laws to calculate the expansion ratio of gases in an engine.

MS.5. Aerospace Studies: Use the instruments and perform calculations involved in navigation. (E)

5.a. Locate a point on the globe from its global coordinates.

5.b. Plot a point-point course using a sectional map.

MS.1. Organic Chemistry: Apply IUPAC nomenclature, and draw or recognize the structure of aliphatic, aromatic, and cyclic hydrocarbon compounds. (P, L)

1.a. Describe the nomenclature system of naming hydrocarbon compounds.

1.b. Draw structures of hydrocarbon compounds.

1.c. Explore isomerism in hydrocarbon compounds.

1.d. Relate structure to physical and chemical properties of hydrocarbons.

MS.2. Organic Chemistry: Write, complete and classify common reactions for aliphatic, aromatic, and cyclic hydrocarbons. (P)

2.a. Write and identify equations representing oxidation reactions.

2.b. Write and identify equations representing substitution reactions.

2.c. Write and identify equations representing dehydrogenation reactions.

2.d. Write and identify equations representing addition reactions.

MS.3. Organic Chemistry: Describe functional groups (alcohols, ethers, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, esters, amines, amides, and nitriles) by their structure and chemical and physical properties. (P)

3.a. Recognize and draw structural formulas from functional group names, and vice-versa.

3.b. Describe the chemical and physical properties of compounds containing functional groups.

3.c. Recognize and write equations representing the transformation of one functional group into another.

MS.4. Organic Chemistry: Describe the synthesis, properties and uses of polymers. (P)

4.a. Define and give examples of common polymers.

4.b. Describe the synthesis of polymers from monomers by addition or condensations.

4.c. Classify plastics according to their commercial types.

4.d. Calculate elasticity and other polymer properties given experimental data.

MS.5. Organic Chemistry: Relate organic chemicals to their application in industry, drug manufacture, and biological chemistry. (P, L)

5.a. Describe common uses of polymers.

5.b. Explore the diversity, applications, and economics of industrial chemicals (solvents, coatings, surfactants, etc.).

5.c. Investigate significant biologically active compounds in terms of functional group substrate interaction.

5.d. Describe the use of organic compounds in medicine, drugs, and personal care products.

5.e. Describe the synthesis and application of compounds, which have the property to dye materials.

5.f. Discuss the major aspects of the production of petrochemicals.

MS.1. Astronomy: Discuss the history of astronomy. (E, P)

1.a. Identify the layers and sublayers of the atmosphere and of the earth.

1.b. Explain how the invention of the telescope impacted the development of modern astronomy.

1.c. Trace the development of models to predict planetary motion (Ptolemy, Copernicus, Kepler and Newton).

1.d. Explore theories of the universe origin.

MS.2. Astronomy: Investigate the technologies and instruments (optical telescopes, radio telescopes, space probes, artificial satellites, etc.) used in ground and space based astronomy. (E)

2.a. Differentiate between various methods of observation.

2.b. Explore the methods used in determining the characteristics of our solar system components (spectra, probes, Doppler, etc.).

2.c. Characterize the physical and chemical parameters of dissolved O2, pH, temperature, and salinity through analysis of different water column depths/zones.

2.d. Examine the interaction of erupting volcanoes and the atmosphere.

2.e. Describe the various cycles (water, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, etc.).

2.f. Identify the types of sensor platforms.

MS.3. Astronomy: Investigate Newton Universal Gravitation Law and Kepler Laws. (E, P)

3.a. Describe the structure and gravitational interactions of a planetary system according to Newton Laws of Motion and Gravitation.

3.b. Utilize the Universal Gravitational constant to calculate the orbital velocity in a two body system.

3.c. Describe the motion and interactions of a planetary system according to Kepler Laws.

3.d. Calculate period, distance from the sun, and/or velocity of a planet using Kepler Laws.

3.e. Analyze and describe the effects of events such as fires, hurricanes, deforestation, mining, population growth and industry on environments.

3.f. Develop an emergency preparedness plan for natural disasters associated with crustal movement.

3.g. Explore the principles and applications for solving problems in two-dimensional motion.

3.h. Identify and distinguish among forms of asexual and sexual reproduction.

MS.4. Astronomy: Investigate and compare data about celestial bodies in our solar system. (E)

4.a. Explore the motion of celestial bodies (planetary rotation and revolution, comets, asteroids, moons, sun, etc.)

4.b. Compare and contrast internal and surface components of celestial bodies.

4.c. Track the Earth moon over an extended period of time.

MS.5. Organic Chemistry: Relate organic chemicals to their application in industry, drug manufacture, and biological chemistry. (P, L)

5.a. Discuss star classification (by size and magnitude) and types of stars.

5.b. Examine the origin and demise of stars.

5.c. Research the composition, energy production and solar-magnetic activity of stars.

5.d. Describe the use of organic compounds in medicine, drugs, and personal care products.

5.e. Describe star systems visible from earth.

5.f. Discuss the major aspects of the production of petrochemicals.

MS.6. Astronomy: Describe the universe in terms of its diverse components and their relationships. (E)

6.a. Identify types of galaxies, proximity of galaxies, the name of Earth galaxy, etc.

6.b. Research recent reports on the structure of the universe.

6.c. Examine components of the celestial sphere.

6.d. Evaluate the effects of urbanization on aquatic ecosystems.

6.e. Identify practical uses of biotechnology.

6.f. Evaluate the moral and ethical issues related to genetic engineering.

MS.7. Aquatic Science: Investigate applications of modern technology in aquatic systems. (L, P)

7.a. Define frames of reference and the space-time continuum.

7.b. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the use of modern technology within aquatic science (mariculture and aquaculture).

7.c. Relate the contribution of aquatic technology to industry and government.

7.d. Calculate relativistic length, time, and mass.

7.e. Discuss the main components of General Relativity Theory.

MS.1. Biology II: Utilize critical thinking and scientific problem solving in designing and performing biological research and experimentation. (L, P, E)

1.a. Demonstrate the proper use and care for scientific equipment used in biology.

1.b. Observe and practice safe procedures in the classroom and laboratory.

1.c. Apply the components of scientific processes and methods in the classroom and laboratory investigations.

1.d. Communicate results of scientific investigations in oral, written, and graphic form.

MS.2. Biology II: Investigate chemical processes of the cell that maintain life. (L, P)

2.a. Relate chemical structure and characteristics of organic compounds to cell and organism functions.

2.b. Investigate enzymatic reactions and identify factors that influence enzyme activity.

2.c. Analyze light dependent and light independent reactions of photosynthesis with respect to site, reactions involved and energy input/output.

2.d. Analyze processes of cellular respiration with respect to site, reactions involved, and energy input/output in each stage.

MS.3. Biology II: Explore the molecular basis of heredity. (L, P)

3.a. Investigate the discovery of DNA.

3.b. Analyze DNA/RNA/enzyme roles in the stages of protein synthesis.

3.c. Investigate modern DNA technologies (gene splicing, gel electrophoresis and recombinant DNA in agriculture, medicine and forensics).

3.d. Examine bioethical issues resulting from genetic technology.

3.e. Review genetic principles for solving inheritance problems.

MS.4. Biology II: Investigate the role that natural selection plays in maintaining diversity. (L, E)

4.a. Identify the components of natural selection.

4.b. Predict the successes and failures of a population when exposed to changing environmental factors.

4.c. Examine factors that affect populations, such as distribution, competition, migration, isolation, and disease.

MS.5. Biology II: Apply principles of classification to groups of organisms. (L)

5.a. Use classification as a tool to organize diverse groups.

5.b. Compare classical (morphological) and modern (molecular) classification systems.

5.c. Conduct an in-depth study of classification within at least one of the kingdoms.

MS.6. Biology II: Examine the behavior of organisms. (L)

6.a. Analyze the behavioral responses of an organism to internal and external stimuli.

6.b. Associate function of the nervous system to behavior.

6.c. Distinguish among types of learned, innate, and voluntary behavior.

6.d. Compare the selective advantage of several behavioral responses.

MS.1. Physical Science: Demonstrate the proper use of scientific methods and investigative techniques. (P)

1.a. Experimentally investigate a problem utilizing the scientific process.

1.b. Scientifically communicate the results of an experiment.

1.c. Demonstrate safe and proper use of scientific equipment.

MS.2. Physical Science: Perform measurements and mathematical calculations using metric units. (P)

2.a. Express numbers and perform operations using scientific notation.

2.b. Identify the significant digits in a given measurement.

2.c. Employ graphs to record, display, and interpret data.

2.d. Perform unit conversions within the metric system.

MS.3. Physical Science: Identify basic structure of matter. (P)

3.a. Define and specify the location of the basic components of an atom.

3.b. Utilize the periodic table to determine atomic composition of elements and periodic patterns.

3.c. Describe the states of matter using the kinetic molecular theory.

3.d. Differentiate between elements, compounds, solutions, and mixtures.

3.e. Compare and contrast atoms, ions, and isotopes.

3.f. Write chemical formulas for compounds.

3.g. Classify compounds as acids, bases, or salts.

3.h. Identify compounds with regard to bond type.

MS.4. Physical Science: Investigate physical and chemical changes in matter. (P)

4.a. Differentiate between physical and chemical changes.

4.b. Identify chemical reactions as endothermic or exothermic.

4.c. Balance equations when chemical formulas are given.

4.d. Examine current theories, proposals and supporting data of celestial bodies in our solar system.

4.e. Describe the origin, composition and structure of asteroids, meteors and comets.

4.f. Identify the functions of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids in living organisms with examples of each.

MS.5. Physical Science: Investigate matter in motion. (P)

5.a. Show how motion involves a frame of reference.

5.b. Calculate average speed.

5.c. Define the fundamental forces of nature.

5.d. Explain the basic principles found in Newton Three Laws of Motion.

5.e. Determine net force and the resulting motion of objects.

MS.6. Physical Science: Describe sources, uses, and effects of energy. (P)

6.a. Differentiate between kinetic and potential energy.

6.b. Discuss the transfer and/or transformation of energy (conservation of energy).

6.c. Define heat and temperature and their effect on particle motion.

6.d. Observe and communicate that systems tend to become less orderly over time (entropy).

MS.7. Physical Science: Discuss general properties and characteristics of waves. (P)

7.a. Classify waves as either mechanical or electromagnetic.

7.b. Differentiate among transverse, longitudinal, and surface waves.

7.c. Determine wavelength, frequency, period, and velocity of waves.

7.d. Examine the properties of waves (interference, refraction, reflection, diffraction, Doppler effect, etc.).

MS.8. Botany: Describe the ecological importance of plants. (L, E)

8.a. Explain the importance of variations in organisms.

8.b. Identify concepts such as nutrient cycling, succession, natural selection, competition, and symbiosis that influence/alter plant stability within the environment.

8.c. Analyze the effects of human activity on the plant world.

8.d. Identify primary and secondary colors.

8.e. Demonstrate the additive and subtractive properties of colors.

MS.9. Botany: Apply the modern classification scheme utilized in naming plants. (L)

9.a. Explain the classification scheme used in botany.

9.b. Apply the concept of classification by using a dichotomous key to identify a native Mississippi plant.

9.c. Identify the types of relationships that occur among populations.

9.d. Explain how energy flows through ecosystems.

9.e. Describe the cycling of matter through ecosystems.

MS.1. Earth Science: Describe the elements and compounds related to the composition of the Earth crust. (E, P)

1.a. List elements in the earth crust and their percentages by mass.

1.b. Compare the elements in the earth crust to the elements in the atmosphere and oceans.

MS.2. Earth Science: Characterize the different types of mineral deposits. (E, P)

2.a. Research the six common minerals.

MS.3. Earth Science: Describe the basic types of rocks and how they are formed. (E, P)

3.a. List the three basic types of rocks and the sources of their production.

MS.4. Earth Science: Explain the physical and chemical processes of weathering. (E, P)

4.a. Research the causes of physical (mechanical) and chemical weathering.

4.b. Analyze weathering as a type of erosion.

4.c. Research the effects of physical and chemical weathering.

MS.5. Earth Science: Describe the processes involved in shaping the internal and external features of the Earth. (E, P)

5.a. Research the external processes that shape the earth features.

5.b. Define the internal processes that shape the earth features.

MS.6. Earth Science: Illustrate the geological timetable. (L, E)

6.a. Research the origins of the earth.

6.b. Research the scientists responsible for the theories of earth origin.

6.c. Investigate layering as a process of determining the earth origin.

MS.7. Earth Science: Explain how the oceans affect other processes on Earth. (L, E, P)

7.a. Determine how ocean currents affect climate.

7.b. Research ocean flora and fauna and their place in the life forms of earth.

MS.8. Earth Science: Describe the composition of the atmosphere. (E, P)

8.a. Investigate the different layers of the atmosphere.

8.b. Research the Greenhouse Effect as it relates to the atmosphere.

MS.9. Earth Science: Describe the processes involved in weather and climate. (E, P)

9.a. Compare and contrast the terms weather and climate.

9.b. Research the circulation of the atmosphere.

9.c. Explore the different climatic zones.

9.d. Determine the causes of the change of seasons.

MS.10. Botany: Explore the principles of plant genetics. (L)

10.a. Explain the results of monohybrid and dihybrid crosses.

10.b. Explain the effects of genetic engineering of plants on society.

MS.11. Earth Science: Describe the structure and gravitational interaction of our planetary system. (E, P)

11.a. Investigate the sizes and spacing of the planets in our solar system.

11.b. Define gravity and calculate gravitational pull.

11.c. Determine the relationship between the moon pull of gravity and the Earth's tides.

MS.12. Earth Science: Explain the orderly and predictable motion of celestial bodies. (E, P)

12.a. Investigate comets.

12.b. Explore the concept of red and blue shift.

MS.13. Earth Science: Demonstrate the proper use of scientific methods and investigative techniques. (L, E, P)

13.a. Experimentally investigate a problem utilizing the scientific process.

13.b. Scientifically communicate the results of an experiment.

13.c. Demonstrate safe and proper use of scientific equipment.

MS.1. Chemistry I: Explain how the properties of matter relate to structure and changes in structure. (P)

1.a. Demonstrate the proper use and care of scientific equipment.

1.b. Observe and practice safe procedures in classroom and laboratory.

1.c. Define chemistry and matter.

1.d. Apply the language of chemistry appropriately including terms such as element, atom, compound, and molecule.

1.e. Calculate the average and standard deviation from repeated measurements.

1.f. Validate GPS derived data with other known sources.

1.g. Write the symbol or formula for monatomic and polyatomic ions.

MS.2. Chemistry I: Solve numerical chemistry problems using the International System of Measurement (SI) units, mathematical expressions, and factor labeling. (P)

2.a. Choose the most appropriate SI unit of mass, length or volume of an object.

2.b. Define the common SI prefixes used in chemistry and interconvert, using the factor-label method (dimensional analysis) to obtain the desired unit in solving problems.

2.c. Apply the definition of mass, length, volume, time, density, temperature and pressure.

2.d. Use scientific notation in chemical calculations.

2.e. Round values to the proper significant digits.

MS.3. Chemistry I: Develop a visual conceptualization of atomic structure based on theory and a knowledge of fundamental particles. (P)

3.a. Identify various theories of the atom, including Rutherford, Bohr, and electron cloud theories by matching the theory to its description.

3.b. Identify the three fundamental particles of an atom when given the charge, mass, and location of the particle.

3.c. Determine the number of protons, electrons, or neutrons in an element when given the atomic number and the atomic mass of the element, or vice versa.

3.d. Write the electron configurations of elements.

3.e. Draw the electron-dot (Lewis) structure of elements.

3.f. Predict the charge of an ion based on the element valence electrons.

MS.4. Chemistry I: Analyze patterns and trends in organization of elements in the periodic table. (P)

4.a. Identify an element as a metal, nonmetal, metalloid, or noble gas.

4.b. Locate elements by name and group number (family) or period (series).

4.c. Compare elements in terms of atomic radius, ionization energy, or electronegativity using their positions on the periodic table.

4.d. Predict the charge of monoatomic ions on the basis of position (group number).

MS.5. Chemistry I: Compare the properties of compounds according to their type of bonding. (P, L, E)

5.a. Describe what determines covalent, ionic, and metallic bonds.

5.b. Relate bond type between elements on the basis of electronegativity differences.

5.c. Relate bond type to the position of elements on the Periodic table, electron configuration, and properties of the compound formed.

5.d. Draw Lewis electron dot structures and determine the geometric structure of simple molecules.

5.e. Identify simple molecules as polar or non-polar on the basis of molecular shape and bond polarity.

5.f. Relate bond and molecular polarity to intermolecular forces.

MS.6. Chemistry I: Write names and formulas of covalent and ionic compounds. (P)

6.a. Write chemical formulas of ionic compounds using monatomic and polyatomic ions.

6.b. Write chemical formulas of molecular compounds using prefixes.

6.c. Write names of compounds from their formulas.

6.d. Given the formula of a compound, identify oxidation states of the elements.

6.e. Write the names and formulas of common acids and bases.

MS.7. Chemistry I: Interpret chemical change in terms of chemical reactions. (P)

7.a. Write an equation in sentence form (word equation) when given a chemical equation.

7.b. Balance a simple chemical equation by inspection when given the formulas or names of all reactants and products.

7.c. Classify simple equations as to type: single displacement, double displacement, synthesis and decomposition.

7.d. Complete chemical equations when given reactants for reactions, such as synthesis, decomposition, single displacement, and double displacement.

7.e. Given a list of solubility rules, predict if a precipitate is formed upon mixing solutions of known chemicals in a double displacement reaction.

7.f. Use the activity series to predict single displacement reactions and write equations of these reactions.

7.g. Predict products of simple synthesis and decomposition reactions.

7.h. Identify redox reactions by recognizing the species that are oxidized and reduced.

MS.8. Chemistry I: Explore the relationship between mass and quantity through various stoichiometric relationships. (P)

8.a. Calculate the formula/molecular mass of compounds.

8.b. Define the mole as a quantity of matter.

8.c. Interconvert among mass, mole, and number of particles.

8.d. Determine the empirical formula from the percentage composition and the molecular formula from the empirical formula and molar mass, or vice-versa.

8.e. Solve stoichiometry problems.

8.f. Identify the limiting reagent through stoichiometric calculations.

MS.9. Chemistry I: Apply understanding of the interactions of matter and energy. (P)

9.a. Demonstrate understanding by performing calculations relating enthalpy change, temperature change, mass, and specific heat.

9.b. Calculate the energy required to change state using mass and heat of vaporization or heat of fusion.

9.c. Classify chemical reactions as endothermic or exothermic.

MS.10. Chemistry I: Analyze the nature and behavior of gaseous, liquid, and solid substances using Kinetic Molecular Theory. (P)

10.a. Describe a gas, liquid or solid in terms of Kinetic Molecular Theory.

10.b. Describe the relationship among volume, temperature, pressure, and moles using ideal gas laws.

10.c. Explore the current trends in biotechnology of plants.

MS.11. Chemistry I: Describe and explain the solution process. (P)

11.a. Describe solutions in terms of solute and solvent; electrolyte or non-electrolyte; soluble or insoluble; unsaturated, saturated or supersaturated; miscible or immiscible.

11.b. Express the concentration of a solution as percent by mass, molarity, molality, and mole fraction, given appropriate data.

11.c. Explore the factors that affect solubility.

11.d. Describe how to make a solution of given molarity in terms of mass needed, or vice-versa.

11.e. Describe how to dilute a solution in terms of molarity and volume.

MS.12. Chemistry I: Analyze the factors that affect equilibrium with an emphasis on visualizing its dynamic nature at the macroscopic and molecular levels. (P)

12.a. Describe a reversible reaction in terms of a dynamic equilibrium process.

12.b. Using LeChatelier principle, predict the effect upon a reaction at equilibrium of changing the temperature, concentrations of a reactant or a product, pressure, or adding a catalyst.

MS.13. Chemistry I: Visualize and explain acid-base interactions applying concepts of chemical bonding and solutions. (P, L)

13.a. Compare properties of acids and bases, including how they affect indicators and the relative pH of the solution.

13.b. Classify species in aqueous solutions according to Arrhenius and Bronsted definitions, respectively.

13.c. Predict the product of an aqueous neutralization reaction.

13.d. Calculate the pH or pOH from the hydrogen or hydroxide ion concentrations of solutions and vice versa.

13.e. Describe the role of indicators in experimental prediction of pH.

MS.1. Chemistry II: Visualize and interpret the atomic structure in terms of quantum theory. (P)

1.a. Characterize electromagnetic radiation in terms of wavelength, frequency and speed.

1.b. Explain the concept of quantified energy as it relates atomic spectroscopic data.

1.c. Relate the wave and particulate properties of electromagnetic radiation.

1.d. Describe the Heisenberg uncertainty principle and link its significance to electron probability distribution.

1.e. Explain the quantum numbers n, l, ml, and ms in terms of energy and electron probability distribution.

1.f. Relate quantum numbers to the accepted orbital notation of s, p, d and f.

1.g. Depict or interpret s, p, d, and f orbitals in two and three-dimensional sketches.

1.h. Explain the Pauli exclusion principle in terms of electron spin and apply when determining electron configuration.

1.i. Write electron configurations following the Aufbau principle.

MS.2. Chemistry II: Explain the variations in chemical bonding types (covalent, ionic and metallic) in terms of the fundamental principles of electrostatic attraction and repulsion and atomic orbital overlap. (P)

2.a. Explain how and why an ionic bond is formed.

2.b. Explain how and why a covalent bond is formed.

2.c. Explain how and why a polar covalent bond is formed.

2.d. Draw Lewis structures for compounds in which the central atoms can accommodate an expanded octet (e.g. sulfur fluoride).

2.e. Describe the concept of resonance.

2.f. Select the most favorable resonance based on formal charge.

2.g. Describe multiple bond formation in terms of sigma and pi covalent bonds.

2.h. Define bond dissociation energy.

2.i. Calculate heat of reaction using average bond dissociation energies.

MS.3. Chemistry II: Explain observed physical properties of solids and liquids to their intermolecular forces. (P, L)

3.a. Differentiate between intramolecular and intermolecular bonding

3.b. Describe dipole-dipole forces, hydrogen bonding, and London dispersion forces.

3.c. Relate intermolecular forces to properties of liquids: surface tension, capillary action, and viscosity.

3.d. Relate the relative boiling point, freezing point and vapor pressure of a series of molecules to intermolecular forces.

3.e. Interpret phase diagrams.

MS.4. Chemistry II: Apply stoichiometric principles to reactions that occur in aqueous solution. (P)

4.a. Represent reactions in aqueous solution with net ionic equations.

4.b. Predict precipitation products and represent with net ionic equations.

4.c. Perform stoichiometric calculations involving precipitation reactions.

4.d. Perform stoichiometric calculations involved in acid-base reactions.

4.e. Write and balance oxidation-reduction reactions by the half-equation method.

4.f. Perform stoichiometric calculations involved in oxidation-reduction reactions.

MS.5. Chemistry II: Explain the thermodynamics of chemistry, including the interconversion of one form of energy to another. (P)

5.a. Define enthalpy.

5.b. Calculate the change in enthalpy in a chemical reaction.

5.c. Define enthalpy of formation and calculate the change in enthalpy of reaction using Hess's Law.

5.d. Define entropy.

5.e. Describe general trends in absolute entropies with respect to state, structure, and molar mass.

5.f. Contrast the relative entropy of a pure substance to the substance in solution.

5.g. Identify and distinguish among forms of asexual and sexual reproduction.

5.h. Define free energy change and relate it to spontaneity.

5.i. Define the free energy of formation, and calculate free energy of reaction using Hess Law.

MS.6. Chemistry II: Link the reaction pathway (mechanism) and the rate law for simple reactions. (P, L)

6.a. Describe two types of rate laws; differential and integral.

6.b. Determine the rate law for a reaction given experimental law.

6.c. Determine the relationship between the reaction pathway and the rate law of a reaction.

6.d. Explain how a catalyst increases the rate of reaction.

MS.7. Chemistry II: Analyze chemical equilibrium expressions and the effect of contributing factors. (P, L)

7.a. Write equilibrium expressions for various types of equilibrium including equilibrium constants for concentration, partial pressure, acids, bases, and water.

7.b. Calculate the equilibrium constant given concentrations at equilibrium.

7.c. Calculate concentration at equilibrium given initial concentrations and the equilibrium constant.

7.d. Predict the extent of reaction based on the magnitude of the equilibrium constant.

7.e. Predict the effect of temperature on the equilibrium constant given the change of enthalpy of a reaction.

7.f. Describe characteristics and applications of buffer solutions.

MS.8. Chemistry II: Apply oxidation-reduction and aqueous reaction chemistry to the interconversion of chemical and electrical energy (electrochemistry). (P, L)

8.a. Draw a schematic diagram (sketch) for an electrochemical cell, given an oxidation-reduction reaction that occurs in an aqueous solution.

8.b. Describe the parts of an electrochemical cell and the function of each.

8.c. Identify the path taken by electrons in electrochemical cells.

8.d. Compare and contrast voltaic and electrolytic cells.

8.e. Predict the outcome of an oxidation-reduction reaction using standard reduction potential values.

8.f. Explain how the activity series and reduction potentials are linked to electronegativity and to each other.

8.g. Describe the oxidation-reduction reactions that occur in zinc-carbon (dry cell), alkaline, mercury, Ni-Cad, and lead acid batteries.

8.h. Make everyday applications of oxidation-reduction; for example, the nervous system or electrolytic plating of metals.

8.i. Perform stoichiometric calculations based on current and time data in such applications.

MS.9. Chemistry II: Analyze nuclear changes in matter. (P, L, E)

9.a. Identify alpha, beta, and gamma radiation with respect to mass and charge.

9.b. Complete and balance nuclear equations.

9.c. Calculate the half-life of a radioactive nuclide both mathematically and graphically.

9.d. Calculate time or amount of isotope remaining given the initial amount and the half-life of the radioisotope.

9.e. Describe, compare and contrast fusion and fission.

9.f. Compare and contrast the adaptations of plants and animals found in the major biomes.

9.g. Compare protective measures when using radioactive material including time, distance, and shielding.

MS.10. Chemistry II: Describe the structure, reactions, and uses of selected organic compounds. (P, L)

10.a. Determine the name or structural formula for given hydrocarbons and functional groups.

10.b. Illustrate some common reactions of hydrocarbons.

10.c. Describe the formation of polymers from monomers.

10.d. Describe alternative methods of plant propagation.

10.e. Calculate the relative fuel value of various fossil fuels.

MS.1. Physics I: Apply fundamental mathematics used in physical concepts. (P)

1.a. Utilize fundamental SI base and derived units.

1.b. Demonstrate proper use of scientific notation and significant figures in calculations and measurements.

1.c. Create, extend and record relationships from tables and graphs.

1.d. Manipulate equations to solve problems.

MS.2. Physics I: Investigate the kinematics of physical bodies. (P)

2.a. Identify terminology associated with kinematics and the history of the ideas associated with motion.

2.b. Differentiate between vector and scalar quantities.

2.c. Observe, measure, record and graph experimental results involving bodies in motion.

2.d. Interpret displacement, velocity, and acceleration graphs.

2.e. Solve problems involving kinematic relationships.

MS.3. Physics I: Investigate physical dynamics. (E, P)

3.a. Solve vector problems mathematically and graphically.

3.b. Distinguish between weight and mass.

3.c. Explain physical dynamics in terms of Newton Three Laws of Motion.

3.d. Solve problems using Newton Three Laws of Motion.

3.e. Apply the principles of impulse and conservation of momentum to interpret Newton Third Law of Motion.

3.f. Explain the effects of the Law of Universal Gravitation and calculate the force between two masses.

3.g. Explore the principles and applications for solving problems in two-dimensional motion.

3.h. Apply concepts of centripetal force and torque in solving circular motion problems.

MS.4. Physics I: Explore the concepts and relationships among work, power, and energy. (P)

4.a. Identify terminology associated with work, power and energy.

4.b. Apply the Law of Conservation of Energy.

4.c. Utilize the Work-Energy Theorem to solve problems.

MS.5. Physics I: Describe the characteristics and properties of mechanical waves. (P)

5.a. Describe the types, characteristics and behavior of mechanical waves.

5.b. Explain conceptually and/or mathematically the Doppler Effect.

MS.6. Physics I: Investigate the principles related to electromagnetic radiation. (P)

6.a. Determine the relationship between frequency and wavelength using the constancy of the speed of light.

6.b. Compare the various components of the electromagnetic spectrum.

6.c. Describe the characteristics of lenses and mirrors conceptually, mathematically and/or pictorially.

MS.7. Physics I: Measure and calculate the properties of static and current electricity. (P)

7.a. Identify terminology and units associated with electricity.

7.b. Describe the characteristics of an electric field.

7.c. Describe, measure and/or calculate the properties of stationary and moving electric charges (using Coulomb Law and Ohm Law).

7.d. Determine current, voltage, and resistance involved in series and parallel circuits.

MS.1. Physics II: Investigate mechanics of physical motion (Review of Physics I). (P)

1.a. Apply fundamental mathematics used in physical concepts.

1.b. Investigate physical kinematics and dynamics of one and two-dimensional motion.

1.c. Explore the concepts and relationships among work, power, energy, and momentum.

MS.2. Physics II: Investigate the principles related to thermal energy. (P)

2.a. Interpret the principles of the Kinetic Molecular Theory and the Laws of Thermodynamics.

2.b. Apply principles of the Kinetic Molecular Theory to changes of state for solids, liquids, gases, and plasma.

2.c. Solve problems with heat energy transfer, entropy and enthalpy.

MS.3. Physics II: Investigate properties and principles of fluids. (P)

3.a. Determine pressure using Pascal's Principle.

3.b. Differentiate between hydrostatics and hydrodynamics.

3.c. Interpret and apply Bernoulli principle.

3.d. Evaluate the behaviors of fluids (surface tension, capillary action adhesion, and effects of pressure on boiling and melting points).

3.e. Discuss the plasma state.

MS.4. Physics II: Investigate the principles and applications of magnetism. (P)

4.a. Identify the properties of magnetism (fields, forces, etc.).

4.b. Establish the interactions between current flow and magnetic fields.

4.c. Explain the principle of induction.

4.d. Solve problems with magnetic fields, magnetic forces, and induction.

4.e. Relate principles of electromagnetism to the operation of motors, generators, transformers, electromagnets, etc.

MS.5. Physics II: Investigate the principles of the Quantum Theory. (P)

5.a. Describe and analyze the dual nature of light.

5.b. Discuss the photoelectric and Compton effects.

5.c. Explain quantum energy absorption and emission spectra.

MS.6. Physics II: Investigate the principles of nuclear physics. (P)

6.a. Discuss types and properties of elementary and other subatomic particles.

6.b. Discuss applications of nuclear energy.

6.c. Differentiate between nuclear fission and fusion and the net energy of both.

6.d. Write nuclear equations for fission and fusion reactions.

6.e. Examine creation of plasma and ionic propulsion.

MS.7. Physics II: Investigate relativity. (P)

7.a. Define frames of reference and the space-time continuum.

7.b. Discuss the main components of Special Relativity Theory.

7.c. Investigate the applications of special relativity to motions of observer and observed.

7.d. Calculate relativistic length, time, and mass.

7.e. Discuss the main components of General Relativity Theory.

MS.8. Physics II: Investigate current theories of physics. (P)

8.a. Discuss Grand Unification Theories.

8.b. Research black holes, worm holes, and dimensions.

MS.1. Human Anatomy and Physiology: Utilize critical thinking and scientific problem solving in designing and performing biological research and experimentation. (L, P, E)

1.a. Demonstrate the proper use and care for scientific equipment used in life science.

1.b. Observe and practice safe procedures in the classroom and laboratory.

1.c. Apply the components of scientific processes and methods in the classroom and laboratory investigations.

1.d. Communicate results of scientific investigations in oral, written, and graphic form.

MS.2. Human Anatomy and Physiology: Describe the basic organization of the body using the appropriate anatomical concepts. (L)

2.a. Define the terms: anatomy, physiology, and homeostasis; explain the importance of the interaction between structure and function of organs and organ systems in the human body.

2.b. Describe the anatomical position and apply anatomical terms, terms of direction, and planes of section to describe the body and the relationship of its parts.

2.c. Identify the cavities of the body and locate the essential organs in each.

MS.3. Human Anatomy and Physiology: Discuss the biochemical composition of the human body. (L, P)

3.a. Identify the major elements that form the bulk of body matter.

3.b. Explain the relationships among atoms, molecules, elements, and compounds.

3.c. Explain the importance of water to body homeostasis.

3.d. Describe the concept of pH and its relationship to acids and bases in the human body.

3.e. Name the four major groups of organic substances in the human body and give examples and functions of specific members of each group.

MS.4. Human Anatomy and Physiology: Explore the relationship of the cell to the more complex levels of organization within the body. (L)

4.a. Describe the structure and function of the components of a typical animal cell, including membranous and non-membranous organelles.

4.b. Relate plasma membrane structure to active and passive transport mechanisms.

4.c. Name the four major categories of tissues and compare the location, structure, and function of each.

MS.5. Human Anatomy and Physiology: Identify the structure and function of the human body systems, explore the interactions among the systems and investigate major disorders/diseases. (L)

5.a. Associated with each of the following: Integumentary; Skeletal; Muscular; Nervous; Endocrine; Digestive; Respiratory; Circulatory; Lymphatic; Urinary; Reproductive.

MS.1. Science Skills and Reasoning: Observe and practice safe procedures in the classroom and laboratory. (L, E, P)

1.a. Demonstrate knowledge of safety rules before working in the laboratory and model all safety rules in each lab activity.

1.b. Demonstrate proper use and care of scientific equipment to include the compound light microscope.

1.c. Demonstrate accuracy and precision when using scientific equipment.

MS.2. Science Skills and Reasoning: Utilize critical thinking and scientific problem solving in designing and performing scientific research and experimentation. (L, E, P)

2.a. Identify and use the SI units of length, capacity/volume, mass/weight and temperature.

2.b. Research and critically analyze current investigations/problems using periodicals (newspapers, magazines and science journals).

2.c. Demonstrate an ability to record and organize data from a variety of sources (scientific articles, magazines, and journals).

2.d. Identify and apply the components of scientific methods in classroom and laboratory investigations using the processes of predicting, observing, gathering data, and drawing conclusions.

MS.3. Science Skills and Reasoning: Interpret and communicate results of scientific investigations in oral, written, and graphic form. (L, E, P)

3.a. Demonstrate graphing techniques: plotting points, labeling x- and y-axis, title, and legends for pie, bar, and line graphs.

3.b. Generate and interpret graphs from classroom experiments.

3.c. Draw conclusions about current scientific issues using graphs found in scientific literature.

3.d. Communicate the results of classroom experiments using lab reports and oral presentations.

MS.4. Science Skills and Reasoning: Investigate the chemical basis of life. (L, P)

4.a. Describe differences among atoms, elements, ions, molecules and compounds.

4.b. Compare and contrast ionic and covalent bonding.

4.c. Identify the chemical symbols of elements needed for life.

4.d. Identify the components of a chemical reaction (reactant, product, equation).

4.e. Identify properties of acids and bases and use pH to classify substances as basic, acidic, or neutral.

4.f. Identify the functions of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids in living organisms with examples of each.

MS.5. Science Skills and Reasoning: Investigate cell structures, functions, and methods of reproduction. (L)

5.a. Differentiate between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

5.b. Distinguish between plant and animal eukaryotic cell structures.

5.c. Identify and describe the structure and basic functions of the major eukaryotic organelles.

5.d. Explain the differences among tissues, organs, and organ systems.

5.e. Describe the structure and function of a selectively permeable membrane and its role in diffusion and osmosis.

5.f. Compare and contrast mitosis and meiosis emphasizing the differences in resulting chromosome number.

5.g. Identify and distinguish among forms of asexual and sexual reproduction.

MS.6. Science Skills and Reasoning: Investigate energy use in living organisms. (L)

6.a. Explain the differences between autotrophs and heterotrophs.

6.b. Compare and contrast the processes of photosynthesis and respiration.

MS.7. Science Skills and Reasoning: Relate the structure and function of nucleic acids in the principles and mechanisms of genetics. (L, P)

7.a. Describe the basic structure and function of DNA and RNA.

7.b. Describe how DNA copies itself and the results of mistakes in this process.

7.c. Utilize genetic terminology and apply genetic principles to solve simple Mendelian crosses.

MS.8. Science Skills and Reasoning: Apply concepts of natural selection as they relate to classification. (L)

8.a. Explain the importance of variations in organisms.

8.b. Describe how the need for adaptation leads to formation of new species.

8.c. Classify organisms into the major kingdoms based upon their characteristics.

MS.9. Science Skills and Reasoning: Investigate how organisms interact with their environment. (L, E)

9.a. Identify biotic and abiotic factors in an ecosystem.

9.b. Explain the levels of biological organization (i.e., population, community, ecosystem, biosphere).

9.c. Identify the types of relationships that occur among populations.

9.d. Explain how energy flows through ecosystems.

9.e. Describe the cycling of matter through ecosystems.

9.f. Compare and contrast the adaptations of plants and animals found in the major biomes.

MS.1. Biomedical Research: Utilize critical thinking and scientific problem solving in designing and performing biological research and experimentation. (L, E, P)

1.a. Demonstrate the proper use and care for scientific equipment used in the laboratory.

1.b. Observe and practice safe procedures in the classroom and laboratory.

1.c. Apply the components of scientific processes and methods in the classroom and laboratory investigations.

1.d. Communicate results of scientific investigations in oral, written, and graphic form.

MS.2. Biomedical Research: Explore the processes and technologies by which biomedical scientific literature is stored, catalogued and retrieved. (L)

2.a. Utilize printed library materials and computer resources to identify the area of research of an identified biomedical researcher, through recovery of relevant scientific publications.

2.b. Prepare a glossary of technical scientific terminology from the information presented in the recovered publication(s).

MS.3. Biomedical Research: Investigate the use of the World Wide Web (WWW), through the Internet, to identify current, topical advances in biomedical research and health care areas. (L)

3.a. Identify major biomedicine-related WWW sites, including the Center for Disease Control, the National Institute of Health, the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and the Society for Neuroscience, using computer access.

3.b. Download and retrieve on printed copy routine updates from one or more of the identified sites.

3.c. Establish active dialogues with science students at other high school sites using electronic communications (e-mail).

MS.4. Biomedical Research: Communicate the scientific background of, technical approach to, major results from, and conclusions pertaining to two contemporary professional biomedical research publications. (L)

4.a. Identify a general area of biomedical science of interest and select two representative scientific citations from the literature database.

4.b. Examine the publications in detail.

4.c. Determine additional resources (textbooks, periodicals, personal interviews with a scientist or teacher familiar with that area of research) needed to discuss the research findings.

4.d. Present a formal, oral summation of one of the two publications to the entire class, and submit a written discussion of that publication.

MS.5. Biomedical Research: Analyze contemporary issues, related to the practice or application of biomedical research, that pose an ethical dilemma or dilemmas to our society. (L)

5.a. Suggested areas of initial focus including fetal tissue research, legalization of drugs, drug abuse, euthanasia, research fraud, use of non-human animals in research, genetic engineering, and universal health care.

5.b. Prepare written arguments for identified issues that detail the scientific background for the issue, identify the nature of the ethical dilemma, and argue for or against a specific position related to that issue.

MS.6. Biomedical Research: Explore the basic elements of genetics and molecular biology that are fundamental to modern biomedical research. (L)

6.a. Document major historical events leading to the development of the science of genetics.

6.b. Identify the nature of recent (past 25 years) events that have revolutionized genetic analysis and manipulation, including the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), gene transfection, the Human Genome Project, protein sequencing, and in vitro fertilization.

6.c. Explore the subcellular organelles responsible for protein synthesis and reproduction.

6.d. Discuss the influence that environmental pollutants and other man-made chemicals could have on the regulation of protein synthesis and reproduction.

MS.7. Biomedical Research: Describe key areas of human physiology towards which a major commitment of United States federal funding of biomedical research is applied. (L)

MS.8. Biomedical Research: Describe important principles of organic chemical reactions that form the basis of life processes. (L, P)

8.a. Classify hydrocarbons according to bonding families.

8.b. Name and write structural formulas for substituted and non-substituted hydrocarbons.

8.c. Differentiate among formulas and properties of substituted hydrocarbon families.

8.d. Understand the basis for optical resolution between stereoisomers, and the use of nuclear magnetic resonance for structural determinations.

8.e. Describe the use of protein crystallography in determination of the structure of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).

MS.9. Biomedical Research: Demonstrate proficiency in the application of fundamental technical procedures related to biomedical laboratory research activities. (L, P)

9.a. Acquire the skills necessary to set up, operate, and interpret the results from the use of the laboratory spectrophotometer.

9.b. Determine quantitatively the concentration of a solute in a solution, using the spectrophotometer.

9.c. Utilize the process of paper chromatography to identify the components of a chemical mixture.

9.d. Describe the chemical reactions essential to determination of protein concentrations in a solution through use of the Lowry method.

9.e. Prepare a series of protein concentrations using accurate and safe pipetting techniques.

9.f. Practice preparation of sample organic compounds, including methane, ethane, acetic acid, ethyl ethanoate, and methanol.

MS.1. Spatial Information Science: Demonstrate the basic concepts of global positioning systems (GPS). (E)

1.a. Determine the latitude, longitude and elevation of the main entrance or front door of your school.

1.b. Determine the latitude and longitude of a site where a GPS receiver is unable to make an accurate measurement.

1.c. Demonstrate that angle units smaller than one degree are needed for GPS related measurement.

1.d. Show how to report and compute arithmetically with various angle units.

1.e. Calculate the average and standard deviation from repeated measurements.

1.f. Validate GPS derived data with other known sources.

MS.2. Spatial Information Science: Demonstrate the basic concepts of remote sensing. (E, P)

2.a. Describe the characteristics of the electromagnetic spectrum.

2.b. Using images and graphs, interpret the absorption/reflection spectrum.

2.c. Distinguish between passive vs. active sensor systems.

2.d. Analyze the effects of changes in spatial, temporal, and spectral resolution.

2.e. Analyze the effects on images due to changes in scale.

2.f. Identify the types of sensor platforms.

MS.3. Spatial Information Science: Demonstrate the basic concepts of data and image processing. (E)

3.a. Differentiate among the types of data: raster, vector, and attribute.

3.b. Locate a variety of sources for geological data and imaging.

3.c. Formulate a hypothesis of geological factors/problems and determine data sets pertinent to the hypothesis.

3.d. Verify that data sets are geo-referenced and geo-rectified.

3.e. Assess the quality and accuracy of GPS and/or remote sensing data.

MS.4. Spatial Information Science: Demonstrate the basic concepts of geographic information systems. (E)

4.a. Produce compatible geographic data layers of information utilizing computer software.

4.b. Analyze relationships between geographic data.

4.c. Produce a geographic information image showing results of analysis.

4.d. Draw conclusions based on analysis and summary of geographic image information results.

4.e. Explore a variety of applications for geographic information systems.

MS.5. Spatial Information Science: Demonstrate the proper use and care of scientific equipment. (E)

5.a. Demonstrate proper use and care of GPS receivers, computers, and other scientific equipment.

5.b. Demonstrate the ability to adjust equipment to obtain correct, clear data images.

MS.1. Genetics: Use critical thinking and scientific problem solving in designing and performing biological research and experimentation. (L, P, E)

1.a. Demonstrate the proper use and care for scientific equipment used in genetics.

1.b. Observe and practice safe procedures in the classroom and laboratory.

1.c. Apply the components of scientific processes and methods in the classroom and laboratory investigations.

1.d. Communicate results of scientific investigations in oral, written and graphic form.

MS.2. Genetics: Review the structure and function of the cell as it applies to genetics. (L)

2.a. Review the structures and functions of the cell.

2.b. Describe the process of mitosis and the cell cycle

2.c. Discuss the process of meiosis, differentiating spermatogenesis and oogenesis.

2.d. Apply the chromosome theory of inheritance to genetics problems.

MS.3. Genetics: Analyze the structure and function of DNA and RNA molecules. (L, P)

3.a. Explore the historical contributions leading to the discovery of nucleic acids.

3.b. Investigate the role of DNA and RNA in replication, transcription, translation, and DNA repair.

3.c. Identify types of mutations and the consequences of each.

3.d. Summarize the process of gene transfer using biotechnology.

MS.4. Genetics: Apply classical genetics principles to solving basic genetic problems. (L)

4.a. Evaluate the significant contributions of well-known scientists to the historical progression of classical Mendelian genetics.

4.b. Compare and contrast genes and alleles, dominance and recessiveness, and the laws of segregation and independent assortment.

4.c. Discuss the process of sex determination with regard to chromosomes.

4.d. Apply each of the major inheritance patterns in diploid organisms (multiple alleles, dihybrid cross, polygenic inheritance, epistasis, incomplete dominance, and sex linkage) to given experimental results, both actual and theoretical.

MS.5. Genetics: Describe the techniques used to determine patterns of inheritance. (L)

5.a. Discuss and be able to apply the process of chromosome mapping to experimental situations.

5.b. Discuss and be able to apply the process of karyotyping to experimental situations.

5.c. Discuss and be able to apply the process of pedigree development to experimental situations.

MS.6. Genetics: Discuss genetic diversity in humans. (L)

6.a. Explore genetic differences among humans such as blood type, race, and simple inheritance patterns of genetic diversity.

6.b. Analyze genetic disorders and relate the cause to the following inheritance patterns: autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, sex-linked, polygenic, chromosomal abnormalities.

MS.7. Genetics: Apply the concept of population genetics to both microbial and multicellular organisms. (L)

7.a. Discuss genetic variability within a population.

7.b. Compare sexual and asexual reproduction with regard to genetic variability in a population.

7.c. Examine the effects on a population when the prerequisites for a Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium do not hold true.

MS.8. Genetics: Debate the significance of discoveries and issues raised as a result of biotechnology. (L)

8.a. Examine implications of the Human Genome Project.

8.b. Discuss bioethics of given real-life scenarios.

8.c. Research current issues in genetic engineering/biotechnology.

MS.1. Microbiology: Utilize critical thinking and scientific problem solving in designing and performing biological research and experimentation. (L, P, E)

1.a. Demonstrate the proper use and care for scientific equipment used in microbiology.

1.b. Observe and practice safe procedures in the classroom and laboratory.

1.c. Apply the components of scientific processes and methods in the classroom and laboratory investigations.

1.d. Communicate results of scientific investigations in oral, written, and graphic form.

MS.2. Microbiology: Describe the major historical events that have transformed microbiology into a 'true' science. (L)

2.a. Describe the contributions of ancient cultures to early understandings of the spread of disease.

2.b. Describe the development of the microscope.

2.c. Describe the germ theory of disease and summarize the historical events that led to its formation.

MS.3. Microbiology: Demonstrate current methods used to culture and study microorganisms. (L)

3.a. Demonstrate the use of aseptic technique.

3.b. Demonstrate proper use of the microscope and slide preparation techniques.

3.c. Name and describe the different types of stains used in microbiology.

3.d. Name and describe the types of culture media and explain how each type provides the nutritional requirements for microbial growth.

3.e. Demonstrate proper techniques for isolating, culturing, and staining microorganisms.

MS.4. Microbiology: Describe the classification, morphology, characteristics, pathology and benefits associated with bacteria. (L)

4.a. Compare and contrast the characteristics of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cell types.

4.b. Describe the taxonomic criteria used to place bacteria into related groups.

4.c. Identify and describe the structure and function of internal and external bacterial cell components.

4.d. Identify the most common pathogenic bacteria.

4.e. Investigate the beneficial aspects of bacteria in medicine, industry, and everyday life.

MS.5. Microbiology: Describe the classification, morphology, characteristics and pathology associated with viruses. (L)

5.a. Describe the general characteristics of viruses.

5.b. Identify and describe the major characteristics of each group of viruses.

5.c. Describe the mechanisms of replication in virulent and temperate phages.

5.d. Identify the most common viruses and the diseases associated with each.

MS.6. Microbiology: Describe the classification, morphology, characteristics, benefits and associated pathology of fungi. (L)

6.a. Describe the general characteristics of fungi.

6.b. Identify the major groups of fungi and describe the classification of each group.

6.c. Identify the most common types of pathogenic fungi and the diseases associated with each.

6.d. Describe the economic importance of fungi.

MS.7. Microbiology: Describe the classification, morphology, characteristics and associated pathology of protists. (L)

7.a. Describe the characteristics that distinguish protists from other microorganisms.

7.b. Describe the classification of protists.

7.c. Identify the most common pathogenic protists and the diseases associated with each.

MS.1. Molecular Biology: Utilize critical thinking and scientific problem solving in designing and performing biological research and experimentation. (L, P, E)

1.a. Demonstrate the proper use and care for scientific equipment used in molecular biology.

1.b. Observe and practice safe procedures in the classroom and laboratory.

1.c. Apply the components of scientific processes and methods in the classroom and laboratory investigations.

1.d. Communicate results of scientific investigations in oral, written, and graphic form.

MS.2. Molecular Biology: Review the structure, functions, and processes of the cell involved in maintaining life. (L, P)

2.a. Review organic compounds and biochemical processes in the cell.

2.b. Review the structure and function of the cell.

MS.3. Molecular Biology: Investigate the structure and function of DNA. (L, P)

3.a. Describe the contributions of various scientists to the discovery and understanding that DNA is the genetic material.

3.b. Describe the organization of DNA.

3.c. Summarize the steps in replication.

MS.4. Molecular Biology: Analyze the roles of DNA and RNA in protein synthesis. (L, P)

4.a. State the central dogma of molecular biology.

4.b. Discuss the processes of transcription and translation.

4.c. Compare and contrast the roles of three types of RNA including codons and anticodons.

4.d. Describe the effects of mutations on protein synthesis.

MS.5. Molecular Biology: Describe the mechanisms of gene expression in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. (L, P)

5.a. Investigate inducible and repressable operon models of gene expression in prokaryotic cells.

5.b. Investigate the levels of control of gene expression in eukaryotic cells including pre-transcriptional, post-transcriptional, pre-translational, and post-translational factors.

MS.6. Molecular Biology: Investigate the basic tools and techniques used to manipulate DNA. (L, P)

6.a. Describe the basic steps in genetic engineering experiments.

6.b. Explore how scientists use restriction enzymes.

6.c. Explore the role of vectors in genetic research.

6.d. Discuss how transformation techniques are used.

6.e. Identify practical uses of biotechnology.

6.f. Evaluate the moral and ethical issues related to genetic engineering.

MS.1. Botany: Utilize critical thinking and scientific problem solving in designing and performing biological research and experimentation. (L, P, E)

1.a. Demonstrate the proper use and care for scientific equipment used in botany.

1.b. Observe and practice safe procedures in the classroom and laboratory.

1.c. Apply the components of scientific processes and methods in the classroom and laboratory investigations.

1.d. Communicate results of scientific investigations in oral, written, and graphic form.

MS.2. Botany: Examine plant cell structures and functions to include the formation of specialized tissue. (L)

2.a. Identify the major organelles, their structures and functions.

2.b. Determine the role of pigments.

2.c. Identify the cellular basis of tissues and explore the functions of specialized root, stem, and leaf tissues.

MS.3. Botany: Identify plant products that impact humans. (L, P)

3.a. Examine the chemical compounds extracted from plants, to include drugs.

3.b. Discuss the impact of the timber industry on local and national economy.

3.c. Determine the origin of a wide variety of assorted plant products - spices, herbs, fossil fuels, fibers.

MS.4. Botany: Compare and contrast the characteristics of different plant divisions. (L)

4.a. Explore the differences and similarities of the nonvascular plants including mosses and liverworts.

4.b. Describe the differences and similarities of the non-seed-bearing vascular plants, including ferns and horsetails.

4.c. Explore the characteristics of seed-bearing vascular plants.

MS.5. Botany: Identify the major structures of seed-bearing plants, relating them to overall plant function. (L)

5.a. Identify the major vegetative structures and/or their modifications in angiosperms and gymnosperms.

5.b. Identify the reproductive structures, and their modifications, in angiosperms and gymnosperms.

5.c. Compare and contrast the vegetative organs of monocots, herbaceous dicots, and woody dicots.

MS.6. Botany: Analyze the physical and chemical processes of plants. (L, P)

6.a. Compare and contrast the relationships of photosynthesis, cellular respiration, and translocation to overall plant survival.

6.b. Explore the importance of soil type to overall plant survival, including mineral nutrition and air/water balance.

6.c. Explain the mechanism of water movement in plants.

6.d. Explain the effects of environmental conditions such as light, heat, water content, and wind on plant survival.

6.e. Identify the physical response of plants to sunlight, day length and gravity (tropisms).

MS.7. Botany: Identify the structures and processes of sexual and asexual reproduction in plants. (L)

7.a. Explain the concept of alternation of generations.

7.b. Compare and contrast the structures and mechanisms involved in sexual and asexual reproduction in selected plant species.

7.c. Identify the different methods of seed distribution in plants.

MS.8. Botany: Describe the ecological importance of plants. (L, E)

8.a. Compare and contrast plant structure, form, and adaptation and describe how each relates to habitat (biome).

8.b. Identify concepts such as nutrient cycling, succession, natural selection, competition, and symbiosis that influence/alter plant stability within the environment.

8.c. Analyze the effects of human activity on the plant world.

MS.9. Botany: Apply the modern classification scheme utilized in naming plants. (L)

9.a. Explain the classification scheme used in botany.

9.b. Apply the concept of classification by using a dichotomous key to identify a native Mississippi plant.

MS.10. Botany: Explore the principles of plant genetics. (L)

10.a. Explain the results of monohybrid and dihybrid crosses.

10.b. Explain the effects of genetic engineering of plants on society.

10.c. Explore the current trends in biotechnology of plants.

10.d. Describe alternative methods of plant propagation.

MS.1. Zoology: Utilize critical thinking and scientific problem solving in designing and performing biological research and experimentation. (L, P, E)

1.a. Demonstrate the proper use and care for scientific equipment used in zoology.

1.b. Observe and practice safe procedures in the classroom and laboratory.

1.c. Apply the components of scientific processes and methods in the classroom and laboratory investigations.

1.d. Communicate results of scientific investigations in oral, written, and graphic form.

MS.2. Zoology: Review the general characteristics and phylogeny of animals. (L)

2.a. Explain the levels of organization of structures in animals (cells, tissues, organs and systems).

2.b. Describe the characteristics of animals that distinguish them from other kingdoms.

2.c. Discuss adaptations of the major phyla that lead to their survival.

2.d. Discuss the phylogenic sequencing of the nine major phyla.

2.e. Review the classification scheme used in zoology.

MS.3. Zoology: Compare and contrast the anatomy and physiology of the 9 major phyla of the animal kingdom. (L)

3.a. With special attention to: symmetry; digestion; support; germ layers; circulation; locomotion; body plan; coordination; reproduction; embryonic development; excretion.

MS.4. Zoology: Relate the life histories of groups of animals to the success of the groups. (L)

4.a. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of both asexual and sexual reproduction.

4.b. Illustrate life cycles of various groups of animals.

MS.5. Zoology: Explain how behavior and symbiosis are related to the success of a group of animals. (L)

5.a. Discuss, giving specific examples of, division of labor within a group of animals.

5.b. Compare and contrast the degree of parental care given in groups of animals.

5.c. Discuss mutualism, communalism, parasitism and mimicry, giving specific examples of each.

MS.1. Aquatic Science: Utilize critical thinking and scientific problem solving in designing and performing biological research and experimentation. (L, P, E)

1.a. Demonstrate the proper use and care for scientific equipment used aquatic science.

1.b. Observe and practice safe procedures in the classroom and laboratory.

1.c. Apply the components of scientific processes and methods in the classroom and laboratory investigations.

1.d. Communicate results of scientific investigations in oral, written, and graphic form.

MS.2. Aquatic Science: Analyze the physical and chemical properties of water and how they affect the organisms that live in it. (L, P)

2.a. Investigate the causes and characteristics of tides.

2.b. Describe the physical principles of waves and currents.

2.c. Characterize the physical and chemical parameters of dissolved O2, pH, temperature, and salinity through analysis of different water column depths/zones.

2.d. Explore the role of bodies of water as they relate to weather.

2.e. Describe the various biogeochemical cycles.

MS.3. Aquatic Science: Describe major geologic features of specific aquatic environments. (L, E)

3.a. Identify the causes and effects of erosion.

3.b. Define terminology associated with plate tectonics.

3.c. Distinguish among rise, slope, elevation, and depth.

3.d. Compare the formation of dunes, reefs, barrier/volcanic islands, and coastal/flood plains.

3.e. Describe watershed formation and its relationship to bodies of fresh water.

MS.4. Aquatic Science: Describe the biodiversity and interactions among aquatic life. (L)

4.a. Analyze the adaptations of representative organisms to aquatic environments.

4.b. Analyze the relationship of organisms in food chains/webs within aquatic environments.

4.c. Calculate and interpret population data with regard to aquatic organisms.

4.d. Identify representative examples that illustrate various aquatic reproductive strategies.

4.e. Compare and contrast characteristics of planktonic, nektonic, and benthic organisms.

4.f. Classify different aquatic organisms using dichotomous keys.

4.g. Compare and contrast aquatic producers, consumers, and decomposers.

MS.5. Aquatic Science: Examine the unique properties of selected aquatic ecosystems. (L, E)

5.a. Describe the abiotic and biotic characteristics of a barrier island, coral reef, and ocean.

5.b. Describe the abiotic and biotic characteristics of a river, stream, lake, pond, and swamp.

5.c. Describe the abiotic and biotic characteristics of a bay, sound, estuary, and marsh.

5.d. Describe the symbiotic relationships in an aquatic ecosystem.

MS.6. Aquatic Science: Identify the impact of natural and human activity on aquatic ecosystems. (L, E)

6.a. Identify various sources of pollution in aquatic environments.

6.b. Describe the effects of natural phenomena such as hurricanes, floods, or drought on aquatic habitats.

6.c. Describe a variety of methods of environmental management and stewardship.

6.d. Evaluate the effects of urbanization on aquatic ecosystems.

6.e. Describe the effects of bodies of water on human cultural development.

MS.7. Aquatic Science: Investigate applications of modern technology in aquatic systems. (L, P)

7.a. Identify various careers related to aquatic science.

7.b. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the use of modern technology within aquatic science (mariculture and aquaculture).

7.c. Relate the contribution of aquatic technology to industry and government.

MS.1. Environmental Science: Utilize critical thinking and scientific problem solving in designing and performing biological research and experimentation. (L, P, E)

1.a. Demonstrate the proper use and care for scientific equipment used in environmental science.

1.b. Observe and practice safe procedures in the classroom and laboratory.

1.c. Apply the components of scientific processes and methods in the classroom and laboratory investigations.

1.d. Communicate results of scientific investigations in oral, written, and graphic form.

MS.2. Environmental Science: Explain the flow of matter and energy in ecosystems. (L, P)

2.a. Investigate the role of biotic and abiotic factors within habitats, ecosystems and biomes.

2.b. Identify indigenous plants and animals and their roles in different ecosystems.

2.c. Describe food chains and food webs within an ecosystem.

2.d. Predict how the introduction, removal or reintroduction of an organism may alter the food chain, change populations, and impact the biodiversity of ecosystems.

2.e. Investigate chemical cycles within ecosystems.

MS.3. Environmental Science: Describe the relationships and changes within an ecosystem. (L, E)

3.a. Explain how a species adapts to its niche.

3.b. Relate population dynamics (natural selection, exponential growth, predator/prey) to carrying capacity and limiting factors.

3.c. Evaluate the effects of biotic and abiotic factors on local ecosystems and biomes.

3.d. Describe the process of primary and secondary succession.

3.e. Analyze and describe the effects of events such as fires, hurricanes, deforestation, mining, population growth and industry on environments.

MS.4. Environmental Science: Investigate the major biomes of the world ecosystems. (L, E)

4.a. Describe the following biomes to include location, climate, adaptations and diversity: desert; coniferous forest; tundra; deciduous forest; grassland; rain forest; savannah; aquatic environments.

4.b. Illustrate where the eight major biomes occur.

MS.5. Environmental Science: Summarize the interrelationships among the resources and human activities in the local environment. (L, E)

5.a. Identify sources, use, quality and conservation of water.

5.b. Identify renewable and non-renewable resources.

5.c. Evaluate the impact of human activity and technology on the lithosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere.

5.d. Identify the effects of pollution (water, noise, air, etc.) on the ecosystem.

5.e. Describe how communities have restored ecosystems.

MS.6. Environmental Science: Research various environmental topics, such as major events, careers, history, and significant contributions. (L, P, E)

MS.1. Geology: Investigate the Earth internal and external components. (E)

1.a. Identify the layers and sublayers of the atmosphere and of the earth.

1.b. Describe the basic kinds of rocks and their subtypes.

1.c. Discuss the characteristics of mineral deposit types and methods of formation.

MS.2. Geology: Investigate the interaction between the Earth internal and external components. (E, P)

2.a. Determine the effects of physical weathering (atmospheric, glacial, etc.).

2.b. Examine the effects of chemical weathering (acid rain, etc.).

2.c. Discuss the transfer of energy.

2.d. Examine the interaction of erupting volcanoes and the atmosphere.

2.e. Describe the various cycles (water, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, etc.).

MS.3. Geology: Investigate plate tectonics. (E)

3.a. Explore the theories of plate development and continental drift.

3.b. Explain the process that power crustal movements.

3.c. Identify and describe the types of crustal movements and their resulting landforms.

3.d. Locate areas of crustal movement around the world.

3.e. Explain the processes that create earthquakes and volcanoes.

3.f. Develop an emergency preparedness plan for natural disasters associated with crustal movement.

MS.4. Geology: Investigate local and regional geological areas. (E)

4.a. Identify major geological features in Mississippi (the Delta, the Coastal Plains, etc.)

4.b. Research geological activity of the New Madrid Fault line.

MS.5. Geology: Explore the geological timetable. (E)

5.a. Compare and contrast the relative and absolute age of the Earth (radiometric dating, index of fossil layers, etc.).

5.b. Describe the differences among eras, periods, and epochs as recorded in the geological time scale.

5.c. Explore the connections among geological history, landforms, and presence of minerals.

MS.1. Astronomy: Discuss the history of astronomy. (E, P)

1.a. Recognize observations that significantly contributed to the understanding of the solar system prior to the telescope development.

1.b. Explain how the invention of the telescope impacted the development of modern astronomy.

1.c. Trace the development of models to predict planetary motion (Ptolemy, Copernicus, Kepler and Newton).

1.d. Explore theories of the universe origin.

MS.2. Astronomy: Investigate the technologies and instruments (optical telescopes, radio telescopes, space probes, artificial satellites, etc.) used in ground and space based astronomy. (E)

2.a. Differentiate between various methods of observation.

2.b. Explore the methods used in determining the characteristics of our solar system components (spectra, probes, Doppler, etc.).

MS.3. Astronomy: Investigate Newton Universal Gravitation Law and Kepler Laws. (E, P)

3.a. Describe the structure and gravitational interactions of a planetary system according to Newton Laws of Motion and Gravitation.

3.b. Utilize the Universal Gravitational constant to calculate the orbital velocity in a two body system.

3.c. Describe the motion and interactions of a planetary system according to Kepler Laws.

3.d. Calculate period, distance from the sun, and/or velocity of a planet using Kepler Laws.

MS.4. Astronomy: Investigate and compare data about celestial bodies in our solar system. (E)

4.a. Explore the motion of celestial bodies (planetary rotation and revolution, comets, asteroids, moons, sun, etc.)

4.b. Compare and contrast internal and surface components of celestial bodies.

4.c. Track the Earth moon over an extended period of time.

4.d. Examine current theories, proposals and supporting data of celestial bodies in our solar system.

4.e. Describe the origin, composition and structure of asteroids, meteors and comets.

MS.5. Astronomy: Investigate the sun, other stars and star systems. (E)

5.a. Discuss star classification (by size and magnitude) and types of stars.

5.b. Examine the origin and demise of stars.

5.c. Research the composition, energy production and solar-magnetic activity of stars.

5.d. Measure distance using triangulation and parallax methods.

5.e. Describe star systems visible from earth.

MS.6. Astronomy: Describe the universe in terms of its diverse components and their relationships. (E)

6.a. Identify types of galaxies, proximity of galaxies, the name of Earth galaxy, etc.

6.b. Research recent reports on the structure of the universe.

6.c. Examine components of the celestial sphere.

MS.1. Aerospace Studies: Explore the history of flight. (E)

1.a. Identify and discuss achievements of early aviators.

1.b. Discuss applications of flight.

1.c. Investigate flight as personal recreation.

MS.2. Aerospace Studies: Describe principles of aerodynamics and flight control. (E, P)

2.a. Describe how the flow of air over an airfoil creates lift.

2.b. Discuss relationships among forces (lift, weight, thrust, drag) and their affects on flight.

MS.3. Aerospace Studies: Discuss the design and function of major aircraft structures, instruments, and life support systems, (L, E, P)

3.a. Identify the airplane structural components and instruments and their purposes.

3.b. Describe the designs, functions, and uses of various flight control surfaces.

3.c. Relate how the location of center of gravity affects flight stability.

3.d. Discuss the function and necessity of life-support systems on aircraft.

MS.4. Aerospace Studies: Compare the various methods of aircraft propulsion. (E, P)

4.a. Describe the operation of reciprocating, turbine, and jet engines.

4.b. Trace the development of aircraft propulsion systems.

4.c. Use the combined gas laws to calculate the expansion ratio of gases in an engine.

MS.5. Aerospace Studies: Use the instruments and perform calculations involved in navigation. (E)

5.a. Locate a point on the globe from its global coordinates.

5.b. Plot a point-point course using a sectional map.

MS.1. Organic Chemistry: Apply IUPAC nomenclature, and draw or recognize the structure of aliphatic, aromatic, and cyclic hydrocarbon compounds. (P, L)

1.a. Describe the nomenclature system of naming hydrocarbon compounds.

1.b. Draw structures of hydrocarbon compounds.

1.c. Explore isomerism in hydrocarbon compounds.

1.d. Relate structure to physical and chemical properties of hydrocarbons.

MS.2. Organic Chemistry: Write, complete and classify common reactions for aliphatic, aromatic, and cyclic hydrocarbons. (P)

2.a. Write and identify equations representing oxidation reactions.

2.b. Write and identify equations representing substitution reactions.

2.c. Write and identify equations representing dehydrogenation reactions.

2.d. Write and identify equations representing addition reactions.

MS.3. Organic Chemistry: Describe functional groups (alcohols, ethers, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, esters, amines, amides, and nitriles) by their structure and chemical and physical properties. (P)

3.a. Recognize and draw structural formulas from functional group names, and vice-versa.

3.b. Describe the chemical and physical properties of compounds containing functional groups.

3.c. Recognize and write equations representing the transformation of one functional group into another.

MS.4. Organic Chemistry: Describe the synthesis, properties and uses of polymers. (P)

4.a. Define and give examples of common polymers.

4.b. Describe the synthesis of polymers from monomers by addition or condensations.

4.c. Classify plastics according to their commercial types.

4.d. Calculate elasticity and other polymer properties given experimental data.

MS.5. Organic Chemistry: Relate organic chemicals to their application in industry, drug manufacture, and biological chemistry. (P, L)

5.a. Describe common uses of polymers.

5.b. Explore the diversity, applications, and economics of industrial chemicals (solvents, coatings, surfactants, etc.).

5.c. Investigate significant biologically active compounds in terms of functional group substrate interaction.

5.d. Describe the use of organic compounds in medicine, drugs, and personal care products.

5.e. Describe the synthesis and application of compounds, which have the property to dye materials.

5.f. Discuss the major aspects of the production of petrochemicals.

MS.1. Astronomy: Discuss the history of astronomy. (E, P)

1.a. Identify the layers and sublayers of the atmosphere and of the earth.

1.b. Explain how the invention of the telescope impacted the development of modern astronomy.

1.c. Trace the development of models to predict planetary motion (Ptolemy, Copernicus, Kepler and Newton).

1.d. Explore theories of the universe origin.

MS.2. Astronomy: Investigate the technologies and instruments (optical telescopes, radio telescopes, space probes, artificial satellites, etc.) used in ground and space based astronomy. (E)

2.a. Differentiate between various methods of observation.

2.b. Explore the methods used in determining the characteristics of our solar system components (spectra, probes, Doppler, etc.).

2.c. Characterize the physical and chemical parameters of dissolved O2, pH, temperature, and salinity through analysis of different water column depths/zones.

2.d. Examine the interaction of erupting volcanoes and the atmosphere.

2.e. Review the classification scheme used in zoology.

2.f. Explain how enzymes work and identify factors that can affect enzyme action.

MS.3. Astronomy: Investigate Newton Universal Gravitation Law and Kepler Laws. (E, P)

3.a. Describe the structure and gravitational interactions of a planetary system according to Newton Laws of Motion and Gravitation.

3.b. Utilize the Universal Gravitational constant to calculate the orbital velocity in a two body system.

3.c. Describe the motion and interactions of a planetary system according to Kepler Laws.

3.d. Calculate period, distance from the sun, and/or velocity of a planet using Kepler Laws.

3.e. Analyze and describe the effects of events such as fires, hurricanes, deforestation, mining, population growth and industry on environments.

3.f. Develop an emergency preparedness plan for natural disasters associated with crustal movement.

3.g. Relate the importance of meiosis to sexual reproduction and the maintenance of chromosome number.

3.h. Identify and distinguish among forms of asexual and sexual reproduction.

MS.4. Astronomy: Investigate and compare data about celestial bodies in our solar system. (E)

4.a. Explore the motion of celestial bodies (planetary rotation and revolution, comets, asteroids, moons, sun, etc.)

4.b. Compare and contrast internal and surface components of celestial bodies.

4.c. Track the Earth moon over an extended period of time.

MS.5. Organic Chemistry: Relate organic chemicals to their application in industry, drug manufacture, and biological chemistry. (P, L)

5.a. Discuss star classification (by size and magnitude) and types of stars.

5.b. Examine the origin and demise of stars.

5.c. Research the composition, energy production and solar-magnetic activity of stars.

5.d. Describe the use of organic compounds in medicine, drugs, and personal care products.

5.e. Describe star systems visible from earth.

5.f. Contrast the relative entropy of a pure substance to the substance in solution.

MS.6. Astronomy: Describe the universe in terms of its diverse components and their relationships. (E)

6.a. Identify types of galaxies, proximity of galaxies, the name of Earth galaxy, etc.

6.b. Research recent reports on the structure of the universe.

6.c. Examine components of the celestial sphere.

6.d. Evaluate the effects of urbanization on aquatic ecosystems.

6.e. Identify practical uses of biotechnology.

6.f. Evaluate the moral and ethical issues related to genetic engineering.

MS.7. Aquatic Science: Investigate applications of modern technology in aquatic systems. (L, P)

7.a. Define frames of reference and the space-time continuum.

7.b. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the use of modern technology within aquatic science (mariculture and aquaculture).

7.c. Relate the contribution of aquatic technology to industry and government.

7.d. Calculate relativistic length, time, and mass.

7.e. Discuss the main components of General Relativity Theory.

MS.1. Biology II: Utilize critical thinking and scientific problem solving in designing and performing biological research and experimentation. (L, P, E)

1.a. Demonstrate the proper use and care for scientific equipment used in biology.

1.b. Observe and practice safe procedures in the classroom and laboratory.

1.c. Apply the components of scientific processes and methods in the classroom and laboratory investigations.

1.d. Communicate results of scientific investigations in oral, written, and graphic form.

MS.2. Biology II: Investigate chemical processes of the cell that maintain life. (L, P)

2.a. Relate chemical structure and characteristics of organic compounds to cell and organism functions.

2.b. Investigate enzymatic reactions and identify factors that influence enzyme activity.

2.c. Analyze light dependent and light independent reactions of photosynthesis with respect to site, reactions involved and energy input/output.

2.d. Analyze processes of cellular respiration with respect to site, reactions involved, and energy input/output in each stage.

MS.3. Biology II: Explore the molecular basis of heredity. (L, P)

3.a. Investigate the discovery of DNA.

3.b. Analyze DNA/RNA/enzyme roles in the stages of protein synthesis.

3.c. Investigate modern DNA technologies (gene splicing, gel electrophoresis and recombinant DNA in agriculture, medicine and forensics).

3.d. Examine bioethical issues resulting from genetic technology.

3.e. Review genetic principles for solving inheritance problems.

MS.4. Biology II: Investigate the role that natural selection plays in maintaining diversity. (L, E)

4.a. Identify the components of natural selection.

4.b. Predict the successes and failures of a population when exposed to changing environmental factors.

4.c. Examine factors that affect populations, such as distribution, competition, migration, isolation, and disease.

MS.5. Biology II: Apply principles of classification to groups of organisms. (L)

5.a. Use classification as a tool to organize diverse groups.

5.b. Compare classical (morphological) and modern (molecular) classification systems.

5.c. Conduct an in-depth study of classification within at least one of the kingdoms.

MS.6. Biology II: Examine the behavior of organisms. (L)

6.a. Analyze the behavioral responses of an organism to internal and external stimuli.

6.b. Associate function of the nervous system to behavior.

6.c. Distinguish among types of learned, innate, and voluntary behavior.

6.d. Compare the selective advantage of several behavioral responses.

MS.1. Physical Science: Demonstrate the proper use of scientific methods and investigative techniques. (P)

1.a. Experimentally investigate a problem utilizing the scientific process.

1.b. Scientifically communicate the results of an experiment.

1.c. Demonstrate safe and proper use of scientific equipment.

MS.2. Physical Science: Perform measurements and mathematical calculations using metric units. (P)

2.a. Express numbers and perform operations using scientific notation.

2.b. Identify the significant digits in a given measurement.

2.c. Employ graphs to record, display, and interpret data.

2.d. Perform unit conversions within the metric system.

MS.3. Physical Science: Identify basic structure of matter. (P)

3.a. Define and specify the location of the basic components of an atom.

3.b. Utilize the periodic table to determine atomic composition of elements and periodic patterns.

3.c. Describe the states of matter using the kinetic molecular theory.

3.d. Differentiate between elements, compounds, solutions, and mixtures.

3.e. Compare and contrast atoms, ions, and isotopes.

3.f. Write chemical formulas for compounds.

3.g. Classify compounds as acids, bases, or salts.

3.h. Identify compounds with regard to bond type.

MS.4. Physical Science: Investigate physical and chemical changes in matter. (P)

4.a. Differentiate between physical and chemical changes.

4.b. Identify chemical reactions as endothermic or exothermic.

4.c. Balance equations when chemical formulas are given.

4.d. Examine current theories, proposals and supporting data of celestial bodies in our solar system.

4.e. Describe the origin, composition and structure of asteroids, meteors and comets.

4.f. Identify the functions of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids in living organisms with examples of each.

MS.5. Physical Science: Investigate matter in motion. (P)

5.a. Show how motion involves a frame of reference.

5.b. Calculate average speed.

5.c. Define the fundamental forces of nature.

5.d. Explain the basic principles found in Newton Three Laws of Motion.

5.e. Determine net force and the resulting motion of objects.

MS.6. Physical Science: Describe sources, uses, and effects of energy. (P)

6.a. Differentiate between kinetic and potential energy.

6.b. Discuss the transfer and/or transformation of energy (conservation of energy).

6.c. Define heat and temperature and their effect on particle motion.

6.d. Observe and communicate that systems tend to become less orderly over time (entropy).

MS.7. Physical Science: Discuss general properties and characteristics of waves. (P)

7.a. Classify waves as either mechanical or electromagnetic.

7.b. Differentiate among transverse, longitudinal, and surface waves.

7.c. Determine wavelength, frequency, period, and velocity of waves.

7.d. Examine the properties of waves (interference, refraction, reflection, diffraction, Doppler effect, etc.).

MS.8. Botany: Describe the ecological importance of plants. (L, E)

8.a. Explain the importance of variations in organisms.

8.b. Identify concepts such as nutrient cycling, succession, natural selection, competition, and symbiosis that influence/alter plant stability within the environment.

8.c. Analyze the effects of human activity on the plant world.

8.d. Identify primary and secondary colors.

8.e. Demonstrate the additive and subtractive properties of colors.

MS.9. Botany: Apply the modern classification scheme utilized in naming plants. (L)

9.a. Explain the classification scheme used in botany.

9.b. Apply the concept of classification by using a dichotomous key to identify a native Mississippi plant.

9.c. Identify the types of relationships that occur among populations.

9.d. Explain how energy flows through ecosystems.

9.e. Describe, compare and contrast fusion and fission.

MS.1. Earth Science: Describe the elements and compounds related to the composition of the Earth crust. (E, P)

1.a. List elements in the earth crust and their percentages by mass.

1.b. Compare the elements in the earth crust to the elements in the atmosphere and oceans.

MS.2. Earth Science: Characterize the different types of mineral deposits. (E, P)

2.a. Research the six common minerals.

MS.3. Earth Science: Describe the basic types of rocks and how they are formed. (E, P)

3.a. List the three basic types of rocks and the sources of their production.

MS.4. Earth Science: Explain the physical and chemical processes of weathering. (E, P)

4.a. Research the causes of physical (mechanical) and chemical weathering.

4.b. Analyze weathering as a type of erosion.

4.c. Research the effects of physical and chemical weathering.

MS.5. Earth Science: Describe the processes involved in shaping the internal and external features of the Earth. (E, P)

5.a. Research the external processes that shape the earth features.

5.b. Define the internal processes that shape the earth features.

MS.6. Earth Science: Illustrate the geological timetable. (L, E)

6.a. Research the origins of the earth.

6.b. Research the scientists responsible for the theories of earth origin.

6.c. Investigate layering as a process of determining the earth origin.

MS.7. Earth Science: Explain how the oceans affect other processes on Earth. (L, E, P)

7.a. Determine how ocean currents affect climate.

7.b. Research ocean flora and fauna and their place in the life forms of earth.

MS.8. Earth Science: Describe the composition of the atmosphere. (E, P)

8.a. Investigate the different layers of the atmosphere.

8.b. Research the Greenhouse Effect as it relates to the atmosphere.

MS.9. Earth Science: Describe the processes involved in weather and climate. (E, P)

9.a. Compare and contrast the terms weather and climate.

9.b. Research the circulation of the atmosphere.

9.c. Explore the different climatic zones.

9.d. Determine the causes of the change of seasons.

MS.10. Botany: Explore the principles of plant genetics. (L)

10.a. Explain the results of monohybrid and dihybrid crosses.

10.b. Observe the environmental process of the water cycle.

MS.11. Earth Science: Describe the structure and gravitational interaction of our planetary system. (E, P)

11.a. Investigate the sizes and spacing of the planets in our solar system.

11.b. Define gravity and calculate gravitational pull.

11.c. Determine the relationship between the moon pull of gravity and the Earth's tides.

MS.12. Earth Science: Explain the orderly and predictable motion of celestial bodies. (E, P)

12.a. Investigate comets.

12.b. Explore the concept of red and blue shift.

MS.13. Earth Science: Demonstrate the proper use of scientific methods and investigative techniques. (L, E, P)

13.a. Experimentally investigate a problem utilizing the scientific process.

13.b. Scientifically communicate the results of an experiment.

13.c. Demonstrate safe and proper use of scientific equipment.

MS.1. Chemistry I: Explain how the properties of matter relate to structure and changes in structure. (P)

1.a. Demonstrate the proper use and care of scientific equipment.

1.b. Observe and practice safe procedures in classroom and laboratory.

1.c. Define chemistry and matter.

1.d. Apply the language of chemistry appropriately including terms such as element, atom, compound, and molecule.

1.e. Classify a material as element, compound, solution or heterogeneous mixture.

1.f. Relate symbols to names of common chemical elements.

1.g. Write the symbol or formula for monatomic and polyatomic ions.

MS.2. Chemistry I: Solve numerical chemistry problems using the International System of Measurement (SI) units, mathematical expressions, and factor labeling. (P)

2.a. Choose the most appropriate SI unit of mass, length or volume of an object.

2.b. Define the common SI prefixes used in chemistry and interconvert, using the factor-label method (dimensional analysis) to obtain the desired unit in solving problems.

2.c. Apply the definition of mass, length, volume, time, density, temperature and pressure.

2.d. Use scientific notation in chemical calculations.

2.e. Round values to the proper significant digits.

MS.3. Chemistry I: Develop a visual conceptualization of atomic structure based on theory and a knowledge of fundamental particles. (P)

3.a. Identify various theories of the atom, including Rutherford, Bohr, and electron cloud theories by matching the theory to its description.

3.b. Identify the three fundamental particles of an atom when given the charge, mass, and location of the particle.

3.c. Determine the number of protons, electrons, or neutrons in an element when given the atomic number and the atomic mass of the element, or vice versa.

3.d. Write the electron configurations of elements.

3.e. Draw the electron-dot (Lewis) structure of elements.

3.f. Predict the charge of an ion based on the element valence electrons.

MS.4. Chemistry I: Analyze patterns and trends in organization of elements in the periodic table. (P)

4.a. Identify an element as a metal, nonmetal, metalloid, or noble gas.

4.b. Locate elements by name and group number (family) or period (series).

4.c. Compare elements in terms of atomic radius, ionization energy, or electronegativity using their positions on the periodic table.

4.d. Predict the charge of monoatomic ions on the basis of position (group number).

MS.5. Chemistry I: Compare the properties of compounds according to their type of bonding. (P, L, E)

5.a. Describe what determines covalent, ionic, and metallic bonds.

5.b. Relate bond type between elements on the basis of electronegativity differences.

5.c. Relate bond type to the position of elements on the Periodic table, electron configuration, and properties of the compound formed.

5.d. Draw Lewis electron dot structures and determine the geometric structure of simple molecules.

5.e. Identify simple molecules as polar or non-polar on the basis of molecular shape and bond polarity.

5.f. Relate bond and molecular polarity to intermolecular forces.

MS.6. Chemistry I: Write names and formulas of covalent and ionic compounds. (P)

6.a. Write chemical formulas of ionic compounds using monatomic and polyatomic ions.

6.b. Write chemical formulas of molecular compounds using prefixes.

6.c. Write names of compounds from their formulas.

6.d. Given the formula of a compound, identify oxidation states of the elements.

6.e. Write the names and formulas of common acids and bases.

MS.7. Chemistry I: Interpret chemical change in terms of chemical reactions. (P)

7.a. Write an equation in sentence form (word equation) when given a chemical equation.

7.b. Balance a simple chemical equation by inspection when given the formulas or names of all reactants and products.

7.c. Classify simple equations as to type: single displacement, double displacement, synthesis and decomposition.

7.d. Complete chemical equations when given reactants for reactions, such as synthesis, decomposition, single displacement, and double displacement.

7.e. Given a list of solubility rules, predict if a precipitate is formed upon mixing solutions of known chemicals in a double displacement reaction.

7.f. Use the activity series to predict single displacement reactions and write equations of these reactions.

7.g. Predict products of simple synthesis and decomposition reactions.

7.h. Identify redox reactions by recognizing the species that are oxidized and reduced.

MS.8. Chemistry I: Explore the relationship between mass and quantity through various stoichiometric relationships. (P)

8.a. Calculate the formula/molecular mass of compounds.

8.b. Define the mole as a quantity of matter.

8.c. Interconvert among mass, mole, and number of particles.

8.d. Determine the empirical formula from the percentage composition and the molecular formula from the empirical formula and molar mass, or vice-versa.

8.e. Solve stoichiometry problems.

8.f. Identify the limiting reagent through stoichiometric calculations.

MS.9. Chemistry I: Apply understanding of the interactions of matter and energy. (P)

9.a. Demonstrate understanding by performing calculations relating enthalpy change, temperature change, mass, and specific heat.

9.b. Calculate the energy required to change state using mass and heat of vaporization or heat of fusion.

9.c. Classify chemical reactions as endothermic or exothermic.

MS.10. Chemistry I: Analyze the nature and behavior of gaseous, liquid, and solid substances using Kinetic Molecular Theory. (P)

10.a. Describe a gas, liquid or solid in terms of Kinetic Molecular Theory.

10.b. Describe the relationship among volume, temperature, pressure, and moles using ideal gas laws.

10.c. Calculate the partial pressure of a gas in a mixture.

MS.11. Chemistry I: Describe and explain the solution process. (P)

11.a. Describe solutions in terms of solute and solvent; electrolyte or non-electrolyte; soluble or insoluble; unsaturated, saturated or supersaturated; miscible or immiscible.

11.b. Express the concentration of a solution as percent by mass, molarity, molality, and mole fraction, given appropriate data.

11.c. Explore the factors that affect solubility.

11.d. Describe how to make a solution of given molarity in terms of mass needed, or vice-versa.

11.e. Describe how to dilute a solution in terms of molarity and volume.

MS.12. Chemistry I: Analyze the factors that affect equilibrium with an emphasis on visualizing its dynamic nature at the macroscopic and molecular levels. (P)

12.a. Describe a reversible reaction in terms of a dynamic equilibrium process.

12.b. Using LeChatelier principle, predict the effect upon a reaction at equilibrium of changing the temperature, concentrations of a reactant or a product, pressure, or adding a catalyst.

MS.13. Chemistry I: Visualize and explain acid-base interactions applying concepts of chemical bonding and solutions. (P, L)

13.a. Compare properties of acids and bases, including how they affect indicators and the relative pH of the solution.

13.b. Classify species in aqueous solutions according to Arrhenius and Bronsted definitions, respectively.

13.c. Predict the product of an aqueous neutralization reaction.

13.d. Calculate the pH or pOH from the hydrogen or hydroxide ion concentrations of solutions and vice versa.

13.e. Describe the role of indicators in experimental prediction of pH.

MS.1. Chemistry II: Visualize and interpret the atomic structure in terms of quantum theory. (P)

1.a. Characterize electromagnetic radiation in terms of wavelength, frequency and speed.

1.b. Explain the concept of quantified energy as it relates atomic spectroscopic data.

1.c. Relate the wave and particulate properties of electromagnetic radiation.

1.d. Describe the Heisenberg uncertainty principle and link its significance to electron probability distribution.

1.e. Explain the quantum numbers n, l, ml, and ms in terms of energy and electron probability distribution.

1.f. Relate quantum numbers to the accepted orbital notation of s, p, d and f.

1.g. Depict or interpret s, p, d, and f orbitals in two and three-dimensional sketches.

1.h. Explain the Pauli exclusion principle in terms of electron spin and apply when determining electron configuration.

1.i. Write electron configurations following the Aufbau principle.

MS.2. Chemistry II: Explain the variations in chemical bonding types (covalent, ionic and metallic) in terms of the fundamental principles of electrostatic attraction and repulsion and atomic orbital overlap. (P)

2.a. Explain how and why an ionic bond is formed.

2.b. Explain how and why a covalent bond is formed.

2.c. Explain how and why a polar covalent bond is formed.

2.d. Draw Lewis structures for compounds in which the central atoms can accommodate an expanded octet (e.g. sulfur fluoride).

2.e. Describe the concept of resonance.

2.f. Select the most favorable resonance based on formal charge.

2.g. Describe multiple bond formation in terms of sigma and pi covalent bonds.

2.h. Define bond dissociation energy.

2.i. Calculate heat of reaction using average bond dissociation energies.

MS.3. Chemistry II: Explain observed physical properties of solids and liquids to their intermolecular forces. (P, L)

3.a. Differentiate between intramolecular and intermolecular bonding

3.b. Describe dipole-dipole forces, hydrogen bonding, and London dispersion forces.

3.c. Relate intermolecular forces to properties of liquids: surface tension, capillary action, and viscosity.

3.d. Relate the relative boiling point, freezing point and vapor pressure of a series of molecules to intermolecular forces.

3.e. Interpret phase diagrams.

MS.4. Chemistry II: Apply stoichiometric principles to reactions that occur in aqueous solution. (P)

4.a. Represent reactions in aqueous solution with net ionic equations.

4.b. Predict precipitation products and represent with net ionic equations.

4.c. Perform stoichiometric calculations involving precipitation reactions.

4.d. Perform stoichiometric calculations involved in acid-base reactions.

4.e. Write and balance oxidation-reduction reactions by the half-equation method.

4.f. Perform stoichiometric calculations involved in oxidation-reduction reactions.

MS.5. Chemistry II: Explain the thermodynamics of chemistry, including the interconversion of one form of energy to another. (P)

5.a. Define enthalpy.

5.b. Calculate the change in enthalpy in a chemical reaction.

5.c. Define enthalpy of formation and calculate the change in enthalpy of reaction using Hess's Law.

5.d. Define entropy.

5.e. Describe general trends in absolute entropies with respect to state, structure, and molar mass.

5.f. Contrast the relative entropy of a pure substance to the substance in solution.

5.g. Identify and distinguish among forms of asexual and sexual reproduction.

5.h. Define free energy change and relate it to spontaneity.

5.i. Define the free energy of formation, and calculate free energy of reaction using Hess Law.

MS.6. Chemistry II: Link the reaction pathway (mechanism) and the rate law for simple reactions. (P, L)

6.a. Describe two types of rate laws; differential and integral.

6.b. Determine the rate law for a reaction given experimental law.

6.c. Determine the relationship between the reaction pathway and the rate law of a reaction.

6.d. Explain how a catalyst increases the rate of reaction.

MS.7. Chemistry II: Analyze chemical equilibrium expressions and the effect of contributing factors. (P, L)

7.a. Write equilibrium expressions for various types of equilibrium including equilibrium constants for concentration, partial pressure, acids, bases, and water.

7.b. Calculate the equilibrium constant given concentrations at equilibrium.

7.c. Calculate concentration at equilibrium given initial concentrations and the equilibrium constant.

7.d. Predict the extent of reaction based on the magnitude of the equilibrium constant.

7.e. Predict the effect of temperature on the equilibrium constant given the change of enthalpy of a reaction.

7.f. Describe characteristics and applications of buffer solutions.

MS.8. Chemistry II: Apply oxidation-reduction and aqueous reaction chemistry to the interconversion of chemical and electrical energy (electrochemistry). (P, L)

8.a. Draw a schematic diagram (sketch) for an electrochemical cell, given an oxidation-reduction reaction that occurs in an aqueous solution.

8.b. Describe the parts of an electrochemical cell and the function of each.

8.c. Identify the path taken by electrons in electrochemical cells.

8.d. Compare and contrast voltaic and electrolytic cells.

8.e. Predict the outcome of an oxidation-reduction reaction using standard reduction potential values.

8.f. Explain how the activity series and reduction potentials are linked to electronegativity and to each other.

8.g. Describe the oxidation-reduction reactions that occur in zinc-carbon (dry cell), alkaline, mercury, Ni-Cad, and lead acid batteries.

8.h. Make everyday applications of oxidation-reduction; for example, the nervous system or electrolytic plating of metals.

8.i. Perform stoichiometric calculations based on current and time data in such applications.

MS.9. Chemistry II: Analyze nuclear changes in matter. (P, L, E)

9.a. Identify alpha, beta, and gamma radiation with respect to mass and charge.

9.b. Complete and balance nuclear equations.

9.c. Calculate the half-life of a radioactive nuclide both mathematically and graphically.

9.d. Calculate time or amount of isotope remaining given the initial amount and the half-life of the radioisotope.

9.e. Describe, compare and contrast fusion and fission.

9.f. Compare and contrast the adaptations of plants and animals found in the major biomes.

9.g. Compare protective measures when using radioactive material including time, distance, and shielding.

MS.10. Chemistry II: Describe the structure, reactions, and uses of selected organic compounds. (P, L)

10.a. Determine the name or structural formula for given hydrocarbons and functional groups.

10.b. Illustrate some common reactions of hydrocarbons.

10.c. Describe the formation of polymers from monomers.

10.d. Describe the structure and function of biochemical compounds.

10.e. Calculate the relative fuel value of various fossil fuels.

MS.1. Physics I: Apply fundamental mathematics used in physical concepts. (P)

1.a. Utilize fundamental SI base and derived units.

1.b. Demonstrate proper use of scientific notation and significant figures in calculations and measurements.

1.c. Create, extend and record relationships from tables and graphs.

1.d. Manipulate equations to solve problems.

MS.2. Physics I: Investigate the kinematics of physical bodies. (P)

2.a. Identify terminology associated with kinematics and the history of the ideas associated with motion.

2.b. Differentiate between vector and scalar quantities.

2.c. Observe, measure, record and graph experimental results involving bodies in motion.

2.d. Interpret displacement, velocity, and acceleration graphs.

2.e. Solve problems involving kinematic relationships.

MS.3. Physics I: Investigate physical dynamics. (E, P)

3.a. Solve vector problems mathematically and graphically.

3.b. Distinguish between weight and mass.

3.c. Explain physical dynamics in terms of Newton Three Laws of Motion.

3.d. Solve problems using Newton Three Laws of Motion.

3.e. Apply the principles of impulse and conservation of momentum to interpret Newton Third Law of Motion.

3.f. Explain the effects of the Law of Universal Gravitation and calculate the force between two masses.

3.g. Explore the principles and applications for solving problems in two-dimensional motion.

3.h. Apply concepts of centripetal force and torque in solving circular motion problems.

MS.4. Physics I: Explore the concepts and relationships among work, power, and energy. (P)

4.a. Identify terminology associated with work, power and energy.

4.b. Apply the Law of Conservation of Energy.

4.c. Utilize the Work-Energy Theorem to solve problems.

MS.5. Physics I: Describe the characteristics and properties of mechanical waves. (P)

5.a. Describe the types, characteristics and behavior of mechanical waves.

5.b. Explain conceptually and/or mathematically the Doppler Effect.

MS.6. Physics I: Investigate the principles related to electromagnetic radiation. (P)

6.a. Determine the relationship between frequency and wavelength using the constancy of the speed of light.

6.b. Compare the various components of the electromagnetic spectrum.

6.c. Describe the characteristics of lenses and mirrors conceptually, mathematically and/or pictorially.

MS.7. Physics I: Measure and calculate the properties of static and current electricity. (P)

7.a. Identify terminology and units associated with electricity.

7.b. Describe the characteristics of an electric field.

7.c. Describe, measure and/or calculate the properties of stationary and moving electric charges (using Coulomb Law and Ohm Law).

7.d. Determine current, voltage, and resistance involved in series and parallel circuits.

MS.1. Physics II: Investigate mechanics of physical motion (Review of Physics I). (P)

1.a. Apply fundamental mathematics used in physical concepts.

1.b. Investigate physical kinematics and dynamics of one and two-dimensional motion.

1.c. Explore the concepts and relationships among work, power, energy, and momentum.

MS.2. Physics II: Investigate the principles related to thermal energy. (P)

2.a. Interpret the principles of the Kinetic Molecular Theory and the Laws of Thermodynamics.

2.b. Apply principles of the Kinetic Molecular Theory to changes of state for solids, liquids, gases, and plasma.

2.c. Solve problems with heat energy transfer, entropy and enthalpy.

MS.3. Physics II: Investigate properties and principles of fluids. (P)

3.a. Determine pressure using Pascal's Principle.

3.b. Differentiate between hydrostatics and hydrodynamics.

3.c. Interpret and apply Bernoulli principle.

3.d. Evaluate the behaviors of fluids (surface tension, capillary action adhesion, and effects of pressure on boiling and melting points).

3.e. Discuss the plasma state.

MS.4. Physics II: Investigate the principles and applications of magnetism. (P)

4.a. Identify the properties of magnetism (fields, forces, etc.).

4.b. Establish the interactions between current flow and magnetic fields.

4.c. Explain the principle of induction.

4.d. Solve problems with magnetic fields, magnetic forces, and induction.

4.e. Relate principles of electromagnetism to the operation of motors, generators, transformers, electromagnets, etc.

MS.5. Physics II: Investigate the principles of the Quantum Theory. (P)

5.a. Describe and analyze the dual nature of light.

5.b. Discuss the photoelectric and Compton effects.

5.c. Explain quantum energy absorption and emission spectra.

MS.6. Physics II: Investigate the principles of nuclear physics. (P)

6.a. Discuss types and properties of elementary and other subatomic particles.

6.b. Discuss applications of nuclear energy.

6.c. Differentiate between nuclear fission and fusion and the net energy of both.

6.d. Write nuclear equations for fission and fusion reactions.

6.e. Examine creation of plasma and ionic propulsion.

MS.7. Physics II: Investigate relativity. (P)

7.a. Define frames of reference and the space-time continuum.

7.b. Discuss the main components of Special Relativity Theory.

7.c. Investigate the applications of special relativity to motions of observer and observed.

7.d. Calculate relativistic length, time, and mass.

7.e. Discuss the main components of General Relativity Theory.

MS.8. Physics II: Investigate current theories of physics. (P)

8.a. Discuss Grand Unification Theories.

8.b. Research black holes, worm holes, and dimensions.

MS.1. Human Anatomy and Physiology: Utilize critical thinking and scientific problem solving in designing and performing biological research and experimentation. (L, P, E)

1.a. Demonstrate the proper use and care for scientific equipment used in life science.

1.b. Observe and practice safe procedures in the classroom and laboratory.

1.c. Apply the components of scientific processes and methods in the classroom and laboratory investigations.

1.d. Communicate results of scientific investigations in oral, written, and graphic form.

MS.2. Human Anatomy and Physiology: Describe the basic organization of the body using the appropriate anatomical concepts. (L)

2.a. Define the terms: anatomy, physiology, and homeostasis; explain the importance of the interaction between structure and function of organs and organ systems in the human body.

2.b. Describe the anatomical position and apply anatomical terms, terms of direction, and planes of section to describe the body and the relationship of its parts.

2.c. Identify the cavities of the body and locate the essential organs in each.

MS.3. Human Anatomy and Physiology: Discuss the biochemical composition of the human body. (L, P)

3.a. Identify the major elements that form the bulk of body matter.

3.b. Explain the relationships among atoms, molecules, elements, and compounds.

3.c. Explain the importance of water to body homeostasis.

3.d. Describe the concept of pH and its relationship to acids and bases in the human body.

3.e. Name the four major groups of organic substances in the human body and give examples and functions of specific members of each group.

MS.4. Human Anatomy and Physiology: Explore the relationship of the cell to the more complex levels of organization within the body. (L)

4.a. Describe the structure and function of the components of a typical animal cell, including membranous and non-membranous organelles.

4.b. Relate plasma membrane structure to active and passive transport mechanisms.

4.c. Name the four major categories of tissues and compare the location, structure, and function of each.

MS.5. Human Anatomy and Physiology: Identify the structure and function of the human body systems, explore the interactions among the systems and investigate major disorders/diseases. (L)

5.a. Associated with each of the following: Integumentary; Skeletal; Muscular; Nervous; Endocrine; Digestive; Respiratory; Circulatory; Lymphatic; Urinary; Reproductive.

MS.1. Science Skills and Reasoning: Observe and practice safe procedures in the classroom and laboratory. (L, E, P)

1.a. Demonstrate knowledge of safety rules before working in the laboratory and model all safety rules in each lab activity.

1.b. Demonstrate proper use and care of scientific equipment to include the compound light microscope.

1.c. Demonstrate accuracy and precision when using scientific equipment.

MS.2. Science Skills and Reasoning: Utilize critical thinking and scientific problem solving in designing and performing scientific research and experimentation. (L, E, P)

2.a. Identify and use the SI units of length, capacity/volume, mass/weight and temperature.

2.b. Research and critically analyze current investigations/problems using periodicals (newspapers, magazines and science journals).

2.c. Demonstrate an ability to record and organize data from a variety of sources (scientific articles, magazines, and journals).

2.d. Identify and apply the components of scientific methods in classroom and laboratory investigations using the processes of predicting, observing, gathering data, and drawing conclusions.

MS.3. Science Skills and Reasoning: Interpret and communicate results of scientific investigations in oral, written, and graphic form. (L, E, P)

3.a. Demonstrate graphing techniques: plotting points, labeling x- and y-axis, title, and legends for pie, bar, and line graphs.

3.b. Generate and interpret graphs from classroom experiments.

3.c. Draw conclusions about current scientific issues using graphs found in scientific literature.

3.d. Communicate the results of classroom experiments using lab reports and oral presentations.

MS.4. Science Skills and Reasoning: Investigate the chemical basis of life. (L, P)

4.a. Describe differences among atoms, elements, ions, molecules and compounds.

4.b. Compare and contrast ionic and covalent bonding.

4.c. Identify the chemical symbols of elements needed for life.

4.d. Identify the components of a chemical reaction (reactant, product, equation).

4.e. Identify properties of acids and bases and use pH to classify substances as basic, acidic, or neutral.

4.f. Identify the functions of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids in living organisms with examples of each.

MS.5. Science Skills and Reasoning: Investigate cell structures, functions, and methods of reproduction. (L)

5.a. Differentiate between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

5.b. Distinguish between plant and animal eukaryotic cell structures.

5.c. Identify and describe the structure and basic functions of the major eukaryotic organelles.

5.d. Explain the differences among tissues, organs, and organ systems.

5.e. Describe the structure and function of a selectively permeable membrane and its role in diffusion and osmosis.

5.f. Compare and contrast mitosis and meiosis emphasizing the differences in resulting chromosome number.

5.g. Identify and distinguish among forms of asexual and sexual reproduction.

MS.6. Science Skills and Reasoning: Investigate energy use in living organisms. (L)

6.a. Explain the differences between autotrophs and heterotrophs.

6.b. Compare and contrast the processes of photosynthesis and respiration.

MS.7. Science Skills and Reasoning: Relate the structure and function of nucleic acids in the principles and mechanisms of genetics. (L, P)

7.a. Describe the basic structure and function of DNA and RNA.

7.b. Describe how DNA copies itself and the results of mistakes in this process.

7.c. Utilize genetic terminology and apply genetic principles to solve simple Mendelian crosses.

MS.8. Science Skills and Reasoning: Apply concepts of natural selection as they relate to classification. (L)

8.a. Explain the importance of variations in organisms.

8.b. Describe how the need for adaptation leads to formation of new species.

8.c. Classify organisms into the major kingdoms based upon their characteristics.

MS.9. Science Skills and Reasoning: Investigate how organisms interact with their environment. (L, E)

9.a. Identify biotic and abiotic factors in an ecosystem.

9.b. Explain the levels of biological organization (i.e., population, community, ecosystem, biosphere).

9.c. Identify the types of relationships that occur among populations.

9.d. Explain how energy flows through ecosystems.

9.e. Describe the cycling of matter through ecosystems.

9.f. Compare and contrast the adaptations of plants and animals found in the major biomes.

MS.1. Biomedical Research: Utilize critical thinking and scientific problem solving in designing and performing biological research and experimentation. (L, E, P)

1.a. Demonstrate the proper use and care for scientific equipment used in the laboratory.

1.b. Observe and practice safe procedures in the classroom and laboratory.

1.c. Apply the components of scientific processes and methods in the classroom and laboratory investigations.

1.d. Communicate results of scientific investigations in oral, written, and graphic form.

MS.2. Biomedical Research: Explore the processes and technologies by which biomedical scientific literature is stored, catalogued and retrieved. (L)

2.a. Utilize printed library materials and computer resources to identify the area of research of an identified biomedical researcher, through recovery of relevant scientific publications.

2.b. Prepare a glossary of technical scientific terminology from the information presented in the recovered publication(s).

MS.3. Biomedical Research: Investigate the use of the World Wide Web (WWW), through the Internet, to identify current, topical advances in biomedical research and health care areas. (L)

3.a. Identify major biomedicine-related WWW sites, including the Center for Disease Control, the National Institute of Health, the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and the Society for Neuroscience, using computer access.

3.b. Download and retrieve on printed copy routine updates from one or more of the identified sites.

3.c. Establish active dialogues with science students at other high school sites using electronic communications (e-mail).

MS.4. Biomedical Research: Communicate the scientific background of, technical approach to, major results from, and conclusions pertaining to two contemporary professional biomedical research publications. (L)

4.a. Identify a general area of biomedical science of interest and select two representative scientific citations from the literature database.

4.b. Examine the publications in detail.

4.c. Determine additional resources (textbooks, periodicals, personal interviews with a scientist or teacher familiar with that area of research) needed to discuss the research findings.

4.d. Present a formal, oral summation of one of the two publications to the entire class, and submit a written discussion of that publication.

MS.5. Biomedical Research: Analyze contemporary issues, related to the practice or application of biomedical research, that pose an ethical dilemma or dilemmas to our society. (L)

5.a. Suggested areas of initial focus including fetal tissue research, legalization of drugs, drug abuse, euthanasia, research fraud, use of non-human animals in research, genetic engineering, and universal health care.

5.b. Prepare written arguments for identified issues that detail the scientific background for the issue, identify the nature of the ethical dilemma, and argue for or against a specific position related to that issue.

MS.6. Biomedical Research: Explore the basic elements of genetics and molecular biology that are fundamental to modern biomedical research. (L)

6.a. Document major historical events leading to the development of the science of genetics.

6.b. Identify the nature of recent (past 25 years) events that have revolutionized genetic analysis and manipulation, including the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), gene transfection, the Human Genome Project, protein sequencing, and in vitro fertilization.

6.c. Explore the subcellular organelles responsible for protein synthesis and reproduction.

6.d. Discuss the influence that environmental pollutants and other man-made chemicals could have on the regulation of protein synthesis and reproduction.

MS.7. Biomedical Research: Describe key areas of human physiology towards which a major commitment of United States federal funding of biomedical research is applied. (L)

MS.8. Biomedical Research: Describe important principles of organic chemical reactions that form the basis of life processes. (L, P)

8.a. Classify hydrocarbons according to bonding families.

8.b. Name and write structural formulas for substituted and non-substituted hydrocarbons.

8.c. Differentiate among formulas and properties of substituted hydrocarbon families.

8.d. Understand the basis for optical resolution between stereoisomers, and the use of nuclear magnetic resonance for structural determinations.

8.e. Describe the use of protein crystallography in determination of the structure of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).

MS.9. Biomedical Research: Demonstrate proficiency in the application of fundamental technical procedures related to biomedical laboratory research activities. (L, P)

9.a. Acquire the skills necessary to set up, operate, and interpret the results from the use of the laboratory spectrophotometer.

9.b. Determine quantitatively the concentration of a solute in a solution, using the spectrophotometer.

9.c. Utilize the process of paper chromatography to identify the components of a chemical mixture.

9.d. Describe the chemical reactions essential to determination of protein concentrations in a solution through use of the Lowry method.

9.e. Prepare a series of protein concentrations using accurate and safe pipetting techniques.

9.f. Practice preparation of sample organic compounds, including methane, ethane, acetic acid, ethyl ethanoate, and methanol.

MS.1. Spatial Information Science: Demonstrate the basic concepts of global positioning systems (GPS). (E)

1.a. Determine the latitude, longitude and elevation of the main entrance or front door of your school.

1.b. Determine the latitude and longitude of a site where a GPS receiver is unable to make an accurate measurement.

1.c. Demonstrate that angle units smaller than one degree are needed for GPS related measurement.

1.d. Show how to report and compute arithmetically with various angle units.

1.e. Calculate the average and standard deviation from repeated measurements.

1.f. Validate GPS derived data with other known sources.

MS.2. Spatial Information Science: Demonstrate the basic concepts of remote sensing. (E, P)

2.a. Describe the characteristics of the electromagnetic spectrum.

2.b. Using images and graphs, interpret the absorption/reflection spectrum.

2.c. Distinguish between passive vs. active sensor systems.

2.d. Analyze the effects of changes in spatial, temporal, and spectral resolution.

2.e. Analyze the effects on images due to changes in scale.

2.f. Identify the types of sensor platforms.

MS.3. Spatial Information Science: Demonstrate the basic concepts of data and image processing. (E)

3.a. Differentiate among the types of data: raster, vector, and attribute.

3.b. Locate a variety of sources for geological data and imaging.

3.c. Formulate a hypothesis of geological factors/problems and determine data sets pertinent to the hypothesis.

3.d. Verify that data sets are geo-referenced and geo-rectified.

3.e. Assess the quality and accuracy of GPS and/or remote sensing data.

MS.4. Spatial Information Science: Demonstrate the basic concepts of geographic information systems. (E)

4.a. Produce compatible geographic data layers of information utilizing computer software.

4.b. Analyze relationships between geographic data.

4.c. Produce a geographic information image showing results of analysis.

4.d. Draw conclusions based on analysis and summary of geographic image information results.

4.e. Explore a variety of applications for geographic information systems.

MS.5. Spatial Information Science: Demonstrate the proper use and care of scientific equipment. (E)

5.a. Demonstrate proper use and care of GPS receivers, computers, and other scientific equipment.

5.b. Demonstrate the ability to adjust equipment to obtain correct, clear data images.

MS.1. Genetics: Use critical thinking and scientific problem solving in designing and performing biological research and experimentation. (L, P, E)

1.a. Demonstrate the proper use and care for scientific equipment used in genetics.

1.b. Observe and practice safe procedures in the classroom and laboratory.

1.c. Apply the components of scientific processes and methods in the classroom and laboratory investigations.

1.d. Communicate results of scientific investigations in oral, written and graphic form.

MS.2. Genetics: Review the structure and function of the cell as it applies to genetics. (L)

2.a. Review the structures and functions of the cell.

2.b. Describe the process of mitosis and the cell cycle

2.c. Discuss the process of meiosis, differentiating spermatogenesis and oogenesis.

2.d. Apply the chromosome theory of inheritance to genetics problems.

MS.3. Genetics: Analyze the structure and function of DNA and RNA molecules. (L, P)

3.a. Explore the historical contributions leading to the discovery of nucleic acids.

3.b. Investigate the role of DNA and RNA in replication, transcription, translation, and DNA repair.

3.c. Identify types of mutations and the consequences of each.

3.d. Summarize the process of gene transfer using biotechnology.

MS.4. Genetics: Apply classical genetics principles to solving basic genetic problems. (L)

4.a. Evaluate the significant contributions of well-known scientists to the historical progression of classical Mendelian genetics.

4.b. Compare and contrast genes and alleles, dominance and recessiveness, and the laws of segregation and independent assortment.

4.c. Discuss the process of sex determination with regard to chromosomes.

4.d. Apply each of the major inheritance patterns in diploid organisms (multiple alleles, dihybrid cross, polygenic inheritance, epistasis, incomplete dominance, and sex linkage) to given experimental results, both actual and theoretical.

MS.5. Genetics: Describe the techniques used to determine patterns of inheritance. (L)

5.a. Discuss and be able to apply the process of chromosome mapping to experimental situations.

5.b. Discuss and be able to apply the process of karyotyping to experimental situations.

5.c. Discuss and be able to apply the process of pedigree development to experimental situations.

MS.6. Genetics: Discuss genetic diversity in humans. (L)

6.a. Explore genetic differences among humans such as blood type, race, and simple inheritance patterns of genetic diversity.

6.b. Analyze genetic disorders and relate the cause to the following inheritance patterns: autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, sex-linked, polygenic, chromosomal abnormalities.

MS.7. Genetics: Apply the concept of population genetics to both microbial and multicellular organisms. (L)

7.a. Discuss genetic variability within a population.

7.b. Compare sexual and asexual reproduction with regard to genetic variability in a population.

7.c. Examine the effects on a population when the prerequisites for a Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium do not hold true.

MS.8. Genetics: Debate the significance of discoveries and issues raised as a result of biotechnology. (L)

8.a. Examine implications of the Human Genome Project.

8.b. Discuss bioethics of given real-life scenarios.

8.c. Research current issues in genetic engineering/biotechnology.

MS.1. Microbiology: Utilize critical thinking and scientific problem solving in designing and performing biological research and experimentation. (L, P, E)

1.a. Demonstrate the proper use and care for scientific equipment used in microbiology.

1.b. Observe and practice safe procedures in the classroom and laboratory.

1.c. Apply the components of scientific processes and methods in the classroom and laboratory investigations.

1.d. Communicate results of scientific investigations in oral, written, and graphic form.

MS.2. Microbiology: Describe the major historical events that have transformed microbiology into a 'true' science. (L)

2.a. Describe the contributions of ancient cultures to early understandings of the spread of disease.

2.b. Describe the development of the microscope.

2.c. Describe the germ theory of disease and summarize the historical events that led to its formation.

MS.3. Microbiology: Demonstrate current methods used to culture and study microorganisms. (L)

3.a. Demonstrate the use of aseptic technique.

3.b. Demonstrate proper use of the microscope and slide preparation techniques.

3.c. Name and describe the different types of stains used in microbiology.

3.d. Name and describe the types of culture media and explain how each type provides the nutritional requirements for microbial growth.

3.e. Demonstrate proper techniques for isolating, culturing, and staining microorganisms.

MS.4. Microbiology: Describe the classification, morphology, characteristics, pathology and benefits associated with bacteria. (L)

4.a. Compare and contrast the characteristics of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cell types.

4.b. Describe the taxonomic criteria used to place bacteria into related groups.

4.c. Identify and describe the structure and function of internal and external bacterial cell components.

4.d. Identify the most common pathogenic bacteria.

4.e. Investigate the beneficial aspects of bacteria in medicine, industry, and everyday life.

MS.5. Microbiology: Describe the classification, morphology, characteristics and pathology associated with viruses. (L)

5.a. Describe the general characteristics of viruses.

5.b. Identify and describe the major characteristics of each group of viruses.

5.c. Describe the mechanisms of replication in virulent and temperate phages.

5.d. Identify the most common viruses and the diseases associated with each.

MS.6. Microbiology: Describe the classification, morphology, characteristics, benefits and associated pathology of fungi. (L)

6.a. Describe the general characteristics of fungi.

6.b. Identify the major groups of fungi and describe the classification of each group.

6.c. Identify the most common types of pathogenic fungi and the diseases associated with each.

6.d. Describe the economic importance of fungi.

MS.7. Microbiology: Describe the classification, morphology, characteristics and associated pathology of protists. (L)

7.a. Describe the characteristics that distinguish protists from other microorganisms.

7.b. Describe the classification of protists.

7.c. Identify the most common pathogenic protists and the diseases associated with each.

MS.1. Molecular Biology: Utilize critical thinking and scientific problem solving in designing and performing biological research and experimentation. (L, P, E)

1.a. Demonstrate the proper use and care for scientific equipment used in molecular biology.

1.b. Observe and practice safe procedures in the classroom and laboratory.

1.c. Apply the components of scientific processes and methods in the classroom and laboratory investigations.

1.d. Communicate results of scientific investigations in oral, written, and graphic form.

MS.2. Molecular Biology: Review the structure, functions, and processes of the cell involved in maintaining life. (L, P)

2.a. Review organic compounds and biochemical processes in the cell.

2.b. Review the structure and function of the cell.

MS.3. Molecular Biology: Investigate the structure and function of DNA. (L, P)

3.a. Describe the contributions of various scientists to the discovery and understanding that DNA is the genetic material.

3.b. Describe the organization of DNA.

3.c. Summarize the steps in replication.

MS.4. Molecular Biology: Analyze the roles of DNA and RNA in protein synthesis. (L, P)

4.a. State the central dogma of molecular biology.

4.b. Discuss the processes of transcription and translation.

4.c. Compare and contrast the roles of three types of RNA including codons and anticodons.

4.d. Describe the effects of mutations on protein synthesis.

MS.5. Molecular Biology: Describe the mechanisms of gene expression in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. (L, P)

5.a. Investigate inducible and repressable operon models of gene expression in prokaryotic cells.

5.b. Investigate the levels of control of gene expression in eukaryotic cells including pre-transcriptional, post-transcriptional, pre-translational, and post-translational factors.

MS.6. Molecular Biology: Investigate the basic tools and techniques used to manipulate DNA. (L, P)

6.a. Describe the basic steps in genetic engineering experiments.

6.b. Explore how scientists use restriction enzymes.

6.c. Explore the role of vectors in genetic research.

6.d. Discuss how transformation techniques are used.

6.e. Identify practical uses of biotechnology.

6.f. Evaluate the moral and ethical issues related to genetic engineering.

MS.1. Botany: Utilize critical thinking and scientific problem solving in designing and performing biological research and experimentation. (L, P, E)

1.a. Demonstrate the proper use and care for scientific equipment used in botany.

1.b. Observe and practice safe procedures in the classroom and laboratory.

1.c. Apply the components of scientific processes and methods in the classroom and laboratory investigations.

1.d. Communicate results of scientific investigations in oral, written, and graphic form.

MS.2. Botany: Examine plant cell structures and functions to include the formation of specialized tissue. (L)

2.a. Identify the major organelles, their structures and functions.

2.b. Determine the role of pigments.

2.c. Identify the cellular basis of tissues and explore the functions of specialized root, stem, and leaf tissues.

MS.3. Botany: Identify plant products that impact humans. (L, P)

3.a. Examine the chemical compounds extracted from plants, to include drugs.

3.b. Discuss the impact of the timber industry on local and national economy.

3.c. Determine the origin of a wide variety of assorted plant products - spices, herbs, fossil fuels, fibers.

MS.4. Botany: Compare and contrast the characteristics of different plant divisions. (L)

4.a. Explore the differences and similarities of the nonvascular plants including mosses and liverworts.

4.b. Describe the differences and similarities of the non-seed-bearing vascular plants, including ferns and horsetails.

4.c. Explore the characteristics of seed-bearing vascular plants.

MS.5. Botany: Identify the major structures of seed-bearing plants, relating them to overall plant function. (L)

5.a. Identify the major vegetative structures and/or their modifications in angiosperms and gymnosperms.

5.b. Identify the reproductive structures, and their modifications, in angiosperms and gymnosperms.

5.c. Compare and contrast the vegetative organs of monocots, herbaceous dicots, and woody dicots.

MS.6. Botany: Analyze the physical and chemical processes of plants. (L, P)

6.a. Compare and contrast the relationships of photosynthesis, cellular respiration, and translocation to overall plant survival.

6.b. Explore the importance of soil type to overall plant survival, including mineral nutrition and air/water balance.

6.c. Explain the mechanism of water movement in plants.

6.d. Explain the effects of environmental conditions such as light, heat, water content, and wind on plant survival.

6.e. Identify the physical response of plants to sunlight, day length and gravity (tropisms).

MS.7. Botany: Identify the structures and processes of sexual and asexual reproduction in plants. (L)

7.a. Explain the concept of alternation of generations.

7.b. Compare and contrast the structures and mechanisms involved in sexual and asexual reproduction in selected plant species.

7.c. Identify the different methods of seed distribution in plants.

MS.8. Botany: Describe the ecological importance of plants. (L, E)

8.a. Compare and contrast plant structure, form, and adaptation and describe how each relates to habitat (biome).

8.b. Identify concepts such as nutrient cycling, succession, natural selection, competition, and symbiosis that influence/alter plant stability within the environment.

8.c. Analyze the effects of human activity on the plant world.

MS.9. Botany: Apply the modern classification scheme utilized in naming plants. (L)

9.a. Explain the classification scheme used in botany.

9.b. Apply the concept of classification by using a dichotomous key to identify a native Mississippi plant.

MS.10. Botany: Explore the principles of plant genetics. (L)

10.a. Explain the results of monohybrid and dihybrid crosses.

10.b. Explain the effects of genetic engineering of plants on society.

10.c. Explore the current trends in biotechnology of plants.

10.d. Describe alternative methods of plant propagation.

MS.1. Zoology: Utilize critical thinking and scientific problem solving in designing and performing biological research and experimentation. (L, P, E)

1.a. Demonstrate the proper use and care for scientific equipment used in zoology.

1.b. Observe and practice safe procedures in the classroom and laboratory.

1.c. Apply the components of scientific processes and methods in the classroom and laboratory investigations.

1.d. Communicate results of scientific investigations in oral, written, and graphic form.

MS.2. Zoology: Review the general characteristics and phylogeny of animals. (L)

2.a. Explain the levels of organization of structures in animals (cells, tissues, organs and systems).

2.b. Describe the characteristics of animals that distinguish them from other kingdoms.

2.c. Discuss adaptations of the major phyla that lead to their survival.

2.d. Discuss the phylogenic sequencing of the nine major phyla.

2.e. Review the classification scheme used in zoology.

MS.3. Zoology: Compare and contrast the anatomy and physiology of the 9 major phyla of the animal kingdom. (L)

3.a. With special attention to: symmetry; digestion; support; germ layers; circulation; locomotion; body plan; coordination; reproduction; embryonic development; excretion.

MS.4. Zoology: Relate the life histories of groups of animals to the success of the groups. (L)

4.a. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of both asexual and sexual reproduction.

4.b. Illustrate life cycles of various groups of animals.

MS.5. Zoology: Explain how behavior and symbiosis are related to the success of a group of animals. (L)

5.a. Discuss, giving specific examples of, division of labor within a group of animals.

5.b. Compare and contrast the degree of parental care given in groups of animals.

5.c. Discuss mutualism, communalism, parasitism and mimicry, giving specific examples of each.

MS.1. Aquatic Science: Utilize critical thinking and scientific problem solving in designing and performing biological research and experimentation. (L, P, E)

1.a. Demonstrate the proper use and care for scientific equipment used aquatic science.

1.b. Observe and practice safe procedures in the classroom and laboratory.

1.c. Apply the components of scientific processes and methods in the classroom and laboratory investigations.

1.d. Communicate results of scientific investigations in oral, written, and graphic form.

MS.2. Aquatic Science: Analyze the physical and chemical properties of water and how they affect the organisms that live in it. (L, P)

2.a. Investigate the causes and characteristics of tides.

2.b. Describe the physical principles of waves and currents.

2.c. Characterize the physical and chemical parameters of dissolved O2, pH, temperature, and salinity through analysis of different water column depths/zones.

2.d. Explore the role of bodies of water as they relate to weather.

2.e. Describe the various biogeochemical cycles.

MS.3. Aquatic Science: Describe major geologic features of specific aquatic environments. (L, E)

3.a. Identify the causes and effects of erosion.

3.b. Define terminology associated with plate tectonics.

3.c. Distinguish among rise, slope, elevation, and depth.

3.d. Compare the formation of dunes, reefs, barrier/volcanic islands, and coastal/flood plains.

3.e. Describe watershed formation and its relationship to bodies of fresh water.

MS.4. Aquatic Science: Describe the biodiversity and interactions among aquatic life. (L)

4.a. Analyze the adaptations of representative organisms to aquatic environments.

4.b. Analyze the relationship of organisms in food chains/webs within aquatic environments.

4.c. Calculate and interpret population data with regard to aquatic organisms.

4.d. Identify representative examples that illustrate various aquatic reproductive strategies.

4.e. Compare and contrast characteristics of planktonic, nektonic, and benthic organisms.

4.f. Classify different aquatic organisms using dichotomous keys.

4.g. Compare and contrast aquatic producers, consumers, and decomposers.

MS.5. Aquatic Science: Examine the unique properties of selected aquatic ecosystems. (L, E)

5.a. Describe the abiotic and biotic characteristics of a barrier island, coral reef, and ocean.

5.b. Describe the abiotic and biotic characteristics of a river, stream, lake, pond, and swamp.

5.c. Describe the abiotic and biotic characteristics of a bay, sound, estuary, and marsh.

5.d. Describe the symbiotic relationships in an aquatic ecosystem.

MS.6. Aquatic Science: Identify the impact of natural and human activity on aquatic ecosystems. (L, E)

6.a. Identify various sources of pollution in aquatic environments.

6.b. Describe the effects of natural phenomena such as hurricanes, floods, or drought on aquatic habitats.

6.c. Describe a variety of methods of environmental management and stewardship.

6.d. Evaluate the effects of urbanization on aquatic ecosystems.

6.e. Describe the effects of bodies of water on human cultural development.

MS.7. Aquatic Science: Investigate applications of modern technology in aquatic systems. (L, P)

7.a. Identify various careers related to aquatic science.

7.b. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the use of modern technology within aquatic science (mariculture and aquaculture).

7.c. Relate the contribution of aquatic technology to industry and government.

MS.1. Environmental Science: Utilize critical thinking and scientific problem solving in designing and performing biological research and experimentation. (L, P, E)

1.a. Demonstrate the proper use and care for scientific equipment used in environmental science.

1.b. Observe and practice safe procedures in the classroom and laboratory.

1.c. Apply the components of scientific processes and methods in the classroom and laboratory investigations.

1.d. Communicate results of scientific investigations in oral, written, and graphic form.

MS.2. Environmental Science: Explain the flow of matter and energy in ecosystems. (L, P)

2.a. Investigate the role of biotic and abiotic factors within habitats, ecosystems and biomes.

2.b. Identify indigenous plants and animals and their roles in different ecosystems.

2.c. Describe food chains and food webs within an ecosystem.

2.d. Predict how the introduction, removal or reintroduction of an organism may alter the food chain, change populations, and impact the biodiversity of ecosystems.

2.e. Investigate chemical cycles within ecosystems.

MS.3. Environmental Science: Describe the relationships and changes within an ecosystem. (L, E)

3.a. Explain how a species adapts to its niche.

3.b. Relate population dynamics (natural selection, exponential growth, predator/prey) to carrying capacity and limiting factors.

3.c. Evaluate the effects of biotic and abiotic factors on local ecosystems and biomes.

3.d. Describe the process of primary and secondary succession.

3.e. Analyze and describe the effects of events such as fires, hurricanes, deforestation, mining, population growth and industry on environments.

MS.4. Environmental Science: Investigate the major biomes of the world ecosystems. (L, E)

4.a. Describe the following biomes to include location, climate, adaptations and diversity: desert; coniferous forest; tundra; deciduous forest; grassland; rain forest; savannah; aquatic environments.

4.b. Illustrate where the eight major biomes occur.

MS.5. Environmental Science: Summarize the interrelationships among the resources and human activities in the local environment. (L, E)

5.a. Identify sources, use, quality and conservation of water.

5.b. Identify renewable and non-renewable resources.

5.c. Evaluate the impact of human activity and technology on the lithosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere.

5.d. Identify the effects of pollution (water, noise, air, etc.) on the ecosystem.

5.e. Describe how communities have restored ecosystems.

MS.6. Environmental Science: Research various environmental topics, such as major events, careers, history, and significant contributions. (L, P, E)

MS.1. Geology: Investigate the Earth internal and external components. (E)

1.a. Identify the layers and sublayers of the atmosphere and of the earth.

1.b. Describe the basic kinds of rocks and their subtypes.

1.c. Discuss the characteristics of mineral deposit types and methods of formation.

MS.2. Geology: Investigate the interaction between the Earth internal and external components. (E, P)

2.a. Determine the effects of physical weathering (atmospheric, glacial, etc.).

2.b. Examine the effects of chemical weathering (acid rain, etc.).

2.c. Discuss the transfer of energy.

2.d. Examine the interaction of erupting volcanoes and the atmosphere.

2.e. Describe the various cycles (water, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, etc.).

MS.3. Geology: Investigate plate tectonics. (E)

3.a. Explore the theories of plate development and continental drift.

3.b. Explain the process that power crustal movements.

3.c. Identify and describe the types of crustal movements and their resulting landforms.

3.d. Locate areas of crustal movement around the world.

3.e. Explain the processes that create earthquakes and volcanoes.

3.f. Develop an emergency preparedness plan for natural disasters associated with crustal movement.

MS.4. Geology: Investigate local and regional geological areas. (E)

4.a. Identify major geological features in Mississippi (the Delta, the Coastal Plains, etc.)

4.b. Research geological activity of the New Madrid Fault line.

MS.5. Geology: Explore the geological timetable. (E)

5.a. Compare and contrast the relative and absolute age of the Earth (radiometric dating, index of fossil layers, etc.).

5.b. Describe the differences among eras, periods, and epochs as recorded in the geological time scale.

5.c. Explore the connections among geological history, landforms, and presence of minerals.

MS.1. Astronomy: Discuss the history of astronomy. (E, P)

1.a. Recognize observations that significantly contributed to the understanding of the solar system prior to the telescope development.

1.b. Explain how the invention of the telescope impacted the development of modern astronomy.

1.c. Trace the development of models to predict planetary motion (Ptolemy, Copernicus, Kepler and Newton).

1.d. Explore theories of the universe origin.

MS.2. Astronomy: Investigate the technologies and instruments (optical telescopes, radio telescopes, space probes, artificial satellites, etc.) used in ground and space based astronomy. (E)

2.a. Differentiate between various methods of observation.

2.b. Explore the methods used in determining the characteristics of our solar system components (spectra, probes, Doppler, etc.).

MS.3. Astronomy: Investigate Newton Universal Gravitation Law and Kepler Laws. (E, P)

3.a. Describe the structure and gravitational interactions of a planetary system according to Newton Laws of Motion and Gravitation.

3.b. Utilize the Universal Gravitational constant to calculate the orbital velocity in a two body system.

3.c. Describe the motion and interactions of a planetary system according to Kepler Laws.

3.d. Calculate period, distance from the sun, and/or velocity of a planet using Kepler Laws.

MS.4. Astronomy: Investigate and compare data about celestial bodies in our solar system. (E)

4.a. Explore the motion of celestial bodies (planetary rotation and revolution, comets, asteroids, moons, sun, etc.)

4.b. Compare and contrast internal and surface components of celestial bodies.

4.c. Track the Earth moon over an extended period of time.

4.d. Examine current theories, proposals and supporting data of celestial bodies in our solar system.

4.e. Describe the origin, composition and structure of asteroids, meteors and comets.

MS.5. Astronomy: Investigate the sun, other stars and star systems. (E)

5.a. Discuss star classification (by size and magnitude) and types of stars.

5.b. Examine the origin and demise of stars.

5.c. Research the composition, energy production and solar-magnetic activity of stars.

5.d. Measure distance using triangulation and parallax methods.

5.e. Describe star systems visible from earth.

MS.6. Astronomy: Describe the universe in terms of its diverse components and their relationships. (E)

6.a. Identify types of galaxies, proximity of galaxies, the name of Earth galaxy, etc.

6.b. Research recent reports on the structure of the universe.

6.c. Examine components of the celestial sphere.

MS.1. Aerospace Studies: Explore the history of flight. (E)

1.a. Identify and discuss achievements of early aviators.

1.b. Discuss applications of flight.

1.c. Investigate flight as personal recreation.

MS.2. Aerospace Studies: Describe principles of aerodynamics and flight control. (E, P)

2.a. Describe how the flow of air over an airfoil creates lift.

2.b. Discuss relationships among forces (lift, weight, thrust, drag) and their affects on flight.

MS.3. Aerospace Studies: Discuss the design and function of major aircraft structures, instruments, and life support systems, (L, E, P)

3.a. Identify the airplane structural components and instruments and their purposes.

3.b. Describe the designs, functions, and uses of various flight control surfaces.

3.c. Relate how the location of center of gravity affects flight stability.

3.d. Discuss the function and necessity of life-support systems on aircraft.

MS.4. Aerospace Studies: Compare the various methods of aircraft propulsion. (E, P)

4.a. Describe the operation of reciprocating, turbine, and jet engines.

4.b. Trace the development of aircraft propulsion systems.

4.c. Use the combined gas laws to calculate the expansion ratio of gases in an engine.

MS.5. Aerospace Studies: Use the instruments and perform calculations involved in navigation. (E)

5.a. Locate a point on the globe from its global coordinates.

5.b. Plot a point-point course using a sectional map.

MS.1. Organic Chemistry: Apply IUPAC nomenclature, and draw or recognize the structure of aliphatic, aromatic, and cyclic hydrocarbon compounds. (P, L)

1.a. Describe the nomenclature system of naming hydrocarbon compounds.

1.b. Draw structures of hydrocarbon compounds.

1.c. Explore isomerism in hydrocarbon compounds.

1.d. Relate structure to physical and chemical properties of hydrocarbons.

MS.2. Organic Chemistry: Write, complete and classify common reactions for aliphatic, aromatic, and cyclic hydrocarbons. (P)

2.a. Write and identify equations representing oxidation reactions.

2.b. Write and identify equations representing substitution reactions.

2.c. Write and identify equations representing dehydrogenation reactions.

2.d. Write and identify equations representing addition reactions.

MS.3. Organic Chemistry: Describe functional groups (alcohols, ethers, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, esters, amines, amides, and nitriles) by their structure and chemical and physical properties. (P)

3.a. Recognize and draw structural formulas from functional group names, and vice-versa.

3.b. Describe the chemical and physical properties of compounds containing functional groups.

3.c. Recognize and write equations representing the transformation of one functional group into another.

MS.4. Organic Chemistry: Describe the synthesis, properties and uses of polymers. (P)

4.a. Define and give examples of common polymers.

4.b. Describe the synthesis of polymers from monomers by addition or condensations.

4.c. Classify plastics according to their commercial types.

4.d. Calculate elasticity and other polymer properties given experimental data.

MS.5. Organic Chemistry: Relate organic chemicals to their application in industry, drug manufacture, and biological chemistry. (P, L)

5.a. Describe common uses of polymers.

5.b. Explore the diversity, applications, and economics of industrial chemicals (solvents, coatings, surfactants, etc.).

5.c. Investigate significant biologically active compounds in terms of functional group substrate interaction.

5.d. Describe the use of organic compounds in medicine, drugs, and personal care products.

5.e. Describe the synthesis and application of compounds, which have the property to dye materials.

5.f. Discuss the major aspects of the production of petrochemicals.

MS.1. Astronomy: Discuss the history of astronomy. (E, P)

1.a. Identify the layers and sublayers of the atmosphere and of the earth.

1.b. Explain how the invention of the telescope impacted the development of modern astronomy.

1.c. Trace the development of models to predict planetary motion (Ptolemy, Copernicus, Kepler and Newton).

1.d. Explore theories of the universe origin.

MS.2. Astronomy: Investigate the technologies and instruments (optical telescopes, radio telescopes, space probes, artificial satellites, etc.) used in ground and space based astronomy. (E)

2.a. Differentiate between various methods of observation.

2.b. Explore the methods used in determining the characteristics of our solar system components (spectra, probes, Doppler, etc.).

2.c. Characterize the physical and chemical parameters of dissolved O2, pH, temperature, and salinity through analysis of different water column depths/zones.

2.d. Examine the interaction of erupting volcanoes and the atmosphere.

2.e. Review the classification scheme used in zoology.

2.f. Explain how enzymes work and identify factors that can affect enzyme action.

MS.3. Astronomy: Investigate Newton Universal Gravitation Law and Kepler Laws. (E, P)

3.a. Describe the structure and gravitational interactions of a planetary system according to Newton Laws of Motion and Gravitation.

3.b. Utilize the Universal Gravitational constant to calculate the orbital velocity in a two body system.

3.c. Describe the motion and interactions of a planetary system according to Kepler Laws.

3.d. Calculate period, distance from the sun, and/or velocity of a planet using Kepler Laws.

3.e. Analyze and describe the effects of events such as fires, hurricanes, deforestation, mining, population growth and industry on environments.

3.f. Develop an emergency preparedness plan for natural disasters associated with crustal movement.

3.g. Relate the importance of meiosis to sexual reproduction and the maintenance of chromosome number.

3.h. Identify and distinguish among forms of asexual and sexual reproduction.

MS.4. Astronomy: Investigate and compare data about celestial bodies in our solar system. (E)

4.a. Explore the motion of celestial bodies (planetary rotation and revolution, comets, asteroids, moons, sun, etc.)

4.b. Compare and contrast internal and surface components of celestial bodies.

4.c. Track the Earth moon over an extended period of time.

MS.5. Organic Chemistry: Relate organic chemicals to their application in industry, drug manufacture, and biological chemistry. (P, L)

5.a. Discuss star classification (by size and magnitude) and types of stars.

5.b. Examine the origin and demise of stars.

5.c. Research the composition, energy production and solar-magnetic activity of stars.

5.d. Describe the use of organic compounds in medicine, drugs, and personal care products.

5.e. Describe star systems visible from earth.

5.f. Contrast the relative entropy of a pure substance to the substance in solution.

MS.6. Astronomy: Describe the universe in terms of its diverse components and their relationships. (E)

6.a. Identify types of galaxies, proximity of galaxies, the name of Earth galaxy, etc.

6.b. Research recent reports on the structure of the universe.

6.c. Examine components of the celestial sphere.

6.d. Evaluate the effects of urbanization on aquatic ecosystems.

6.e. Identify practical uses of biotechnology.

6.f. Evaluate the moral and ethical issues related to genetic engineering.

MS.7. Aquatic Science: Investigate applications of modern technology in aquatic systems. (L, P)

7.a. Define frames of reference and the space-time continuum.

7.b. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the use of modern technology within aquatic science (mariculture and aquaculture).

7.c. Relate the contribution of aquatic technology to industry and government.

7.d. Calculate relativistic length, time, and mass.

7.e. Discuss the main components of General Relativity Theory.

MS.1. Biology II: Utilize critical thinking and scientific problem solving in designing and performing biological research and experimentation. (L, P, E)

1.a. Demonstrate the proper use and care for scientific equipment used in biology.

1.b. Observe and practice safe procedures in the classroom and laboratory.

1.c. Apply the components of scientific processes and methods in the classroom and laboratory investigations.

1.d. Communicate results of scientific investigations in oral, written, and graphic form.

MS.2. Biology II: Investigate chemical processes of the cell that maintain life. (L, P)

2.a. Relate chemical structure and characteristics of organic compounds to cell and organism functions.

2.b. Investigate enzymatic reactions and identify factors that influence enzyme activity.

2.c. Analyze light dependent and light independent reactions of photosynthesis with respect to site, reactions involved and energy input/output.

2.d. Analyze processes of cellular respiration with respect to site, reactions involved, and energy input/output in each stage.

MS.3. Biology II: Explore the molecular basis of heredity. (L, P)

3.a. Investigate the discovery of DNA.

3.b. Analyze DNA/RNA/enzyme roles in the stages of protein synthesis.

3.c. Investigate modern DNA technologies (gene splicing, gel electrophoresis and recombinant DNA in agriculture, medicine and forensics).

3.d. Examine bioethical issues resulting from genetic technology.

3.e. Review genetic principles for solving inheritance problems.

MS.4. Biology II: Investigate the role that natural selection plays in maintaining diversity. (L, E)

4.a. Identify the components of natural selection.

4.b. Predict the successes and failures of a population when exposed to changing environmental factors.

4.c. Examine factors that affect populations, such as distribution, competition, migration, isolation, and disease.

MS.5. Biology II: Apply principles of classification to groups of organisms. (L)

5.a. Use classification as a tool to organize diverse groups.

5.b. Compare classical (morphological) and modern (molecular) classification systems.

5.c. Conduct an in-depth study of classification within at least one of the kingdoms.

MS.6. Biology II: Examine the behavior of organisms. (L)

6.a. Analyze the behavioral responses of an organism to internal and external stimuli.

6.b. Associate function of the nervous system to behavior.

6.c. Distinguish among types of learned, innate, and voluntary behavior.

6.d. Compare the selective advantage of several behavioral responses.

MS.1. Physical Science: Demonstrate the proper use of scientific methods and investigative techniques. (P)

1.a. Experimentally investigate a problem utilizing the scientific process.

1.b. Scientifically communicate the results of an experiment.

1.c. Demonstrate safe and proper use of scientific equipment.

MS.2. Physical Science: Perform measurements and mathematical calculations using metric units. (P)

2.a. Express numbers and perform operations using scientific notation.

2.b. Identify the significant digits in a given measurement.

2.c. Employ graphs to record, display, and interpret data.

2.d. Perform unit conversions within the metric system.

MS.3. Physical Science: Identify basic structure of matter. (P)

3.a. Define and specify the location of the basic components of an atom.

3.b. Utilize the periodic table to determine atomic composition of elements and periodic patterns.

3.c. Describe the states of matter using the kinetic molecular theory.

3.d. Differentiate between elements, compounds, solutions, and mixtures.

3.e. Compare and contrast atoms, ions, and isotopes.

3.f. Write chemical formulas for compounds.

3.g. Classify compounds as acids, bases, or salts.

3.h. Identify compounds with regard to bond type.

MS.4. Physical Science: Investigate physical and chemical changes in matter. (P)

4.a. Differentiate between physical and chemical changes.

4.b. Identify chemical reactions as endothermic or exothermic.

4.c. Balance equations when chemical formulas are given.

4.d. Examine current theories, proposals and supporting data of celestial bodies in our solar system.

4.e. Describe the origin, composition and structure of asteroids, meteors and comets.

4.f. Identify the functions of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids in living organisms with examples of each.

MS.5. Physical Science: Investigate matter in motion. (P)

5.a. Show how motion involves a frame of reference.

5.b. Calculate average speed.

5.c. Define the fundamental forces of nature.

5.d. Explain the basic principles found in Newton Three Laws of Motion.

5.e. Determine net force and the resulting motion of objects.

MS.6. Physical Science: Describe sources, uses, and effects of energy. (P)

6.a. Differentiate between kinetic and potential energy.

6.b. Discuss the transfer and/or transformation of energy (conservation of energy).

6.c. Define heat and temperature and their effect on particle motion.

6.d. Observe and communicate that systems tend to become less orderly over time (entropy).

MS.7. Physical Science: Discuss general properties and characteristics of waves. (P)

7.a. Classify waves as either mechanical or electromagnetic.

7.b. Differentiate among transverse, longitudinal, and surface waves.

7.c. Determine wavelength, frequency, period, and velocity of waves.

7.d. Examine the properties of waves (interference, refraction, reflection, diffraction, Doppler effect, etc.).

MS.8. Botany: Describe the ecological importance of plants. (L, E)

8.a. Explain the importance of variations in organisms.

8.b. Identify concepts such as nutrient cycling, succession, natural selection, competition, and symbiosis that influence/alter plant stability within the environment.

8.c. Analyze the effects of human activity on the plant world.

8.d. Identify primary and secondary colors.

8.e. Demonstrate the additive and subtractive properties of colors.

MS.9. Botany: Apply the modern classification scheme utilized in naming plants. (L)

9.a. Explain the classification scheme used in botany.

9.b. Apply the concept of classification by using a dichotomous key to identify a native Mississippi plant.

9.c. Identify the types of relationships that occur among populations.

9.d. Explain how energy flows through ecosystems.

9.e. Describe, compare and contrast fusion and fission.

MS.1. Earth Science: Describe the elements and compounds related to the composition of the Earth crust. (E, P)

1.a. List elements in the earth crust and their percentages by mass.

1.b. Compare the elements in the earth crust to the elements in the atmosphere and oceans.

MS.2. Earth Science: Characterize the different types of mineral deposits. (E, P)

2.a. Research the six common minerals.

MS.3. Earth Science: Describe the basic types of rocks and how they are formed. (E, P)

3.a. List the three basic types of rocks and the sources of their production.

MS.4. Earth Science: Explain the physical and chemical processes of weathering. (E, P)

4.a. Research the causes of physical (mechanical) and chemical weathering.

4.b. Analyze weathering as a type of erosion.

4.c. Research the effects of physical and chemical weathering.

MS.5. Earth Science: Describe the processes involved in shaping the internal and external features of the Earth. (E, P)

5.a. Research the external processes that shape the earth features.

5.b. Define the internal processes that shape the earth features.

MS.6. Earth Science: Illustrate the geological timetable. (L, E)

6.a. Research the origins of the earth.

6.b. Research the scientists responsible for the theories of earth origin.

6.c. Investigate layering as a process of determining the earth origin.

MS.7. Earth Science: Explain how the oceans affect other processes on Earth. (L, E, P)

7.a. Determine how ocean currents affect climate.

7.b. Research ocean flora and fauna and their place in the life forms of earth.

MS.8. Earth Science: Describe the composition of the atmosphere. (E, P)

8.a. Investigate the different layers of the atmosphere.

8.b. Research the Greenhouse Effect as it relates to the atmosphere.

MS.9. Earth Science: Describe the processes involved in weather and climate. (E, P)

9.a. Compare and contrast the terms weather and climate.

9.b. Research the circulation of the atmosphere.

9.c. Explore the different climatic zones.

9.d. Determine the causes of the change of seasons.

MS.10. Botany: Explore the principles of plant genetics. (L)

10.a. Explain the results of monohybrid and dihybrid crosses.

10.b. Observe the environmental process of the water cycle.

MS.11. Earth Science: Describe the structure and gravitational interaction of our planetary system. (E, P)

11.a. Investigate the sizes and spacing of the planets in our solar system.

11.b. Define gravity and calculate gravitational pull.

11.c. Determine the relationship between the moon pull of gravity and the Earth's tides.

MS.12. Earth Science: Explain the orderly and predictable motion of celestial bodies. (E, P)

12.a. Investigate comets.

12.b. Explore the concept of red and blue shift.

MS.13. Earth Science: Demonstrate the proper use of scientific methods and investigative techniques. (L, E, P)

13.a. Experimentally investigate a problem utilizing the scientific process.

13.b. Scientifically communicate the results of an experiment.

13.c. Demonstrate safe and proper use of scientific equipment.

MS.1. Chemistry I: Explain how the properties of matter relate to structure and changes in structure. (P)

1.a. Demonstrate the proper use and care of scientific equipment.

1.b. Observe and practice safe procedures in classroom and laboratory.

1.c. Define chemistry and matter.

1.d. Apply the language of chemistry appropriately including terms such as element, atom, compound, and molecule.

1.e. Classify a material as element, compound, solution or heterogeneous mixture.

1.f. Relate symbols to names of common chemical elements.

1.g. Write the symbol or formula for monatomic and polyatomic ions.

MS.2. Chemistry I: Solve numerical chemistry problems using the International System of Measurement (SI) units, mathematical expressions, and factor labeling. (P)

2.a. Choose the most appropriate SI unit of mass, length or volume of an object.

2.b. Define the common SI prefixes used in chemistry and interconvert, using the factor-label method (dimensional analysis) to obtain the desired unit in solving problems.

2.c. Apply the definition of mass, length, volume, time, density, temperature and pressure.

2.d. Use scientific notation in chemical calculations.

2.e. Round values to the proper significant digits.

MS.3. Chemistry I: Develop a visual conceptualization of atomic structure based on theory and a knowledge of fundamental particles. (P)

3.a. Identify various theories of the atom, including Rutherford, Bohr, and electron cloud theories by matching the theory to its description.

3.b. Identify the three fundamental particles of an atom when given the charge, mass, and location of the particle.

3.c. Determine the number of protons, electrons, or neutrons in an element when given the atomic number and the atomic mass of the element, or vice versa.

3.d. Write the electron configurations of elements.

3.e. Draw the electron-dot (Lewis) structure of elements.

3.f. Predict the charge of an ion based on the element valence electrons.

MS.4. Chemistry I: Analyze patterns and trends in organization of elements in the periodic table. (P)

4.a. Identify an element as a metal, nonmetal, metalloid, or noble gas.

4.b. Locate elements by name and group number (family) or period (series).

4.c. Compare elements in terms of atomic radius, ionization energy, or electronegativity using their positions on the periodic table.

4.d. Predict the charge of monoatomic ions on the basis of position (group number).

MS.5. Chemistry I: Compare the properties of compounds according to their type of bonding. (P, L, E)

5.a. Describe what determines covalent, ionic, and metallic bonds.

5.b. Relate bond type between elements on the basis of electronegativity differences.

5.c. Relate bond type to the position of elements on the Periodic table, electron configuration, and properties of the compound formed.

5.d. Draw Lewis electron dot structures and determine the geometric structure of simple molecules.

5.e. Identify simple molecules as polar or non-polar on the basis of molecular shape and bond polarity.

5.f. Relate bond and molecular polarity to intermolecular forces.

MS.6. Chemistry I: Write names and formulas of covalent and ionic compounds. (P)

6.a. Write chemical formulas of ionic compounds using monatomic and polyatomic ions.

6.b. Write chemical formulas of molecular compounds using prefixes.

6.c. Write names of compounds from their formulas.

6.d. Given the formula of a compound, identify oxidation states of the elements.

6.e. Write the names and formulas of common acids and bases.

MS.7. Chemistry I: Interpret chemical change in terms of chemical reactions. (P)

7.a. Write an equation in sentence form (word equation) when given a chemical equation.

7.b. Balance a simple chemical equation by inspection when given the formulas or names of all reactants and products.

7.c. Classify simple equations as to type: single displacement, double displacement, synthesis and decomposition.

7.d. Complete chemical equations when given reactants for reactions, such as synthesis, decomposition, single displacement, and double displacement.

7.e. Given a list of solubility rules, predict if a precipitate is formed upon mixing solutions of known chemicals in a double displacement reaction.

7.f. Use the activity series to predict single displacement reactions and write equations of these reactions.

7.g. Predict products of simple synthesis and decomposition reactions.

7.h. Identify redox reactions by recognizing the species that are oxidized and reduced.

MS.8. Chemistry I: Explore the relationship between mass and quantity through various stoichiometric relationships. (P)

8.a. Calculate the formula/molecular mass of compounds.

8.b. Define the mole as a quantity of matter.

8.c. Interconvert among mass, mole, and number of particles.

8.d. Determine the empirical formula from the percentage composition and the molecular formula from the empirical formula and molar mass, or vice-versa.

8.e. Solve stoichiometry problems.

8.f. Identify the limiting reagent through stoichiometric calculations.

MS.9. Chemistry I: Apply understanding of the interactions of matter and energy. (P)

9.a. Demonstrate understanding by performing calculations relating enthalpy change, temperature change, mass, and specific heat.

9.b. Calculate the energy required to change state using mass and heat of vaporization or heat of fusion.

9.c. Classify chemical reactions as endothermic or exothermic.

MS.10. Chemistry I: Analyze the nature and behavior of gaseous, liquid, and solid substances using Kinetic Molecular Theory. (P)

10.a. Describe a gas, liquid or solid in terms of Kinetic Molecular Theory.

10.b. Describe the relationship among volume, temperature, pressure, and moles using ideal gas laws.

10.c. Calculate the partial pressure of a gas in a mixture.

MS.11. Chemistry I: Describe and explain the solution process. (P)

11.a. Describe solutions in terms of solute and solvent; electrolyte or non-electrolyte; soluble or insoluble; unsaturated, saturated or supersaturated; miscible or immiscible.

11.b. Express the concentration of a solution as percent by mass, molarity, molality, and mole fraction, given appropriate data.

11.c. Explore the factors that affect solubility.

11.d. Describe how to make a solution of given molarity in terms of mass needed, or vice-versa.

11.e. Describe how to dilute a solution in terms of molarity and volume.

MS.12. Chemistry I: Analyze the factors that affect equilibrium with an emphasis on visualizing its dynamic nature at the macroscopic and molecular levels. (P)

12.a. Describe a reversible reaction in terms of a dynamic equilibrium process.

12.b. Using LeChatelier principle, predict the effect upon a reaction at equilibrium of changing the temperature, concentrations of a reactant or a product, pressure, or adding a catalyst.

MS.13. Chemistry I: Visualize and explain acid-base interactions applying concepts of chemical bonding and solutions. (P, L)

13.a. Compare properties of acids and bases, including how they affect indicators and the relative pH of the solution.

13.b. Classify species in aqueous solutions according to Arrhenius and Bronsted definitions, respectively.

13.c. Predict the product of an aqueous neutralization reaction.

13.d. Calculate the pH or pOH from the hydrogen or hydroxide ion concentrations of solutions and vice versa.

13.e. Describe the role of indicators in experimental prediction of pH.

MS.1. Chemistry II: Visualize and interpret the atomic structure in terms of quantum theory. (P)

1.a. Characterize electromagnetic radiation in terms of wavelength, frequency and speed.

1.b. Explain the concept of quantified energy as it relates atomic spectroscopic data.

1.c. Relate the wave and particulate properties of electromagnetic radiation.

1.d. Describe the Heisenberg uncertainty principle and link its significance to electron probability distribution.

1.e. Explain the quantum numbers n, l, ml, and ms in terms of energy and electron probability distribution.

1.f. Relate quantum numbers to the accepted orbital notation of s, p, d and f.

1.g. Depict or interpret s, p, d, and f orbitals in two and three-dimensional sketches.

1.h. Explain the Pauli exclusion principle in terms of electron spin and apply when determining electron configuration.

1.i. Write electron configurations following the Aufbau principle.

MS.2. Chemistry II: Explain the variations in chemical bonding types (covalent, ionic and metallic) in terms of the fundamental principles of electrostatic attraction and repulsion and atomic orbital overlap. (P)

2.a. Explain how and why an ionic bond is formed.

2.b. Explain how and why a covalent bond is formed.

2.c. Explain how and why a polar covalent bond is formed.

2.d. Draw Lewis structures for compounds in which the central atoms can accommodate an expanded octet (e.g. sulfur fluoride).

2.e. Describe the concept of resonance.

2.f. Select the most favorable resonance based on formal charge.

2.g. Describe multiple bond formation in terms of sigma and pi covalent bonds.

2.h. Define bond dissociation energy.

2.i. Calculate heat of reaction using average bond dissociation energies.

MS.3. Chemistry II: Explain observed physical properties of solids and liquids to their intermolecular forces. (P, L)

3.a. Differentiate between intramolecular and intermolecular bonding

3.b. Describe dipole-dipole forces, hydrogen bonding, and London dispersion forces.

3.c. Relate intermolecular forces to properties of liquids: surface tension, capillary action, and viscosity.

3.d. Relate the relative boiling point, freezing point and vapor pressure of a series of molecules to intermolecular forces.

3.e. Interpret phase diagrams.

MS.4. Chemistry II: Apply stoichiometric principles to reactions that occur in aqueous solution. (P)

4.a. Represent reactions in aqueous solution with net ionic equations.

4.b. Predict precipitation products and represent with net ionic equations.

4.c. Perform stoichiometric calculations involving precipitation reactions.

4.d. Perform stoichiometric calculations involved in acid-base reactions.

4.e. Write and balance oxidation-reduction reactions by the half-equation method.

4.f. Perform stoichiometric calculations involved in oxidation-reduction reactions.

MS.5. Chemistry II: Explain the thermodynamics of chemistry, including the interconversion of one form of energy to another. (P)

5.a. Define enthalpy.

5.b. Calculate the change in enthalpy in a chemical reaction.

5.c. Define enthalpy of formation and calculate the change in enthalpy of reaction using Hess's Law.

5.d. Define entropy.

5.e. Describe general trends in absolute entropies with respect to state, structure, and molar mass.

5.f. Contrast the relative entropy of a pure substance to the substance in solution.

5.g. Identify and distinguish among forms of asexual and sexual reproduction.

5.h. Define free energy change and relate it to spontaneity.

5.i. Define the free energy of formation, and calculate free energy of reaction using Hess Law.

MS.6. Chemistry II: Link the reaction pathway (mechanism) and the rate law for simple reactions. (P, L)

6.a. Describe two types of rate laws; differential and integral.

6.b. Determine the rate law for a reaction given experimental law.

6.c. Determine the relationship between the reaction pathway and the rate law of a reaction.

6.d. Explain how a catalyst increases the rate of reaction.

MS.7. Chemistry II: Analyze chemical equilibrium expressions and the effect of contributing factors. (P, L)

7.a. Write equilibrium expressions for various types of equilibrium including equilibrium constants for concentration, partial pressure, acids, bases, and water.

7.b. Calculate the equilibrium constant given concentrations at equilibrium.

7.c. Calculate concentration at equilibrium given initial concentrations and the equilibrium constant.

7.d. Predict the extent of reaction based on the magnitude of the equilibrium constant.

7.e. Predict the effect of temperature on the equilibrium constant given the change of enthalpy of a reaction.

7.f. Describe characteristics and applications of buffer solutions.

MS.8. Chemistry II: Apply oxidation-reduction and aqueous reaction chemistry to the interconversion of chemical and electrical energy (electrochemistry). (P, L)

8.a. Draw a schematic diagram (sketch) for an electrochemical cell, given an oxidation-reduction reaction that occurs in an aqueous solution.

8.b. Describe the parts of an electrochemical cell and the function of each.

8.c. Identify the path taken by electrons in electrochemical cells.

8.d. Compare and contrast voltaic and electrolytic cells.

8.e. Predict the outcome of an oxidation-reduction reaction using standard reduction potential values.

8.f. Explain how the activity series and reduction potentials are linked to electronegativity and to each other.

8.g. Describe the oxidation-reduction reactions that occur in zinc-carbon (dry cell), alkaline, mercury, Ni-Cad, and lead acid batteries.

8.h. Make everyday applications of oxidation-reduction; for example, the nervous system or electrolytic plating of metals.

8.i. Perform stoichiometric calculations based on current and time data in such applications.

MS.9. Chemistry II: Analyze nuclear changes in matter. (P, L, E)

9.a. Identify alpha, beta, and gamma radiation with respect to mass and charge.

9.b. Complete and balance nuclear equations.

9.c. Calculate the half-life of a radioactive nuclide both mathematically and graphically.

9.d. Calculate time or amount of isotope remaining given the initial amount and the half-life of the radioisotope.

9.e. Describe, compare and contrast fusion and fission.

9.f. Compare and contrast the adaptations of plants and animals found in the major biomes.

9.g. Compare protective measures when using radioactive material including time, distance, and shielding.

MS.10. Chemistry II: Describe the structure, reactions, and uses of selected organic compounds. (P, L)

10.a. Determine the name or structural formula for given hydrocarbons and functional groups.

10.b. Illustrate some common reactions of hydrocarbons.

10.c. Describe the formation of polymers from monomers.

10.d. Describe the structure and function of biochemical compounds.

10.e. Calculate the relative fuel value of various fossil fuels.

MS.1. Physics I: Apply fundamental mathematics used in physical concepts. (P)

1.a. Utilize fundamental SI base and derived units.

1.b. Demonstrate proper use of scientific notation and significant figures in calculations and measurements.

1.c. Create, extend and record relationships from tables and graphs.

1.d. Manipulate equations to solve problems.

MS.2. Physics I: Investigate the kinematics of physical bodies. (P)

2.a. Identify terminology associated with kinematics and the history of the ideas associated with motion.

2.b. Differentiate between vector and scalar quantities.

2.c. Observe, measure, record and graph experimental results involving bodies in motion.

2.d. Interpret displacement, velocity, and acceleration graphs.

2.e. Solve problems involving kinematic relationships.

MS.3. Physics I: Investigate physical dynamics. (E, P)

3.a. Solve vector problems mathematically and graphically.

3.b. Distinguish between weight and mass.

3.c. Explain physical dynamics in terms of Newton Three Laws of Motion.

3.d. Solve problems using Newton Three Laws of Motion.

3.e. Apply the principles of impulse and conservation of momentum to interpret Newton Third Law of Motion.

3.f. Explain the effects of the Law of Universal Gravitation and calculate the force between two masses.

3.g. Explore the principles and applications for solving problems in two-dimensional motion.

3.h. Apply concepts of centripetal force and torque in solving circular motion problems.

MS.4. Physics I: Explore the concepts and relationships among work, power, and energy. (P)

4.a. Identify terminology associated with work, power and energy.

4.b. Apply the Law of Conservation of Energy.

4.c. Utilize the Work-Energy Theorem to solve problems.

MS.5. Physics I: Describe the characteristics and properties of mechanical waves. (P)

5.a. Describe the types, characteristics and behavior of mechanical waves.

5.b. Explain conceptually and/or mathematically the Doppler Effect.

MS.6. Physics I: Investigate the principles related to electromagnetic radiation. (P)

6.a. Determine the relationship between frequency and wavelength using the constancy of the speed of light.

6.b. Compare the various components of the electromagnetic spectrum.

6.c. Describe the characteristics of lenses and mirrors conceptually, mathematically and/or pictorially.

MS.7. Physics I: Measure and calculate the properties of static and current electricity. (P)

7.a. Identify terminology and units associated with electricity.

7.b. Describe the characteristics of an electric field.

7.c. Describe, measure and/or calculate the properties of stationary and moving electric charges (using Coulomb Law and Ohm Law).

7.d. Determine current, voltage, and resistance involved in series and parallel circuits.

MS.1. Physics II: Investigate mechanics of physical motion (Review of Physics I). (P)

1.a. Apply fundamental mathematics used in physical concepts.

1.b. Investigate physical kinematics and dynamics of one and two-dimensional motion.

1.c. Explore the concepts and relationships among work, power, energy, and momentum.

MS.2. Physics II: Investigate the principles related to thermal energy. (P)

2.a. Interpret the principles of the Kinetic Molecular Theory and the Laws of Thermodynamics.

2.b. Apply principles of the Kinetic Molecular Theory to changes of state for solids, liquids, gases, and plasma.

2.c. Solve problems with heat energy transfer, entropy and enthalpy.

MS.3. Physics II: Investigate properties and principles of fluids. (P)

3.a. Determine pressure using Pascal's Principle.

3.b. Differentiate between hydrostatics and hydrodynamics.

3.c. Interpret and apply Bernoulli principle.

3.d. Evaluate the behaviors of fluids (surface tension, capillary action adhesion, and effects of pressure on boiling and melting points).

3.e. Discuss the plasma state.

MS.4. Physics II: Investigate the principles and applications of magnetism. (P)

4.a. Identify the properties of magnetism (fields, forces, etc.).

4.b. Establish the interactions between current flow and magnetic fields.

4.c. Explain the principle of induction.

4.d. Solve problems with magnetic fields, magnetic forces, and induction.

4.e. Relate principles of electromagnetism to the operation of motors, generators, transformers, electromagnets, etc.

MS.5. Physics II: Investigate the principles of the Quantum Theory. (P)

5.a. Describe and analyze the dual nature of light.

5.b. Discuss the photoelectric and Compton effects.

5.c. Explain quantum energy absorption and emission spectra.

MS.6. Physics II: Investigate the principles of nuclear physics. (P)

6.a. Discuss types and properties of elementary and other subatomic particles.

6.b. Discuss applications of nuclear energy.

6.c. Differentiate between nuclear fission and fusion and the net energy of both.

6.d. Write nuclear equations for fission and fusion reactions.

6.e. Examine creation of plasma and ionic propulsion.

MS.7. Physics II: Investigate relativity. (P)

7.a. Define frames of reference and the space-time continuum.

7.b. Discuss the main components of Special Relativity Theory.

7.c. Investigate the applications of special relativity to motions of observer and observed.

7.d. Calculate relativistic length, time, and mass.

7.e. Discuss the main components of General Relativity Theory.

MS.8. Physics II: Investigate current theories of physics. (P)

8.a. Discuss Grand Unification Theories.

8.b. Research black holes, worm holes, and dimensions.

MS.1. Human Anatomy and Physiology: Utilize critical thinking and scientific problem solving in designing and performing biological research and experimentation. (L, P, E)

1.a. Demonstrate the proper use and care for scientific equipment used in life science.

1.b. Observe and practice safe procedures in the classroom and laboratory.

1.c. Apply the components of scientific processes and methods in the classroom and laboratory investigations.

1.d. Communicate results of scientific investigations in oral, written, and graphic form.

MS.2. Human Anatomy and Physiology: Describe the basic organization of the body using the appropriate anatomical concepts. (L)

2.a. Define the terms: anatomy, physiology, and homeostasis; explain the importance of the interaction between structure and function of organs and organ systems in the human body.

2.b. Describe the anatomical position and apply anatomical terms, terms of direction, and planes of section to describe the body and the relationship of its parts.

2.c. Identify the cavities of the body and locate the essential organs in each.

MS.3. Human Anatomy and Physiology: Discuss the biochemical composition of the human body. (L, P)

3.a. Identify the major elements that form the bulk of body matter.

3.b. Explain the relationships among atoms, molecules, elements, and compounds.

3.c. Explain the importance of water to body homeostasis.

3.d. Describe the concept of pH and its relationship to acids and bases in the human body.

3.e. Name the four major groups of organic substances in the human body and give examples and functions of specific members of each group.

MS.4. Human Anatomy and Physiology: Explore the relationship of the cell to the more complex levels of organization within the body. (L)

4.a. Describe the structure and function of the components of a typical animal cell, including membranous and non-membranous organelles.

4.b. Relate plasma membrane structure to active and passive transport mechanisms.

4.c. Name the four major categories of tissues and compare the location, structure, and function of each.

MS.5. Human Anatomy and Physiology: Identify the structure and function of the human body systems, explore the interactions among the systems and investigate major disorders/diseases. (L)

5.a. Associated with each of the following: Integumentary; Skeletal; Muscular; Nervous; Endocrine; Digestive; Respiratory; Circulatory; Lymphatic; Urinary; Reproductive.

MS.1. Science Skills and Reasoning: Observe and practice safe procedures in the classroom and laboratory. (L, E, P)

1.a. Demonstrate knowledge of safety rules before working in the laboratory and model all safety rules in each lab activity.

1.b. Demonstrate proper use and care of scientific equipment to include the compound light microscope.

1.c. Demonstrate accuracy and precision when using scientific equipment.

MS.2. Science Skills and Reasoning: Utilize critical thinking and scientific problem solving in designing and performing scientific research and experimentation. (L, E, P)

2.a. Identify and use the SI units of length, capacity/volume, mass/weight and temperature.

2.b. Research and critically analyze current investigations/problems using periodicals (newspapers, magazines and science journals).

2.c. Demonstrate an ability to record and organize data from a variety of sources (scientific articles, magazines, and journals).

2.d. Identify and apply the components of scientific methods in classroom and laboratory investigations using the processes of predicting, observing, gathering data, and drawing conclusions.

MS.3. Science Skills and Reasoning: Interpret and communicate results of scientific investigations in oral, written, and graphic form. (L, E, P)

3.a. Demonstrate graphing techniques: plotting points, labeling x- and y-axis, title, and legends for pie, bar, and line graphs.

3.b. Generate and interpret graphs from classroom experiments.

3.c. Draw conclusions about current scientific issues using graphs found in scientific literature.

3.d. Communicate the results of classroom experiments using lab reports and oral presentations.

MS.4. Science Skills and Reasoning: Investigate the chemical basis of life. (L, P)

4.a. Describe differences among atoms, elements, ions, molecules and compounds.

4.b. Compare and contrast ionic and covalent bonding.

4.c. Identify the chemical symbols of elements needed for life.

4.d. Identify the components of a chemical reaction (reactant, product, equation).

4.e. Identify properties of acids and bases and use pH to classify substances as basic, acidic, or neutral.

4.f. Identify the functions of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids in living organisms with examples of each.

MS.5. Science Skills and Reasoning: Investigate cell structures, functions, and methods of reproduction. (L)

5.a. Differentiate between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

5.b. Distinguish between plant and animal eukaryotic cell structures.

5.c. Identify and describe the structure and basic functions of the major eukaryotic organelles.

5.d. Explain the differences among tissues, organs, and organ systems.

5.e. Describe the structure and function of a selectively permeable membrane and its role in diffusion and osmosis.

5.f. Compare and contrast mitosis and meiosis emphasizing the differences in resulting chromosome number.

5.g. Identify and distinguish among forms of asexual and sexual reproduction.

MS.6. Science Skills and Reasoning: Investigate energy use in living organisms. (L)

6.a. Explain the differences between autotrophs and heterotrophs.

6.b. Compare and contrast the processes of photosynthesis and respiration.

MS.7. Science Skills and Reasoning: Relate the structure and function of nucleic acids in the principles and mechanisms of genetics. (L, P)

7.a. Describe the basic structure and function of DNA and RNA.

7.b. Describe how DNA copies itself and the results of mistakes in this process.

7.c. Utilize genetic terminology and apply genetic principles to solve simple Mendelian crosses.

MS.8. Science Skills and Reasoning: Apply concepts of natural selection as they relate to classification. (L)

8.a. Explain the importance of variations in organisms.

8.b. Describe how the need for adaptation leads to formation of new species.

8.c. Classify organisms into the major kingdoms based upon their characteristics.

MS.9. Science Skills and Reasoning: Investigate how organisms interact with their environment. (L, E)

9.a. Identify biotic and abiotic factors in an ecosystem.

9.b. Explain the levels of biological organization (i.e., population, community, ecosystem, biosphere).

9.c. Identify the types of relationships that occur among populations.

9.d. Explain how energy flows through ecosystems.

9.e. Describe the cycling of matter through ecosystems.

9.f. Compare and contrast the adaptations of plants and animals found in the major biomes.

MS.1. Biomedical Research: Utilize critical thinking and scientific problem solving in designing and performing biological research and experimentation. (L, E, P)

1.a. Demonstrate the proper use and care for scientific equipment used in the laboratory.

1.b. Observe and practice safe procedures in the classroom and laboratory.

1.c. Apply the components of scientific processes and methods in the classroom and laboratory investigations.

1.d. Communicate results of scientific investigations in oral, written, and graphic form.

MS.2. Biomedical Research: Explore the processes and technologies by which biomedical scientific literature is stored, catalogued and retrieved. (L)

2.a. Utilize printed library materials and computer resources to identify the area of research of an identified biomedical researcher, through recovery of relevant scientific publications.

2.b. Prepare a glossary of technical scientific terminology from the information presented in the recovered publication(s).

MS.3. Biomedical Research: Investigate the use of the World Wide Web (WWW), through the Internet, to identify current, topical advances in biomedical research and health care areas. (L)

3.a. Identify major biomedicine-related WWW sites, including the Center for Disease Control, the National Institute of Health, the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and the Society for Neuroscience, using computer access.

3.b. Download and retrieve on printed copy routine updates from one or more of the identified sites.

3.c. Establish active dialogues with science students at other high school sites using electronic communications (e-mail).

MS.4. Biomedical Research: Communicate the scientific background of, technical approach to, major results from, and conclusions pertaining to two contemporary professional biomedical research publications. (L)

4.a. Identify a general area of biomedical science of interest and select two representative scientific citations from the literature database.

4.b. Examine the publications in detail.

4.c. Determine additional resources (textbooks, periodicals, personal interviews with a scientist or teacher familiar with that area of research) needed to discuss the research findings.

4.d. Present a formal, oral summation of one of the two publications to the entire class, and submit a written discussion of that publication.

MS.5. Biomedical Research: Analyze contemporary issues, related to the practice or application of biomedical research, that pose an ethical dilemma or dilemmas to our society. (L)

5.a. Suggested areas of initial focus including fetal tissue research, legalization of drugs, drug abuse, euthanasia, research fraud, use of non-human animals in research, genetic engineering, and universal health care.

5.b. Prepare written arguments for identified issues that detail the scientific background for the issue, identify the nature of the ethical dilemma, and argue for or against a specific position related to that issue.

MS.6. Biomedical Research: Explore the basic elements of genetics and molecular biology that are fundamental to modern biomedical research. (L)

6.a. Document major historical events leading to the development of the science of genetics.

6.b. Identify the nature of recent (past 25 years) events that have revolutionized genetic analysis and manipulation, including the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), gene transfection, the Human Genome Project, protein sequencing, and in vitro fertilization.

6.c. Explore the subcellular organelles responsible for protein synthesis and reproduction.

6.d. Discuss the influence that environmental pollutants and other man-made chemicals could have on the regulation of protein synthesis and reproduction.

MS.7. Biomedical Research: Describe key areas of human physiology towards which a major commitment of United States federal funding of biomedical research is applied. (L)

MS.8. Biomedical Research: Describe important principles of organic chemical reactions that form the basis of life processes. (L, P)

8.a. Classify hydrocarbons according to bonding families.

8.b. Name and write structural formulas for substituted and non-substituted hydrocarbons.

8.c. Differentiate among formulas and properties of substituted hydrocarbon families.

8.d. Understand the basis for optical resolution between stereoisomers, and the use of nuclear magnetic resonance for structural determinations.

8.e. Describe the use of protein crystallography in determination of the structure of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).

MS.9. Biomedical Research: Demonstrate proficiency in the application of fundamental technical procedures related to biomedical laboratory research activities. (L, P)

9.a. Acquire the skills necessary to set up, operate, and interpret the results from the use of the laboratory spectrophotometer.

9.b. Determine quantitatively the concentration of a solute in a solution, using the spectrophotometer.

9.c. Utilize the process of paper chromatography to identify the components of a chemical mixture.

9.d. Describe the chemical reactions essential to determination of protein concentrations in a solution through use of the Lowry method.

9.e. Prepare a series of protein concentrations using accurate and safe pipetting techniques.

9.f. Practice preparation of sample organic compounds, including methane, ethane, acetic acid, ethyl ethanoate, and methanol.

MS.1. Spatial Information Science: Demonstrate the basic concepts of global positioning systems (GPS). (E)

1.a. Determine the latitude, longitude and elevation of the main entrance or front door of your school.

1.b. Determine the latitude and longitude of a site where a GPS receiver is unable to make an accurate measurement.

1.c. Demonstrate that angle units smaller than one degree are needed for GPS related measurement.

1.d. Show how to report and compute arithmetically with various angle units.

1.e. Calculate the average and standard deviation from repeated measurements.

1.f. Validate GPS derived data with other known sources.

MS.2. Spatial Information Science: Demonstrate the basic concepts of remote sensing. (E, P)

2.a. Describe the characteristics of the electromagnetic spectrum.

2.b. Using images and graphs, interpret the absorption/reflection spectrum.

2.c. Distinguish between passive vs. active sensor systems.

2.d. Analyze the effects of changes in spatial, temporal, and spectral resolution.

2.e. Analyze the effects on images due to changes in scale.

2.f. Identify the types of sensor platforms.

MS.3. Spatial Information Science: Demonstrate the basic concepts of data and image processing. (E)

3.a. Differentiate among the types of data: raster, vector, and attribute.

3.b. Locate a variety of sources for geological data and imaging.

3.c. Formulate a hypothesis of geological factors/problems and determine data sets pertinent to the hypothesis.

3.d. Verify that data sets are geo-referenced and geo-rectified.

3.e. Assess the quality and accuracy of GPS and/or remote sensing data.

MS.4. Spatial Information Science: Demonstrate the basic concepts of geographic information systems. (E)

4.a. Produce compatible geographic data layers of information utilizing computer software.

4.b. Analyze relationships between geographic data.

4.c. Produce a geographic information image showing results of analysis.

4.d. Draw conclusions based on analysis and summary of geographic image information results.

4.e. Explore a variety of applications for geographic information systems.

MS.5. Spatial Information Science: Demonstrate the proper use and care of scientific equipment. (E)

5.a. Demonstrate proper use and care of GPS receivers, computers, and other scientific equipment.

5.b. Demonstrate the ability to adjust equipment to obtain correct, clear data images.

MS.1. Genetics: Use critical thinking and scientific problem solving in designing and performing biological research and experimentation. (L, P, E)

1.a. Demonstrate the proper use and care for scientific equipment used in genetics.

1.b. Observe and practice safe procedures in the classroom and laboratory.

1.c. Apply the components of scientific processes and methods in the classroom and laboratory investigations.

1.d. Communicate results of scientific investigations in oral, written and graphic form.

MS.2. Genetics: Review the structure and function of the cell as it applies to genetics. (L)

2.a. Review the structures and functions of the cell.

2.b. Describe the process of mitosis and the cell cycle

2.c. Discuss the process of meiosis, differentiating spermatogenesis and oogenesis.

2.d. Apply the chromosome theory of inheritance to genetics problems.

MS.3. Genetics: Analyze the structure and function of DNA and RNA molecules. (L, P)

3.a. Explore the historical contributions leading to the discovery of nucleic acids.

3.b. Investigate the role of DNA and RNA in replication, transcription, translation, and DNA repair.

3.c. Identify types of mutations and the consequences of each.

3.d. Summarize the process of gene transfer using biotechnology.

MS.4. Genetics: Apply classical genetics principles to solving basic genetic problems. (L)

4.a. Evaluate the significant contributions of well-known scientists to the historical progression of classical Mendelian genetics.

4.b. Compare and contrast genes and alleles, dominance and recessiveness, and the laws of segregation and independent assortment.

4.c. Discuss the process of sex determination with regard to chromosomes.

4.d. Apply each of the major inheritance patterns in diploid organisms (multiple alleles, dihybrid cross, polygenic inheritance, epistasis, incomplete dominance, and sex linkage) to given experimental results, both actual and theoretical.

MS.5. Genetics: Describe the techniques used to determine patterns of inheritance. (L)

5.a. Discuss and be able to apply the process of chromosome mapping to experimental situations.

5.b. Discuss and be able to apply the process of karyotyping to experimental situations.

5.c. Discuss and be able to apply the process of pedigree development to experimental situations.

MS.6. Genetics: Discuss genetic diversity in humans. (L)

6.a. Explore genetic differences among humans such as blood type, race, and simple inheritance patterns of genetic diversity.

6.b. Analyze genetic disorders and relate the cause to the following inheritance patterns: autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, sex-linked, polygenic, chromosomal abnormalities.

MS.7. Genetics: Apply the concept of population genetics to both microbial and multicellular organisms. (L)

7.a. Discuss genetic variability within a population.

7.b. Compare sexual and asexual reproduction with regard to genetic variability in a population.

7.c. Examine the effects on a population when the prerequisites for a Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium do not hold true.

MS.8. Genetics: Debate the significance of discoveries and issues raised as a result of biotechnology. (L)

8.a. Examine implications of the Human Genome Project.

8.b. Discuss bioethics of given real-life scenarios.

8.c. Research current issues in genetic engineering/biotechnology.

MS.1. Microbiology: Utilize critical thinking and scientific problem solving in designing and performing biological research and experimentation. (L, P, E)

1.a. Demonstrate the proper use and care for scientific equipment used in microbiology.

1.b. Observe and practice safe procedures in the classroom and laboratory.

1.c. Apply the components of scientific processes and methods in the classroom and laboratory investigations.

1.d. Communicate results of scientific investigations in oral, written, and graphic form.

MS.2. Microbiology: Describe the major historical events that have transformed microbiology into a 'true' science. (L)

2.a. Describe the contributions of ancient cultures to early understandings of the spread of disease.

2.b. Describe the development of the microscope.

2.c. Describe the germ theory of disease and summarize the historical events that led to its formation.

MS.3. Microbiology: Demonstrate current methods used to culture and study microorganisms. (L)

3.a. Demonstrate the use of aseptic technique.

3.b. Demonstrate proper use of the microscope and slide preparation techniques.

3.c. Name and describe the different types of stains used in microbiology.

3.d. Name and describe the types of culture media and explain how each type provides the nutritional requirements for microbial growth.

3.e. Demonstrate proper techniques for isolating, culturing, and staining microorganisms.

MS.4. Microbiology: Describe the classification, morphology, characteristics, pathology and benefits associated with bacteria. (L)

4.a. Compare and contrast the characteristics of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cell types.

4.b. Describe the taxonomic criteria used to place bacteria into related groups.

4.c. Identify and describe the structure and function of internal and external bacterial cell components.

4.d. Identify the most common pathogenic bacteria.

4.e. Investigate the beneficial aspects of bacteria in medicine, industry, and everyday life.

MS.5. Microbiology: Describe the classification, morphology, characteristics and pathology associated with viruses. (L)

5.a. Describe the general characteristics of viruses.

5.b. Identify and describe the major characteristics of each group of viruses.

5.c. Describe the mechanisms of replication in virulent and temperate phages.

5.d. Identify the most common viruses and the diseases associated with each.

MS.6. Microbiology: Describe the classification, morphology, characteristics, benefits and associated pathology of fungi. (L)

6.a. Describe the general characteristics of fungi.

6.b. Identify the major groups of fungi and describe the classification of each group.

6.c. Identify the most common types of pathogenic fungi and the diseases associated with each.

6.d. Describe the economic importance of fungi.

MS.7. Microbiology: Describe the classification, morphology, characteristics and associated pathology of protists. (L)

7.a. Describe the characteristics that distinguish protists from other microorganisms.

7.b. Describe the classification of protists.

7.c. Identify the most common pathogenic protists and the diseases associated with each.

MS.1. Molecular Biology: Utilize critical thinking and scientific problem solving in designing and performing biological research and experimentation. (L, P, E)

1.a. Demonstrate the proper use and care for scientific equipment used in molecular biology.

1.b. Observe and practice safe procedures in the classroom and laboratory.

1.c. Apply the components of scientific processes and methods in the classroom and laboratory investigations.

1.d. Communicate results of scientific investigations in oral, written, and graphic form.

MS.2. Molecular Biology: Review the structure, functions, and processes of the cell involved in maintaining life. (L, P)

2.a. Review organic compounds and biochemical processes in the cell.

2.b. Review the structure and function of the cell.

MS.3. Molecular Biology: Investigate the structure and function of DNA. (L, P)

3.a. Describe the contributions of various scientists to the discovery and understanding that DNA is the genetic material.

3.b. Describe the organization of DNA.

3.c. Summarize the steps in replication.

MS.4. Molecular Biology: Analyze the roles of DNA and RNA in protein synthesis. (L, P)

4.a. State the central dogma of molecular biology.

4.b. Discuss the processes of transcription and translation.

4.c. Compare and contrast the roles of three types of RNA including codons and anticodons.

4.d. Describe the effects of mutations on protein synthesis.

MS.5. Molecular Biology: Describe the mechanisms of gene expression in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. (L, P)

5.a. Investigate inducible and repressable operon models of gene expression in prokaryotic cells.

5.b. Investigate the levels of control of gene expression in eukaryotic cells including pre-transcriptional, post-transcriptional, pre-translational, and post-translational factors.

MS.6. Molecular Biology: Investigate the basic tools and techniques used to manipulate DNA. (L, P)

6.a. Describe the basic steps in genetic engineering experiments.

6.b. Explore how scientists use restriction enzymes.

6.c. Explore the role of vectors in genetic research.

6.d. Discuss how transformation techniques are used.

6.e. Identify practical uses of biotechnology.

6.f. Evaluate the moral and ethical issues related to genetic engineering.

MS.1. Botany: Utilize critical thinking and scientific problem solving in designing and performing biological research and experimentation. (L, P, E)

1.a. Demonstrate the proper use and care for scientific equipment used in botany.

1.b. Observe and practice safe procedures in the classroom and laboratory.

1.c. Apply the components of scientific processes and methods in the classroom and laboratory investigations.

1.d. Communicate results of scientific investigations in oral, written, and graphic form.

MS.2. Botany: Examine plant cell structures and functions to include the formation of specialized tissue. (L)

2.a. Identify the major organelles, their structures and functions.

2.b. Determine the role of pigments.

2.c. Identify the cellular basis of tissues and explore the functions of specialized root, stem, and leaf tissues.

MS.3. Botany: Identify plant products that impact humans. (L, P)

3.a. Examine the chemical compounds extracted from plants, to include drugs.

3.b. Discuss the impact of the timber industry on local and national economy.

3.c. Determine the origin of a wide variety of assorted plant products - spices, herbs, fossil fuels, fibers.

MS.4. Botany: Compare and contrast the characteristics of different plant divisions. (L)

4.a. Explore the differences and similarities of the nonvascular plants including mosses and liverworts.

4.b. Describe the differences and similarities of the non-seed-bearing vascular plants, including ferns and horsetails.

4.c. Explore the characteristics of seed-bearing vascular plants.

MS.5. Botany: Identify the major structures of seed-bearing plants, relating them to overall plant function. (L)

5.a. Identify the major vegetative structures and/or their modifications in angiosperms and gymnosperms.

5.b. Identify the reproductive structures, and their modifications, in angiosperms and gymnosperms.

5.c. Compare and contrast the vegetative organs of monocots, herbaceous dicots, and woody dicots.

MS.6. Botany: Analyze the physical and chemical processes of plants. (L, P)

6.a. Compare and contrast the relationships of photosynthesis, cellular respiration, and translocation to overall plant survival.

6.b. Explore the importance of soil type to overall plant survival, including mineral nutrition and air/water balance.

6.c. Explain the mechanism of water movement in plants.

6.d. Explain the effects of environmental conditions such as light, heat, water content, and wind on plant survival.

6.e. Identify the physical response of plants to sunlight, day length and gravity (tropisms).

MS.7. Botany: Identify the structures and processes of sexual and asexual reproduction in plants. (L)

7.a. Explain the concept of alternation of generations.

7.b. Compare and contrast the structures and mechanisms involved in sexual and asexual reproduction in selected plant species.

7.c. Identify the different methods of seed distribution in plants.

MS.8. Botany: Describe the ecological importance of plants. (L, E)

8.a. Compare and contrast plant structure, form, and adaptation and describe how each relates to habitat (biome).

8.b. Identify concepts such as nutrient cycling, succession, natural selection, competition, and symbiosis that influence/alter plant stability within the environment.

8.c. Analyze the effects of human activity on the plant world.

MS.9. Botany: Apply the modern classification scheme utilized in naming plants. (L)

9.a. Explain the classification scheme used in botany.

9.b. Apply the concept of classification by using a dichotomous key to identify a native Mississippi plant.

MS.10. Botany: Explore the principles of plant genetics. (L)

10.a. Explain the results of monohybrid and dihybrid crosses.

10.b. Explain the effects of genetic engineering of plants on society.

10.c. Explore the current trends in biotechnology of plants.

10.d. Describe alternative methods of plant propagation.

MS.1. Zoology: Utilize critical thinking and scientific problem solving in designing and performing biological research and experimentation. (L, P, E)

1.a. Demonstrate the proper use and care for scientific equipment used in zoology.

1.b. Observe and practice safe procedures in the classroom and laboratory.

1.c. Apply the components of scientific processes and methods in the classroom and laboratory investigations.

1.d. Communicate results of scientific investigations in oral, written, and graphic form.

MS.2. Zoology: Review the general characteristics and phylogeny of animals. (L)

2.a. Explain the levels of organization of structures in animals (cells, tissues, organs and systems).

2.b. Describe the characteristics of animals that distinguish them from other kingdoms.

2.c. Discuss adaptations of the major phyla that lead to their survival.

2.d. Discuss the phylogenic sequencing of the nine major phyla.

2.e. Review the classification scheme used in zoology.

MS.3. Zoology: Compare and contrast the anatomy and physiology of the 9 major phyla of the animal kingdom. (L)

3.a. With special attention to: symmetry; digestion; support; germ layers; circulation; locomotion; body plan; coordination; reproduction; embryonic development; excretion.

MS.4. Zoology: Relate the life histories of groups of animals to the success of the groups. (L)

4.a. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of both asexual and sexual reproduction.

4.b. Illustrate life cycles of various groups of animals.

MS.5. Zoology: Explain how behavior and symbiosis are related to the success of a group of animals. (L)

5.a. Discuss, giving specific examples of, division of labor within a group of animals.

5.b. Compare and contrast the degree of parental care given in groups of animals.

5.c. Discuss mutualism, communalism, parasitism and mimicry, giving specific examples of each.

MS.1. Aquatic Science: Utilize critical thinking and scientific problem solving in designing and performing biological research and experimentation. (L, P, E)

1.a. Demonstrate the proper use and care for scientific equipment used aquatic science.

1.b. Observe and practice safe procedures in the classroom and laboratory.

1.c. Apply the components of scientific processes and methods in the classroom and laboratory investigations.

1.d. Communicate results of scientific investigations in oral, written, and graphic form.

MS.2. Aquatic Science: Analyze the physical and chemical properties of water and how they affect the organisms that live in it. (L, P)

2.a. Investigate the causes and characteristics of tides.

2.b. Describe the physical principles of waves and currents.

2.c. Characterize the physical and chemical parameters of dissolved O2, pH, temperature, and salinity through analysis of different water column depths/zones.

2.d. Explore the role of bodies of water as they relate to weather.

2.e. Describe the various biogeochemical cycles.

MS.3. Aquatic Science: Describe major geologic features of specific aquatic environments. (L, E)

3.a. Identify the causes and effects of erosion.

3.b. Define terminology associated with plate tectonics.

3.c. Distinguish among rise, slope, elevation, and depth.

3.d. Compare the formation of dunes, reefs, barrier/volcanic islands, and coastal/flood plains.

3.e. Describe watershed formation and its relationship to bodies of fresh water.

MS.4. Aquatic Science: Describe the biodiversity and interactions among aquatic life. (L)

4.a. Analyze the adaptations of representative organisms to aquatic environments.

4.b. Analyze the relationship of organisms in food chains/webs within aquatic environments.

4.c. Calculate and interpret population data with regard to aquatic organisms.

4.d. Identify representative examples that illustrate various aquatic reproductive strategies.

4.e. Compare and contrast characteristics of planktonic, nektonic, and benthic organisms.

4.f. Classify different aquatic organisms using dichotomous keys.

4.g. Compare and contrast aquatic producers, consumers, and decomposers.

MS.5. Aquatic Science: Examine the unique properties of selected aquatic ecosystems. (L, E)

5.a. Describe the abiotic and biotic characteristics of a barrier island, coral reef, and ocean.

5.b. Describe the abiotic and biotic characteristics of a river, stream, lake, pond, and swamp.

5.c. Describe the abiotic and biotic characteristics of a bay, sound, estuary, and marsh.

5.d. Describe the symbiotic relationships in an aquatic ecosystem.

MS.6. Aquatic Science: Identify the impact of natural and human activity on aquatic ecosystems. (L, E)

6.a. Identify various sources of pollution in aquatic environments.

6.b. Describe the effects of natural phenomena such as hurricanes, floods, or drought on aquatic habitats.

6.c. Describe a variety of methods of environmental management and stewardship.

6.d. Evaluate the effects of urbanization on aquatic ecosystems.

6.e. Describe the effects of bodies of water on human cultural development.

MS.7. Aquatic Science: Investigate applications of modern technology in aquatic systems. (L, P)

7.a. Identify various careers related to aquatic science.

7.b. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the use of modern technology within aquatic science (mariculture and aquaculture).

7.c. Relate the contribution of aquatic technology to industry and government.

MS.1. Environmental Science: Utilize critical thinking and scientific problem solving in designing and performing biological research and experimentation. (L, P, E)

1.a. Demonstrate the proper use and care for scientific equipment used in environmental science.

1.b. Observe and practice safe procedures in the classroom and laboratory.

1.c. Apply the components of scientific processes and methods in the classroom and laboratory investigations.

1.d. Communicate results of scientific investigations in oral, written, and graphic form.

MS.2. Environmental Science: Explain the flow of matter and energy in ecosystems. (L, P)

2.a. Investigate the role of biotic and abiotic factors within habitats, ecosystems and biomes.

2.b. Identify indigenous plants and animals and their roles in different ecosystems.

2.c. Describe food chains and food webs within an ecosystem.

2.d. Predict how the introduction, removal or reintroduction of an organism may alter the food chain, change populations, and impact the biodiversity of ecosystems.

2.e. Investigate chemical cycles within ecosystems.

MS.3. Environmental Science: Describe the relationships and changes within an ecosystem. (L, E)

3.a. Explain how a species adapts to its niche.

3.b. Relate population dynamics (natural selection, exponential growth, predator/prey) to carrying capacity and limiting factors.

3.c. Evaluate the effects of biotic and abiotic factors on local ecosystems and biomes.

3.d. Describe the process of primary and secondary succession.

3.e. Analyze and describe the effects of events such as fires, hurricanes, deforestation, mining, population growth and industry on environments.

MS.4. Environmental Science: Investigate the major biomes of the world ecosystems. (L, E)

4.a. Describe the following biomes to include location, climate, adaptations and diversity: desert; coniferous forest; tundra; deciduous forest; grassland; rain forest; savannah; aquatic environments.

4.b. Illustrate where the eight major biomes occur.

MS.5. Environmental Science: Summarize the interrelationships among the resources and human activities in the local environment. (L, E)

5.a. Identify sources, use, quality and conservation of water.

5.b. Identify renewable and non-renewable resources.

5.c. Evaluate the impact of human activity and technology on the lithosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere.

5.d. Identify the effects of pollution (water, noise, air, etc.) on the ecosystem.

5.e. Describe how communities have restored ecosystems.

MS.6. Environmental Science: Research various environmental topics, such as major events, careers, history, and significant contributions. (L, P, E)

MS.1. Geology: Investigate the Earth internal and external components. (E)

1.a. Identify the layers and sublayers of the atmosphere and of the earth.

1.b. Describe the basic kinds of rocks and their subtypes.

1.c. Discuss the characteristics of mineral deposit types and methods of formation.

MS.2. Geology: Investigate the interaction between the Earth internal and external components. (E, P)

2.a. Determine the effects of physical weathering (atmospheric, glacial, etc.).

2.b. Examine the effects of chemical weathering (acid rain, etc.).

2.c. Discuss the transfer of energy.

2.d. Examine the interaction of erupting volcanoes and the atmosphere.

2.e. Describe the various cycles (water, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, etc.).

MS.3. Geology: Investigate plate tectonics. (E)

3.a. Explore the theories of plate development and continental drift.

3.b. Explain the process that power crustal movements.

3.c. Identify and describe the types of crustal movements and their resulting landforms.

3.d. Locate areas of crustal movement around the world.

3.e. Explain the processes that create earthquakes and volcanoes.

3.f. Develop an emergency preparedness plan for natural disasters associated with crustal movement.

MS.4. Geology: Investigate local and regional geological areas. (E)

4.a. Identify major geological features in Mississippi (the Delta, the Coastal Plains, etc.)

4.b. Research geological activity of the New Madrid Fault line.

MS.5. Geology: Explore the geological timetable. (E)

5.a. Compare and contrast the relative and absolute age of the Earth (radiometric dating, index of fossil layers, etc.).

5.b. Describe the differences among eras, periods, and epochs as recorded in the geological time scale.

5.c. Explore the connections among geological history, landforms, and presence of minerals.

MS.1. Astronomy: Discuss the history of astronomy. (E, P)

1.a. Recognize observations that significantly contributed to the understanding of the solar system prior to the telescope development.

1.b. Explain how the invention of the telescope impacted the development of modern astronomy.

1.c. Trace the development of models to predict planetary motion (Ptolemy, Copernicus, Kepler and Newton).

1.d. Explore theories of the universe origin.

MS.2. Astronomy: Investigate the technologies and instruments (optical telescopes, radio telescopes, space probes, artificial satellites, etc.) used in ground and space based astronomy. (E)

2.a. Differentiate between various methods of observation.

2.b. Explore the methods used in determining the characteristics of our solar system components (spectra, probes, Doppler, etc.).

MS.3. Astronomy: Investigate Newton Universal Gravitation Law and Kepler Laws. (E, P)

3.a. Describe the structure and gravitational interactions of a planetary system according to Newton Laws of Motion and Gravitation.

3.b. Utilize the Universal Gravitational constant to calculate the orbital velocity in a two body system.

3.c. Describe the motion and interactions of a planetary system according to Kepler Laws.

3.d. Calculate period, distance from the sun, and/or velocity of a planet using Kepler Laws.

MS.4. Astronomy: Investigate and compare data about celestial bodies in our solar system. (E)

4.a. Explore the motion of celestial bodies (planetary rotation and revolution, comets, asteroids, moons, sun, etc.)

4.b. Compare and contrast internal and surface components of celestial bodies.

4.c. Track the Earth moon over an extended period of time.

4.d. Examine current theories, proposals and supporting data of celestial bodies in our solar system.

4.e. Describe the origin, composition and structure of asteroids, meteors and comets.

MS.5. Astronomy: Investigate the sun, other stars and star systems. (E)

5.a. Discuss star classification (by size and magnitude) and types of stars.

5.b. Examine the origin and demise of stars.

5.c. Research the composition, energy production and solar-magnetic activity of stars.

5.d. Measure distance using triangulation and parallax methods.

5.e. Describe star systems visible from earth.

MS.6. Astronomy: Describe the universe in terms of its diverse components and their relationships. (E)

6.a. Identify types of galaxies, proximity of galaxies, the name of Earth galaxy, etc.

6.b. Research recent reports on the structure of the universe.

6.c. Examine components of the celestial sphere.

MS.1. Aerospace Studies: Explore the history of flight. (E)

1.a. Identify and discuss achievements of early aviators.

1.b. Discuss applications of flight.

1.c. Investigate flight as personal recreation.

MS.2. Aerospace Studies: Describe principles of aerodynamics and flight control. (E, P)

2.a. Describe how the flow of air over an airfoil creates lift.

2.b. Discuss relationships among forces (lift, weight, thrust, drag) and their affects on flight.

MS.3. Aerospace Studies: Discuss the design and function of major aircraft structures, instruments, and life support systems, (L, E, P)

3.a. Identify the airplane structural components and instruments and their purposes.

3.b. Describe the designs, functions, and uses of various flight control surfaces.

3.c. Relate how the location of center of gravity affects flight stability.

3.d. Discuss the function and necessity of life-support systems on aircraft.

MS.4. Aerospace Studies: Compare the various methods of aircraft propulsion. (E, P)

4.a. Describe the operation of reciprocating, turbine, and jet engines.

4.b. Trace the development of aircraft propulsion systems.

4.c. Use the combined gas laws to calculate the expansion ratio of gases in an engine.

MS.5. Aerospace Studies: Use the instruments and perform calculations involved in navigation. (E)

5.a. Locate a point on the globe from its global coordinates.

5.b. Plot a point-point course using a sectional map.

MS.1. Organic Chemistry: Apply IUPAC nomenclature, and draw or recognize the structure of aliphatic, aromatic, and cyclic hydrocarbon compounds. (P, L)

1.a. Describe the nomenclature system of naming hydrocarbon compounds.

1.b. Draw structures of hydrocarbon compounds.

1.c. Explore isomerism in hydrocarbon compounds.

1.d. Relate structure to physical and chemical properties of hydrocarbons.

MS.2. Organic Chemistry: Write, complete and classify common reactions for aliphatic, aromatic, and cyclic hydrocarbons. (P)

2.a. Write and identify equations representing oxidation reactions.

2.b. Write and identify equations representing substitution reactions.

2.c. Write and identify equations representing dehydrogenation reactions.

2.d. Write and identify equations representing addition reactions.

MS.3. Organic Chemistry: Describe functional groups (alcohols, ethers, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, esters, amines, amides, and nitriles) by their structure and chemical and physical properties. (P)

3.a. Recognize and draw structural formulas from functional group names, and vice-versa.

3.b. Describe the chemical and physical properties of compounds containing functional groups.

3.c. Recognize and write equations representing the transformation of one functional group into another.

MS.4. Organic Chemistry: Describe the synthesis, properties and uses of polymers. (P)

4.a. Define and give examples of common polymers.

4.b. Describe the synthesis of polymers from monomers by addition or condensations.

4.c. Classify plastics according to their commercial types.

4.d. Calculate elasticity and other polymer properties given experimental data.

MS.5. Organic Chemistry: Relate organic chemicals to their application in industry, drug manufacture, and biological chemistry. (P, L)

5.a. Describe common uses of polymers.

5.b. Explore the diversity, applications, and economics of industrial chemicals (solvents, coatings, surfactants, etc.).

5.c. Investigate significant biologically active compounds in terms of functional group substrate interaction.

5.d. Describe the use of organic compounds in medicine, drugs, and personal care products.

5.e. Describe the synthesis and application of compounds, which have the property to dye materials.

5.f. Discuss the major aspects of the production of petrochemicals.

MS.1. Scientific Investigation: Develops awareness of living and non-living things.

1.1 Names and describes plants, animals, and humans.

1.2 Explores plants, animals, and human life cycles.

1.3 Recognizes the needs of living things.

MS.3. Scientific Investigation: Engages in practices to promote routine good health, nutrition, and safety.

3.3 Demonstrates appropriate safety skills.

MS.5. Scientific Investigation: Develops awareness and appreciation for the environment.

5.4 Describes weather.