Colorado State Standards for Social Studies:

CO.1. Civics: Students understand the purposes of government, and the basic constitutional principles of the United States republican form of government.

1.1. Students know and understand what government is and what purpose it serves. What students know and are able to do includes:

1.1.1. Describing the purposes of government 5
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.1.1.

1.1.2. Describing what life would be like without laws and order 7
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.1.2.

1.1.3. Identifying a constitution as a framework for a government. 3
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.1.3.

1.2. Students know the essential characteristics of limited and unlimited government. What students know and are able to do includes:

1.2.1. Giving examples of people using power and people using authority (for example, school crossing guards have authority to direct traffic, while bullies have power, but not authority) 8
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.2.1.

1.2.2. Explaining why the power of a government should be limited (for example, to limit the misuse or abuse of power) 5
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.2.2.

1.3. Students understand the principles of the United States constitutional government. What students know and are able to do includes:

1.3.1. Identifying the function of the United States Constitution (for example, establishes the rules of the United States government) 5
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.3.1.

1.3.2. Giving examples of rights protected by a constitution (for example, U.S. Bill of Rights, the state constitution).

1.4. Students know the distinctive characteristics of the political culture of the United States. What students know and are able to do includes:

1.4.1. Explaining the importance of respect for individuals, property, rule of law, and civic responsibility. 9
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.4.1.

1.5. Students know the fundamental democratic principles inherent in the United States concept of a constitutional democratic republic. What students know and are able to do includes:

1.5.1. Identifying traditional ideas of representative government of the United States (for example, individual rights, common or public good, self-government, justice, equality of opportunity) 5
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.5.1.

1.5.2. Giving examples of traditional principles of representative government of the United States (for example, people are sovereign, government power is limited, exercise of authority directly by voting, indirect authority by representation, majority rule, and minority rights protected). 1
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.5.2.

CO.2. Civics: Students know the structure and function of local, state, and national government and how citizen involvement shapes public policy.

2.1. Students know the organization and functions of local, state, and national governments. What students know and are able to do includes:

2.1.1. Identifying what governments do in their school, community, state, and nation what services they provide how we pay for them. 2
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.1.1.

2.2. Students know how power, authority, and responsibility are distributed, shared, and limited through federalism as established by the United States Constitution. What students know and are able to do includes:

2.2.1. Identifying limits of authority for the self, school, community, state. 21
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.2.1.

2.3. Students know and understand the place of law in the Colorado and United States constitutional systems. What students know and are able to do includes:

2.3.1. Identifying people and groups who apply and enforce rules and laws as government (for example, police, judges, legislatures, mayors, principals) 8
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.3.1.

2.3.2. Explaining why we have classroom and school rules 7
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.3.2.

2.3.3. Identifying what makes a good rule or law. 7
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.3.3.

2.4. Students know how public policy is developed at the local, state, and national levels. What students know and are able to do includes:

2.4.1. Identifying how people monitor and influence decisions of their government (for example, read, follow issues, have discussions, vote, and contact elected representatives). 19
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.4.1.

CO.3. Civics: Students know the political relationship of the United States and its citizens to other nations and to world affairs.

3.1. Students know how and why governments and nongovernmental agencies around the world interact politically. What students know and are able to do includes:

3.1.1. Identifying examples of international issues. 32
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.1.1.

3.2. Students understand how the United States government develops foreign policy. What students know and are able to do includes:

3.2.1. Identifying examples of how the United States interacts with other countries (for example, trade and culture). 5
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.2.1.

3.3. Students understand the domestic and foreign policy influence the United States has on other nations and how the actions of other nations influence politics and society of the United States. What students know and are able to do includes:

3.3.1. Describing ways in which the United States and other countries politically influence each other (for example, making a treaty, trade). 10
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.3.1.

CO.4. Civics: Students understand how citizens exercise the roles, rights and responsibilities of participation in civic life at all levels - local, state, and national.

4.1. Students know what citizenship is. What students know and are able to do includes:

4.1.1. Identifying the criteria for citizenship in the United States 9
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.1.1.

4.1.2. Explaining how students are citizens in the classroom, school, community, and state (for example, civic virtue, common courtesy, and honest and fair dealings). 42
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.1.2.

4.2. Students know how citizens can fulfill their responsibilities for preserving the constitutional republic. What students know and are able to do includes:

4.2.1. Giving examples of civic responsibilities that are important to themselves, their families, community, and state 19
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.2.1.

4.2.2. Identifying important characteristics of an effective citizen that help preserve and strengthen the United States constitutional republic (for example, being involved, informed). 19
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.2.2.

4.3. Students know how citizens can exercise their rights. What students know and are able to do includes:

4.3.1. Identifying important individual economic, personal, and political rights (for example, freedom of religion, freedom of speech, right to own property). 5
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.3.1.

4.4. Students know how citizens can participate in civic life. What students know and are able to do includes:

4.4.1. Identifying ways in which they could take an active part in improving their school and community 29
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.4.1.

4.4.2. Identifying criteria useful in selecting leaders within school. 39
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.4.2.

CO.1. Economics: Students understand that because of the condition of scarcity, decisions must be made about the use of scarce resources.

1.1. Students know that economic choices are made because resources are scarce and that the act of making economic choices imposes opportunity costs. What students know and are able to do includes:

1.1.1. Identifying goods and services and giving examples of each 11
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.1.1.

1.1.2. Showing what happens when there are limited resources and unlimited wants and needs 2
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.1.2.

1.1.3. Giving an example of the opportunity cost for an individual decision (for example, choosing to use money to go to the movies may result in not having enough money to eat at a restaurant). 4
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.1.3.

1.2. Students understand that economic incentives influence the use of scarce human, capital, and natural resources. What students know and are able to do includes:

1.2.1. Giving examples of different economic incentives (for example, landowners are paid rent for the use of their land, people who work are paid a wage, people who save money are paid interest, and successful businesses such as a lemonade stand make a profit). 1
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.2.1.

1.3. Students understand that resources can be used in many ways and understand the costs of alternative uses. What students know and are able to do includes:

1.3.1. Describing how consequences of economic choices may affect the future (for example, using allowance money today for ice cream and candy will not generate savings for a bike in the future) 4
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.3.1.

1.3.2. Identifying similar resources that can be used in a variety of ways (for example, a piece of vacant land can be used to build a office building, a park, a parking lot, a shopping mall or a soccer field). 8
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.3.2.

CO.2. Economics: Students understand how different economic systems impact decisions about the use of resources and the production and distribution of goods and services.

2.1. Students understand that different economic systems employ different means to produce, distribute, and exchange goods and services. What students know and are able to do includes:

2.1.1. Identifying the three basic economic questions all economic systems must answer: (What goods and services will be produced? How will they be produced? For whom will they be produced?) 11
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.1.1.

2.1.2. Identifying different economic systems (for example, command, market, and traditional). 2
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.1.2.

2.2. Students understand the fundamental characteristics of the United States economic system. What students know and are able to do includes:

2.2.1. Describing roles of consumers and producers in the U.S. economic system 11
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.2.1.

2.2.2. Describing how the price of goods and services in our U.S. economic system is related to how much of a product or resource there is, and how many people want it. 3
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.2.2.

2.3. Students understand that government actions and policies, including taxes, spending, and regulations influence the operation of economies. What students know and are able to do includes:

2.3.1. Recognizing that some goods and services are provided by the government (for example, firefighters, parks, police, and public schools) 2
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.3.1.

2.3.2. Explaining that government raises revenue by taxing and borrowing to pay for the goods and services it provides. 2
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.3.2.

CO.3. Economics: Students understand the results of trade, exchange, and interdependence among individuals, households, businesses, governments, and societies.

3.1. Students understand that the exchange of goods and services creates economic interdependence and change. What students know and are able to do includes:

3.1.1. Describing how voluntary exchange of goods and services affects all parties involved in the exchange (for example, by exchanging clothing for food both parties in the exchange have benefited) 11
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.1.1.

3.1.2. Describing the interdependence between households and businesses 15
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.1.2.

3.1.3. Describing how the exchange of goods and services around the world creates interdependence among people in different places (for example, the production of a candy bar requires ingredients from around the world).

3.2. Students understand how a country's monetary system facilitates the exchange of resources. What students know and are able to do includes:

3.2.1. Giving examples of barter as a simple form of exchange 34
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.2.1.

3.2.2. Explaining the concept of money 25
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.2.2.

3.2.3. Giving examples of the mediums of exchange in the U.S. 25
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.2.3.

3.2.4. Recognizing that different countries use different currencies. 25
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.2.4.

CO.1. Geography: Students know how to use and construct maps, globes, and other geographic tools to locate and derive information about people, places, and environments.

1.1. Students know how to use maps, globes, and other geographic tools to acquire, process, and report information from a spatial perspective. What students know and are able to do includes:

1.1.1. Identifying the characteristics and purposes of maps, globes, and other geographic tools 7
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.1.1.

1.1.2. Reading and interpreting information from photographs, maps, globes, graphs, models, and computer programs, if available 16
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.1.2.

1.1.3. Displaying information on maps, globes, and geographic models, and in graphs, diagrams, and charts (for example designing map keys and legends). 16
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.1.3.

1.2. Students develop knowledge of Earth to locate people, places, and environments. What students know and are able to do includes:

1.2.1. Identifying major geographic features 11
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.2.1.

1.2.2. Locating places within their own and nearby communities in Colorado 2
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.2.2.

1.2.3. Locating Colorado in relation to the U.S. and the rest of the world 2
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.2.3.

1.2.4. Drawing a map of continents and oceans 22
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.2.4.

1.2.5. Identifying a specific location on a map using grids. 7
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.2.5.

1.3. Students know how to analyze the dynamic spatial organization of people, places, and environments. What students know and are able to do includes:

1.3.1. Defining basic geographic vocabulary such as the concepts of location, direction, distance, scale, movement, and region using appropriate words and diagrams 9
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.3.1.

1.3.2. Describing how places are connected by the movement of goods and services, ideas and people 18
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.3.2.

1.3.3. Making and defending locational decisions for human activity (for example, where one would locate a new piece of playground equipment). 25
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.3.3.

CO.2. Geography: Students know the physical and human characteristics of places, and use this knowledge to define and study regions and their patterns of change.

2.1. Students know the physical and human characteristics of places. What students know and are able to do includes:

2.1.1. Identifying and classifying the characteristics of places as human or physical 7
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.1.1.

2.1.2. Describing how human and physical processes together shape places (for example, reforestation may prevent erosion on slopes in Colorado). 17
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.1.2.

2.2. Students know how and why people define regions. What students know and are able to do includes:

2.2.1. Identifying a region as an area with unifying geographic characteristics

2.2.2. Describing similarities, differences, and patterns of change in regions.

2.3. Students know how culture and experience influence people's perceptions of places and regions. What students know and are able to do includes:

2.3.1. Identifying ways in which different people view and relate to places and regions. 5
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.3.1.

CO.3. Geography: Students understand how physical processes shape Earth's surface patterns and systems.

3.1. Students know the physical processes that shape Earth's surface patterns. What students know and are able to do includes:

3.1.1. Identifying the components of Earth's physical systems and their characteristics (for example, air, land, water, plants, and animals and their features) 12
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.1.1.

3.1.2. Explaining how Earth-Sun relationships shape climate and vegetation patterns (for example, as compared with other regions, polar regions receive low amounts of sun's energy and thus support little vegetation) 3
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.1.2.

3.1.3. Describing how features on Earth's surface are shaped by physical processes (for example, wet regions have many rivers). 7
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.1.3.

3.2. Students know the characteristics and distributions of physical systems of land, air, water, plants, and animals. What students know and are able to do includes:

3.2.1. Identifying characteristics of physical systems (for example, water cycle) 19
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.2.1.

3.2.2. Describing local environmental features and identifying the physical system to which they belong (for example, a lake which is part of the water cycle) 19
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.2.2.

3.2.3. Comparing patterns and distribution of environments within a physical system (for example, groups of plant and animal life found in Colorado). 38
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.2.3.

CO.4. Geography: Students understand how economic, political, cultural, and social processes interact to shape patterns of human populations, interdependence, cooperation, and conflict.

4.1. Students know the characteristics, location, distribution, and migration of human populations. What students know and are able to do includes:

4.1.1. Identifying the distribution of population, both locally and in other parts of the world 4
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.1.1.

4.1.2. Identifying the characteristics of populations, both locally and in other parts of the world 3
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.1.2.

4.1.3. Identifying the causes of human migration. 3
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.1.3.

4.2. Students know the nature and spatial distribution of cultural patterns. What students know and are able to do includes:

4.2.1. Identifying how the elements of culture affect the ways in which people live 5
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.2.1.

4.2.2. Describing how patterns of culture vary across Earth's surface (for example, using thematic maps to show patterns of language, religion, and housing types in a community). 5
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.2.2.

4.3. Students know the patterns and networks of economic interdependence. What students know and are able to do includes:

4.3.1. Identifying the location and distribution of major economic activities in Colorado 2
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.3.1.

4.3.2. Describing economic networks used in daily life (for example, transportation and communication networks). 65
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.3.2.

4.4. Students know the processes, patterns, and functions of human settlement. What students know and are able to do includes:

4.4.1. Classifying the types and patterns of settlements 32
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.4.1.

4.4.2. Identifying the factors that affect where people settle (for example, the availability of transportation and resources) 65
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.4.2.

4.4.3. Describing the spatial characteristics of cities (for example, residential, recreational, central business district, industrial, commercial areas). 24
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.4.3.

4.5. Students know how cooperation and conflict among people influence the division and control of Earth's surface. What students know and are able to do includes:

4.5.1. Describing how and why people create boundaries 38
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.5.1.

4.5.2. Describing how cooperation and conflict affect neighborhoods and communities. 36
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.5.2.

CO.5. Geography: Students understand the effects of interactions between human and physical systems and the changes in meaning, use, distribution, and importance of resources.

5.1. Students know how human actions modify the physical environment. What students know and are able to do includes:

5.1.1. Identifying how people depend upon, adapt to, and modify the physical environment. 4
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 5.1.1.

5.2. Students know how physical systems affect human systems. What students know and are able to do includes:

5.2.1. Describing how the physical environment provides opportunities for and places constraint on human activities. 4
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 5.2.1.

5.3. Students know the changes that occur in the meaning, use, location, distribution, and importance of resources. What students know and are able to do includes:

5.3.1. Describing the role of resources in daily life (for example, discussing the recycling of materials) 37
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 5.3.1.

5.3.2. Identifying the characteristics of renewable and nonrenewable resources 37
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 5.3.2.

5.3.3. Identifying the spatial distribution of resources. 8
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 5.3.3.

CO.6. Geography: Students apply knowledge of people, places, and environments to understand the past and present and to plan for the future.

6.1. Students know how to apply geography to understand the past. What students know and are able to do includes:

6.1.1. Describing how places change over time 20
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 6.1.1.

6.1.2. Describing how places and environments may have influenced people and events over time. 4
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 6.1.2.

6.2. Students know how to apply geography to understand the present and plan for the future. What students know and are able to do includes:

6.2.1. Describing issues in communities from a spatial perspective 24
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 6.2.1.

6.2.2. Identifying personal behaviors that can affect community planning. 24
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 6.2.2.

CO.1. History: Students understand the chronological organization of history and know how to organize events and people into major eras to identify and explain historical relationships.

1.1. Students know the general chronological order of events and people in history. What students know and are able to do includes:

1.1.1. Chronologically organizing significant events, groups, and people in the history of Colorado. 2
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.1.1.

1.2. Students use chronology to organize historical events and people. What students know and are able to do includes:

1.2.1. Creating timelines that show people and events in sequence using days, weeks, months, years, decades, and centuries 23
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.2.1.

1.2.2. Creating a brief historical narrative that chronologically organizes people and events in the history of their family heritage, school, neighborhood, local community, or Colorado. 58
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.2.2.

1.3. Students use chronology to examine and explain historical relationships. What students know and are able to do includes:

1.3.1. Identifying cause-and-effect relationships in a sequence of events. 13
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.3.1.

CO.2. History: Students know how to use the processes and resources of historical inquiry.

2.1. Students know how to formulate questions and hypotheses regarding what happened in the past and to obtain and analyze historical data to answer questions and test hypotheses. What students know and are able to do includes:

2.1.1. Posing and answering questions about the past 5
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.1.1.

2.1.2. Gathering historical data from multiple sources (for example, oral histories, interviews, diaries, letters, newspapers, literature, speeches, texts, maps, photographs, art works, and available technology). 15
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.1.2.

2.2. Students know how to interpret and evaluate primary and secondary sources of historical information. What students know and are able to do includes:

2.2.1. Describing sources of historical information 3
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.2.1.

2.2.2. Identifying the main idea in a source of historical information 23
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.2.2.

2.2.3. Identifying ways different cultures record their history. 16
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.2.3.

2.3. Students apply knowledge of the past to analyze present-day issues and events from multiple, historically objective perspectives. What students know and are able to do includes:

2.3.1. Comparing past and present-day situations and events. 5
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.3.1.

CO.3. History: Students understand that societies are diverse and have changed over time.

3.1. Students know how various societies were affected by contacts and exchanges among diverse peoples. What students know and are able to do includes:

3.1.1. Recognizing how the presence, interactions, and contributions of various groups and cultures have affected the school, neighborhood, community, and state 5
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.1.1.

3.1.2. describing the history, interactions, and contributions of the various peoples and cultures that have lived in or migrated to the area that is now Colorado (for example, African-Americans, Asian Americans, European Americans, Latino Americans, and Native Americans). 2
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.1.2.

3.2. Students understand the history of social organization in various societies. What students know and are able to do includes:

3.2.1. Identifying reasons for living in social groups 34
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.2.1.

3.2.2. Describing important components of the cultural heritage of the United States 37
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.2.2.

3.2.3. Recognizing that there are families and cultures around the world. 39
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.2.3.

CO.4. History: Students understand how science, technology, and economic activity have developed, changed, and affected societies throughout history.

4.1. Students understand the impact of scientific and technological developments on individuals and societies. What students know and are able to do includes:

4.1.1. Comparing the lives of hunters and gatherers to the lives of people who cultivated plants and raised domesticated animals for food

4.1.2. Describing the impact of various technological developments on the local community and the state (for example, irrigation, transportation, communication) 54
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.1.2.

4.1.3. Identifying individual achievements of scientists and inventors from many cultures and describing their achievements (for example, the Persian scientist and mathematician who invented equations and coined the term 'algebra'; Johann Gutenberg and the printing press; Galileo and the telescope; Isaac Newton and the theory of gravity; Eli Whitney and the cotton gin; Marie Curie and radiation). 6
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.1.3.

4.2. Students understand how economic factors have influenced historical events. What students know and are able to do includes:

4.2.1. Describing the economic reasons why people move to or from a location (for example, explorers, nomadic people, miners, traders). 7
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.2.1.

4.3. Students understand the historical development and know the characteristics of various economic systems. What students know and are able to do includes:

4.3.1. Giving examples of different ways that decisions are made regarding how resources are utilized and distributed (for example, authority, sharing, competition in a free market, tradition, 'first-come, first-served', 'luck of the draw') 2
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.3.1.

4.3.2. Describing different systems of exchange that can be used (for example, barter, money). 25
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.3.2.

CO.5. History: Students understand political institutions and theories that have developed and changed over time.

5.1. Students understand how democratic ideas and institutions in the United States have developed, changed, and/or been maintained. What students know and are able to do includes:

5.1.1. Identifying historical figures from diverse backgrounds in the United States who have advanced the rights of individuals and promoted the common good 61
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 5.1.1.

5.1.2. Explaining the importance of national celebrations, symbols, and ideas in their historical context 32
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 5.1.2.

5.1.3. Describing the historical background of the Colorado constitution. 2
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 5.1.3.

5.2. Students know how various systems of government have developed and functioned throughout history. What students know and are able to do includes:

5.2.1. Explaining why rules and laws have been established and enforced in schools, communities, states, and nations 7
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 5.2.1.

5.2.2. Giving examples of different heads of government (for example, presidents, kings, mayors, governors). 6
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 5.2.2.

5.3. Students know how political power has been acquired, maintained, used, and/or lost throughout history. What students know and are able to do includes:

5.3.1. Giving examples of how individuals in various groups have gained, lost, or maintained political rights, freedoms, power, or cultural identity in the history of the community, region, or state. 2
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 5.3.1.

5.4. Students know the history of relationships among different political powers and the development of international relations. What students know and are able to do includes:

5.4.1. Giving examples of how members of families and communities depend on each other 49
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 5.4.1.

5.4.2. Giving examples of how states and regions have become interdependent. 40
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 5.4.2.

CO.6. History: Students know that religious and philosophical ideas have been powerful forces throughout history.

6.1. Students know the historical development of religions and philosophies. What students know and are able to do includes:

6.1.1. Recognizing that people develop traditions that transmit their beliefs and ideas (for example, marriage ceremonies, feasts, naming of infants). 9
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 6.1.1.

6.2. Students know how societies have been affected by religions and philosophies. What students know and are able to do includes:

6.2.1. Giving examples of how the beliefs of people are reflected in the celebrations and practices of their community. 35
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 6.2.1.

6.3. Students know how various forms of expression reflect religious beliefs and philosophical ideas. What students know and are able to do includes:

6.3.1. Giving examples of forms of expression that depict the history, daily life, and beliefs of various peoples (for example, folk tales, ballads, dance, and architecture). 4
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 6.3.1.

CO.1. Civics: Students understand the purposes of government, and the basic constitutional principles of the United States republican form of government.

1.1. Students know and understand what government is and what purpose it serves. What students know and are able to do includes:

1.1.1. Describing the purposes of government 6
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.1.1.

1.1.2. Describing what life would be like without laws and order 8
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.1.2.

1.1.3. Identifying a constitution as a framework for a government. 1
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.1.3.

1.2. Students know the essential characteristics of limited and unlimited government. What students know and are able to do includes:

1.2.1. Giving examples of people using power and people using authority (for example, school crossing guards have authority to direct traffic, while bullies have power, but not authority) 12
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.2.1.

1.2.2. Explaining why the power of a government should be limited (for example, to limit the misuse or abuse of power) 1
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.2.2.

1.3. Students understand the principles of the United States constitutional government. What students know and are able to do includes:

1.3.1. Identifying the function of the United States Constitution (for example, establishes the rules of the United States government) 1
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.3.1.

1.3.2. Giving examples of rights protected by a constitution (for example, U.S. Bill of Rights, the state constitution). 1
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.3.2.

1.4. Students know the distinctive characteristics of the political culture of the United States. What students know and are able to do includes:

1.4.1. Explaining the importance of respect for individuals, property, rule of law, and civic responsibility. 10
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.4.1.

1.5. Students know the fundamental democratic principles inherent in the United States concept of a constitutional democratic republic. What students know and are able to do includes:

1.5.1. Identifying traditional ideas of representative government of the United States (for example, individual rights, common or public good, self-government, justice, equality of opportunity) 2
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.5.1.

1.5.2. Giving examples of traditional principles of representative government of the United States (for example, people are sovereign, government power is limited, exercise of authority directly by voting, indirect authority by representation, majority rule, and minority rights protected). 1
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.5.2.

CO.2. Civics: Students know the structure and function of local, state, and national government and how citizen involvement shapes public policy.

2.1. Students know the organization and functions of local, state, and national governments. What students know and are able to do includes:

2.1.1. Identifying what governments do in their school, community, state, and nation what services they provide how we pay for them. 4
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.1.1.

2.2. Students know how power, authority, and responsibility are distributed, shared, and limited through federalism as established by the United States Constitution. What students know and are able to do includes:

2.2.1. Identifying limits of authority for the self, school, community, state. 33
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.2.1.

2.3. Students know and understand the place of law in the Colorado and United States constitutional systems. What students know and are able to do includes:

2.3.1. Identifying people and groups who apply and enforce rules and laws as government (for example, police, judges, legislatures, mayors, principals) 9
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.3.1.

2.3.2. Explaining why we have classroom and school rules 8
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.3.2.

2.3.3. Identifying what makes a good rule or law. 8
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.3.3.

2.4. Students know how public policy is developed at the local, state, and national levels. What students know and are able to do includes:

2.4.1. Identifying how people monitor and influence decisions of their government (for example, read, follow issues, have discussions, vote, and contact elected representatives). 20
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.4.1.

CO.3. Civics: Students know the political relationship of the United States and its citizens to other nations and to world affairs.

3.1. Students know how and why governments and nongovernmental agencies around the world interact politically. What students know and are able to do includes:

3.1.1. Identifying examples of international issues. 32
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.1.1.

3.2. Students understand how the United States government develops foreign policy. What students know and are able to do includes:

3.2.1. Identifying examples of how the United States interacts with other countries (for example, trade and culture). 11
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.2.1.

3.3. Students understand the domestic and foreign policy influence the United States has on other nations and how the actions of other nations influence politics and society of the United States. What students know and are able to do includes:

3.3.1. Describing ways in which the United States and other countries politically influence each other (for example, making a treaty, trade). 10
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.3.1.

CO.4. Civics: Students understand how citizens exercise the roles, rights and responsibilities of participation in civic life at all levels - local, state, and national.

4.1. Students know what citizenship is. What students know and are able to do includes:

4.1.1. Identifying the criteria for citizenship in the United States 9
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.1.1.

4.1.2. Explaining how students are citizens in the classroom, school, community, and state (for example, civic virtue, common courtesy, and honest and fair dealings). 51
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.1.2.

4.2. Students know how citizens can fulfill their responsibilities for preserving the constitutional republic. What students know and are able to do includes:

4.2.1. Giving examples of civic responsibilities that are important to themselves, their families, community, and state 54
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.2.1.

4.2.2. Identifying important characteristics of an effective citizen that help preserve and strengthen the United States constitutional republic (for example, being involved, informed). 20
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.2.2.

4.3. Students know how citizens can exercise their rights. What students know and are able to do includes:

4.3.1. Identifying important individual economic, personal, and political rights (for example, freedom of religion, freedom of speech, right to own property). 3
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.3.1.

4.4. Students know how citizens can participate in civic life. What students know and are able to do includes:

4.4.1. Identifying ways in which they could take an active part in improving their school and community 31
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.4.1.

4.4.2. Identifying criteria useful in selecting leaders within school. 48
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.4.2.

CO.1. Economics: Students understand that because of the condition of scarcity, decisions must be made about the use of scarce resources.

1.1. Students know that economic choices are made because resources are scarce and that the act of making economic choices imposes opportunity costs. What students know and are able to do includes:

1.1.1. Identifying goods and services and giving examples of each 16
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.1.1.

1.1.2. Showing what happens when there are limited resources and unlimited wants and needs 1
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.1.2.

1.1.3. Giving an example of the opportunity cost for an individual decision (for example, choosing to use money to go to the movies may result in not having enough money to eat at a restaurant). 5
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.1.3.

1.2. Students understand that economic incentives influence the use of scarce human, capital, and natural resources. What students know and are able to do includes:

1.2.1. Giving examples of different economic incentives (for example, landowners are paid rent for the use of their land, people who work are paid a wage, people who save money are paid interest, and successful businesses such as a lemonade stand make a profit). 1
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.2.1.

1.3. Students understand that resources can be used in many ways and understand the costs of alternative uses. What students know and are able to do includes:

1.3.1. Describing how consequences of economic choices may affect the future (for example, using allowance money today for ice cream and candy will not generate savings for a bike in the future) 7
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.3.1.

1.3.2. Identifying similar resources that can be used in a variety of ways (for example, a piece of vacant land can be used to build a office building, a park, a parking lot, a shopping mall or a soccer field). 12
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.3.2.

CO.2. Economics: Students understand how different economic systems impact decisions about the use of resources and the production and distribution of goods and services.

2.1. Students understand that different economic systems employ different means to produce, distribute, and exchange goods and services. What students know and are able to do includes:

2.1.1. Identifying the three basic economic questions all economic systems must answer: (What goods and services will be produced? How will they be produced? For whom will they be produced?) 16
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.1.1.

2.1.2. Identifying different economic systems (for example, command, market, and traditional).

2.2. Students understand the fundamental characteristics of the United States economic system. What students know and are able to do includes:

2.2.1. Describing roles of consumers and producers in the U.S. economic system 16
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.2.1.

2.2.2. Describing how the price of goods and services in our U.S. economic system is related to how much of a product or resource there is, and how many people want it. 1
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.2.2.

2.3. Students understand that government actions and policies, including taxes, spending, and regulations influence the operation of economies. What students know and are able to do includes:

2.3.1. Recognizing that some goods and services are provided by the government (for example, firefighters, parks, police, and public schools) 2
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.3.1.

2.3.2. Explaining that government raises revenue by taxing and borrowing to pay for the goods and services it provides. 2
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.3.2.

CO.3. Economics: Students understand the results of trade, exchange, and interdependence among individuals, households, businesses, governments, and societies.

3.1. Students understand that the exchange of goods and services creates economic interdependence and change. What students know and are able to do includes:

3.1.1. Describing how voluntary exchange of goods and services affects all parties involved in the exchange (for example, by exchanging clothing for food both parties in the exchange have benefited) 16
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.1.1.

3.1.2. Describing the interdependence between households and businesses 1
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.1.2.

3.1.3. Describing how the exchange of goods and services around the world creates interdependence among people in different places (for example, the production of a candy bar requires ingredients from around the world).

3.2. Students understand how a country's monetary system facilitates the exchange of resources. What students know and are able to do includes:

3.2.1. Giving examples of barter as a simple form of exchange 4
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.2.1.

3.2.2. Explaining the concept of money 25
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.2.2.

3.2.3. Giving examples of the mediums of exchange in the U.S. 25
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.2.3.

3.2.4. Recognizing that different countries use different currencies. 25
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.2.4.

CO.1. Geography: Students know how to use and construct maps, globes, and other geographic tools to locate and derive information about people, places, and environments.

1.1. Students know how to use maps, globes, and other geographic tools to acquire, process, and report information from a spatial perspective. What students know and are able to do includes:

1.1.1. Identifying the characteristics and purposes of maps, globes, and other geographic tools 9
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.1.1.

1.1.2. Reading and interpreting information from photographs, maps, globes, graphs, models, and computer programs, if available 19
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.1.2.

1.1.3. Displaying information on maps, globes, and geographic models, and in graphs, diagrams, and charts (for example designing map keys and legends). 18
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.1.3.

1.2. Students develop knowledge of Earth to locate people, places, and environments. What students know and are able to do includes:

1.2.1. Identifying major geographic features 17
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.2.1.

1.2.2. Locating places within their own and nearby communities in Colorado 2
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.2.2.

1.2.3. Locating Colorado in relation to the U.S. and the rest of the world 2
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.2.3.

1.2.4. Drawing a map of continents and oceans 36
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.2.4.

1.2.5. Identifying a specific location on a map using grids. 9
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.2.5.

1.3. Students know how to analyze the dynamic spatial organization of people, places, and environments. What students know and are able to do includes:

1.3.1. Defining basic geographic vocabulary such as the concepts of location, direction, distance, scale, movement, and region using appropriate words and diagrams 11
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.3.1.

1.3.2. Describing how places are connected by the movement of goods and services, ideas and people 33
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.3.2.

1.3.3. Making and defending locational decisions for human activity (for example, where one would locate a new piece of playground equipment). 31
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.3.3.

CO.2. Geography: Students know the physical and human characteristics of places, and use this knowledge to define and study regions and their patterns of change.

2.1. Students know the physical and human characteristics of places. What students know and are able to do includes:

2.1.1. Identifying and classifying the characteristics of places as human or physical 9
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.1.1.

2.1.2. Describing how human and physical processes together shape places (for example, reforestation may prevent erosion on slopes in Colorado). 38
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.1.2.

2.2. Students know how and why people define regions. What students know and are able to do includes:

2.2.1. Identifying a region as an area with unifying geographic characteristics

2.2.2. Describing similarities, differences, and patterns of change in regions.

2.3. Students know how culture and experience influence people's perceptions of places and regions. What students know and are able to do includes:

2.3.1. Identifying ways in which different people view and relate to places and regions. 15
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.3.1.

CO.3. Geography: Students understand how physical processes shape Earth's surface patterns and systems.

3.1. Students know the physical processes that shape Earth's surface patterns. What students know and are able to do includes:

3.1.1. Identifying the components of Earth's physical systems and their characteristics (for example, air, land, water, plants, and animals and their features) 21
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.1.1.

3.1.2. Explaining how Earth-Sun relationships shape climate and vegetation patterns (for example, as compared with other regions, polar regions receive low amounts of sun's energy and thus support little vegetation) 4
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.1.2.

3.1.3. Describing how features on Earth's surface are shaped by physical processes (for example, wet regions have many rivers). 33
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.1.3.

3.2. Students know the characteristics and distributions of physical systems of land, air, water, plants, and animals. What students know and are able to do includes:

3.2.1. Identifying characteristics of physical systems (for example, water cycle) 33
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.2.1.

3.2.2. Describing local environmental features and identifying the physical system to which they belong (for example, a lake which is part of the water cycle) 33
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.2.2.

3.2.3. Comparing patterns and distribution of environments within a physical system (for example, groups of plant and animal life found in Colorado). 70
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.2.3.

CO.4. Geography: Students understand how economic, political, cultural, and social processes interact to shape patterns of human populations, interdependence, cooperation, and conflict.

4.1. Students know the characteristics, location, distribution, and migration of human populations. What students know and are able to do includes:

4.1.1. Identifying the distribution of population, both locally and in other parts of the world 44
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.1.1.

4.1.2. Identifying the characteristics of populations, both locally and in other parts of the world 44
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.1.2.

4.1.3. Identifying the causes of human migration. 7
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.1.3.

4.2. Students know the nature and spatial distribution of cultural patterns. What students know and are able to do includes:

4.2.1. Identifying how the elements of culture affect the ways in which people live 11
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.2.1.

4.2.2. Describing how patterns of culture vary across Earth's surface (for example, using thematic maps to show patterns of language, religion, and housing types in a community). 11
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.2.2.

4.3. Students know the patterns and networks of economic interdependence. What students know and are able to do includes:

4.3.1. Identifying the location and distribution of major economic activities in Colorado 2
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.3.1.

4.3.2. Describing economic networks used in daily life (for example, transportation and communication networks). 45
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.3.2.

4.4. Students know the processes, patterns, and functions of human settlement. What students know and are able to do includes:

4.4.1. Classifying the types and patterns of settlements 33
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.4.1.

4.4.2. Identifying the factors that affect where people settle (for example, the availability of transportation and resources) 67
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.4.2.

4.4.3. Describing the spatial characteristics of cities (for example, residential, recreational, central business district, industrial, commercial areas). 29
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.4.3.

4.5. Students know how cooperation and conflict among people influence the division and control of Earth's surface. What students know and are able to do includes:

4.5.1. Describing how and why people create boundaries 47
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.5.1.

4.5.2. Describing how cooperation and conflict affect neighborhoods and communities. 31
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.5.2.

CO.5. Geography: Students understand the effects of interactions between human and physical systems and the changes in meaning, use, distribution, and importance of resources.

5.1. Students know how human actions modify the physical environment. What students know and are able to do includes:

5.1.1. Identifying how people depend upon, adapt to, and modify the physical environment. 4
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 5.1.1.

5.2. Students know how physical systems affect human systems. What students know and are able to do includes:

5.2.1. Describing how the physical environment provides opportunities for and places constraint on human activities. 4
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 5.2.1.

5.3. Students know the changes that occur in the meaning, use, location, distribution, and importance of resources. What students know and are able to do includes:

5.3.1. Describing the role of resources in daily life (for example, discussing the recycling of materials) 55
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 5.3.1.

5.3.2. Identifying the characteristics of renewable and nonrenewable resources 30
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 5.3.2.

5.3.3. Identifying the spatial distribution of resources. 12
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 5.3.3.

CO.6. Geography: Students apply knowledge of people, places, and environments to understand the past and present and to plan for the future.

6.1. Students know how to apply geography to understand the past. What students know and are able to do includes:

6.1.1. Describing how places change over time 32
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 6.1.1.

6.1.2. Describing how places and environments may have influenced people and events over time. 10
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 6.1.2.

6.2. Students know how to apply geography to understand the present and plan for the future. What students know and are able to do includes:

6.2.1. Describing issues in communities from a spatial perspective 29
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 6.2.1.

6.2.2. Identifying personal behaviors that can affect community planning. 29
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 6.2.2.

CO.1. History: Students understand the chronological organization of history and know how to organize events and people into major eras to identify and explain historical relationships.

1.1. Students know the general chronological order of events and people in history. What students know and are able to do includes:

1.1.1. Chronologically organizing significant events, groups, and people in the history of Colorado. 2
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.1.1.

1.2. Students use chronology to organize historical events and people. What students know and are able to do includes:

1.2.1. Creating timelines that show people and events in sequence using days, weeks, months, years, decades, and centuries 28
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.2.1.

1.2.2. Creating a brief historical narrative that chronologically organizes people and events in the history of their family heritage, school, neighborhood, local community, or Colorado. 60
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.2.2.

1.3. Students use chronology to examine and explain historical relationships. What students know and are able to do includes:

1.3.1. Identifying cause-and-effect relationships in a sequence of events. 16
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.3.1.

CO.2. History: Students know how to use the processes and resources of historical inquiry.

2.1. Students know how to formulate questions and hypotheses regarding what happened in the past and to obtain and analyze historical data to answer questions and test hypotheses. What students know and are able to do includes:

2.1.1. Posing and answering questions about the past 8
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.1.1.

2.1.2. Gathering historical data from multiple sources (for example, oral histories, interviews, diaries, letters, newspapers, literature, speeches, texts, maps, photographs, art works, and available technology). 19
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.1.2.

2.2. Students know how to interpret and evaluate primary and secondary sources of historical information. What students know and are able to do includes:

2.2.1. Describing sources of historical information 23
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.2.1.

2.2.2. Identifying the main idea in a source of historical information 23
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.2.2.

2.2.3. Identifying ways different cultures record their history. 26
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.2.3.

2.3. Students apply knowledge of the past to analyze present-day issues and events from multiple, historically objective perspectives. What students know and are able to do includes:

2.3.1. Comparing past and present-day situations and events. 8
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.3.1.

CO.3. History: Students understand that societies are diverse and have changed over time.

3.1. Students know how various societies were affected by contacts and exchanges among diverse peoples. What students know and are able to do includes:

3.1.1. Recognizing how the presence, interactions, and contributions of various groups and cultures have affected the school, neighborhood, community, and state 20
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.1.1.

3.1.2. describing the history, interactions, and contributions of the various peoples and cultures that have lived in or migrated to the area that is now Colorado (for example, African-Americans, Asian Americans, European Americans, Latino Americans, and Native Americans). 2
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.1.2.

3.2. Students understand the history of social organization in various societies. What students know and are able to do includes:

3.2.1. Identifying reasons for living in social groups 34
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.2.1.

3.2.2. Describing important components of the cultural heritage of the United States 53
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.2.2.

3.2.3. Recognizing that there are families and cultures around the world. 45
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.2.3.

CO.4. History: Students understand how science, technology, and economic activity have developed, changed, and affected societies throughout history.

4.1. Students understand the impact of scientific and technological developments on individuals and societies. What students know and are able to do includes:

4.1.1. Comparing the lives of hunters and gatherers to the lives of people who cultivated plants and raised domesticated animals for food

4.1.2. Describing the impact of various technological developments on the local community and the state (for example, irrigation, transportation, communication) 56
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.1.2.

4.1.3. Identifying individual achievements of scientists and inventors from many cultures and describing their achievements (for example, the Persian scientist and mathematician who invented equations and coined the term 'algebra'; Johann Gutenberg and the printing press; Galileo and the telescope; Isaac Newton and the theory of gravity; Eli Whitney and the cotton gin; Marie Curie and radiation). 61
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.1.3.

4.2. Students understand how economic factors have influenced historical events. What students know and are able to do includes:

4.2.1. Describing the economic reasons why people move to or from a location (for example, explorers, nomadic people, miners, traders). 12
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.2.1.

4.3. Students understand the historical development and know the characteristics of various economic systems. What students know and are able to do includes:

4.3.1. Giving examples of different ways that decisions are made regarding how resources are utilized and distributed (for example, authority, sharing, competition in a free market, tradition, 'first-come, first-served', 'luck of the draw') 1
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.3.1.

4.3.2. Describing different systems of exchange that can be used (for example, barter, money). 25
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.3.2.

CO.5. History: Students understand political institutions and theories that have developed and changed over time.

5.1. Students understand how democratic ideas and institutions in the United States have developed, changed, and/or been maintained. What students know and are able to do includes:

5.1.1. Identifying historical figures from diverse backgrounds in the United States who have advanced the rights of individuals and promoted the common good 107
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 5.1.1.

5.1.2. Explaining the importance of national celebrations, symbols, and ideas in their historical context 42
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 5.1.2.

5.1.3. Describing the historical background of the Colorado constitution. 2
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 5.1.3.

5.2. Students know how various systems of government have developed and functioned throughout history. What students know and are able to do includes:

5.2.1. Explaining why rules and laws have been established and enforced in schools, communities, states, and nations 8
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 5.2.1.

5.2.2. Giving examples of different heads of government (for example, presidents, kings, mayors, governors). 6
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 5.2.2.

5.3. Students know how political power has been acquired, maintained, used, and/or lost throughout history. What students know and are able to do includes:

5.3.1. Giving examples of how individuals in various groups have gained, lost, or maintained political rights, freedoms, power, or cultural identity in the history of the community, region, or state. 2
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 5.3.1.

5.4. Students know the history of relationships among different political powers and the development of international relations. What students know and are able to do includes:

5.4.1. Giving examples of how members of families and communities depend on each other 51
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 5.4.1.

5.4.2. Giving examples of how states and regions have become interdependent. 44
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 5.4.2.

CO.6. History: Students know that religious and philosophical ideas have been powerful forces throughout history.

6.1. Students know the historical development of religions and philosophies. What students know and are able to do includes:

6.1.1. Recognizing that people develop traditions that transmit their beliefs and ideas (for example, marriage ceremonies, feasts, naming of infants). 14
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 6.1.1.

6.2. Students know how societies have been affected by religions and philosophies. What students know and are able to do includes:

6.2.1. Giving examples of how the beliefs of people are reflected in the celebrations and practices of their community. 48
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 6.2.1.

6.3. Students know how various forms of expression reflect religious beliefs and philosophical ideas. What students know and are able to do includes:

6.3.1. Giving examples of forms of expression that depict the history, daily life, and beliefs of various peoples (for example, folk tales, ballads, dance, and architecture). 5
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 6.3.1.

CO.1. Civics: Students understand the purposes of government, and the basic constitutional principles of the United States republican form of government.

1.1. Students know and understand what government is and what purpose it serves. What students know and are able to do includes:

1.1.1. Describing the purposes of government 8
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.1.1.

1.1.2. Describing what life would be like without laws and order 9
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.1.2.

1.1.3. Identifying a constitution as a framework for a government. 5
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.1.3.

1.2. Students know the essential characteristics of limited and unlimited government. What students know and are able to do includes:

1.2.1. Giving examples of people using power and people using authority (for example, school crossing guards have authority to direct traffic, while bullies have power, but not authority) 6
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.2.1.

1.2.2. Explaining why the power of a government should be limited (for example, to limit the misuse or abuse of power) 5
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.2.2.

1.3. Students understand the principles of the United States constitutional government. What students know and are able to do includes:

1.3.1. Identifying the function of the United States Constitution (for example, establishes the rules of the United States government) 5
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.3.1.

1.3.2. Giving examples of rights protected by a constitution (for example, U.S. Bill of Rights, the state constitution). 5
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.3.2.

1.4. Students know the distinctive characteristics of the political culture of the United States. What students know and are able to do includes:

1.4.1. Explaining the importance of respect for individuals, property, rule of law, and civic responsibility. 10
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.4.1.

1.5. Students know the fundamental democratic principles inherent in the United States concept of a constitutional democratic republic. What students know and are able to do includes:

1.5.1. Identifying traditional ideas of representative government of the United States (for example, individual rights, common or public good, self-government, justice, equality of opportunity) 2
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.5.1.

1.5.2. Giving examples of traditional principles of representative government of the United States (for example, people are sovereign, government power is limited, exercise of authority directly by voting, indirect authority by representation, majority rule, and minority rights protected). 1
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.5.2.

CO.2. Civics: Students know the structure and function of local, state, and national government and how citizen involvement shapes public policy.

2.1. Students know the organization and functions of local, state, and national governments. What students know and are able to do includes:

2.1.1. Identifying what governments do in their school, community, state, and nation what services they provide how we pay for them. 3
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.1.1.

2.2. Students know how power, authority, and responsibility are distributed, shared, and limited through federalism as established by the United States Constitution. What students know and are able to do includes:

2.2.1. Identifying limits of authority for the self, school, community, state. 34
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.2.1.

2.3. Students know and understand the place of law in the Colorado and United States constitutional systems. What students know and are able to do includes:

2.3.1. Identifying people and groups who apply and enforce rules and laws as government (for example, police, judges, legislatures, mayors, principals) 10
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.3.1.

2.3.2. Explaining why we have classroom and school rules 7
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.3.2.

2.3.3. Identifying what makes a good rule or law. 9
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.3.3.

2.4. Students know how public policy is developed at the local, state, and national levels. What students know and are able to do includes:

2.4.1. Identifying how people monitor and influence decisions of their government (for example, read, follow issues, have discussions, vote, and contact elected representatives). 20
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.4.1.

CO.3. Civics: Students know the political relationship of the United States and its citizens to other nations and to world affairs.

3.1. Students know how and why governments and nongovernmental agencies around the world interact politically. What students know and are able to do includes:

3.1.1. Identifying examples of international issues. 18
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.1.1.

3.2. Students understand how the United States government develops foreign policy. What students know and are able to do includes:

3.2.1. Identifying examples of how the United States interacts with other countries (for example, trade and culture). 13
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.2.1.

3.3. Students understand the domestic and foreign policy influence the United States has on other nations and how the actions of other nations influence politics and society of the United States. What students know and are able to do includes:

3.3.1. Describing ways in which the United States and other countries politically influence each other (for example, making a treaty, trade). 10
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.3.1.

CO.4. Civics: Students understand how citizens exercise the roles, rights and responsibilities of participation in civic life at all levels - local, state, and national.

4.1. Students know what citizenship is. What students know and are able to do includes:

4.1.1. Identifying the criteria for citizenship in the United States 10
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.1.1.

4.1.2. Explaining how students are citizens in the classroom, school, community, and state (for example, civic virtue, common courtesy, and honest and fair dealings). 59
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.1.2.

4.2. Students know how citizens can fulfill their responsibilities for preserving the constitutional republic. What students know and are able to do includes:

4.2.1. Giving examples of civic responsibilities that are important to themselves, their families, community, and state 20
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.2.1.

4.2.2. Identifying important characteristics of an effective citizen that help preserve and strengthen the United States constitutional republic (for example, being involved, informed). 20
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.2.2.

4.3. Students know how citizens can exercise their rights. What students know and are able to do includes:

4.3.1. Identifying important individual economic, personal, and political rights (for example, freedom of religion, freedom of speech, right to own property). 3
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.3.1.

4.4. Students know how citizens can participate in civic life. What students know and are able to do includes:

4.4.1. Identifying ways in which they could take an active part in improving their school and community 23
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.4.1.

4.4.2. Identifying criteria useful in selecting leaders within school. 55
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.4.2.

CO.1. Economics: Students understand that because of the condition of scarcity, decisions must be made about the use of scarce resources.

1.1. Students know that economic choices are made because resources are scarce and that the act of making economic choices imposes opportunity costs. What students know and are able to do includes:

1.1.1. Identifying goods and services and giving examples of each 13
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.1.1.

1.1.2. Showing what happens when there are limited resources and unlimited wants and needs 2
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.1.2.

1.1.3. Giving an example of the opportunity cost for an individual decision (for example, choosing to use money to go to the movies may result in not having enough money to eat at a restaurant). 9
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.1.3.

1.2. Students understand that economic incentives influence the use of scarce human, capital, and natural resources. What students know and are able to do includes:

1.2.1. Giving examples of different economic incentives (for example, landowners are paid rent for the use of their land, people who work are paid a wage, people who save money are paid interest, and successful businesses such as a lemonade stand make a profit). 1
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.2.1.

1.3. Students understand that resources can be used in many ways and understand the costs of alternative uses. What students know and are able to do includes:

1.3.1. Describing how consequences of economic choices may affect the future (for example, using allowance money today for ice cream and candy will not generate savings for a bike in the future) 7
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.3.1.

1.3.2. Identifying similar resources that can be used in a variety of ways (for example, a piece of vacant land can be used to build a office building, a park, a parking lot, a shopping mall or a soccer field). 19
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.3.2.

CO.2. Economics: Students understand how different economic systems impact decisions about the use of resources and the production and distribution of goods and services.

2.1. Students understand that different economic systems employ different means to produce, distribute, and exchange goods and services. What students know and are able to do includes:

2.1.1. Identifying the three basic economic questions all economic systems must answer: (What goods and services will be produced? How will they be produced? For whom will they be produced?) 13
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.1.1.

2.1.2. Identifying different economic systems (for example, command, market, and traditional). 2
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.1.2.

2.2. Students understand the fundamental characteristics of the United States economic system. What students know and are able to do includes:

2.2.1. Describing roles of consumers and producers in the U.S. economic system 13
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.2.1.

2.2.2. Describing how the price of goods and services in our U.S. economic system is related to how much of a product or resource there is, and how many people want it. 2
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.2.2.

2.3. Students understand that government actions and policies, including taxes, spending, and regulations influence the operation of economies. What students know and are able to do includes:

2.3.1. Recognizing that some goods and services are provided by the government (for example, firefighters, parks, police, and public schools) 2
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.3.1.

2.3.2. Explaining that government raises revenue by taxing and borrowing to pay for the goods and services it provides. 13
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.3.2.

CO.3. Economics: Students understand the results of trade, exchange, and interdependence among individuals, households, businesses, governments, and societies.

3.1. Students understand that the exchange of goods and services creates economic interdependence and change. What students know and are able to do includes:

3.1.1. Describing how voluntary exchange of goods and services affects all parties involved in the exchange (for example, by exchanging clothing for food both parties in the exchange have benefited) 13
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.1.1.

3.1.2. Describing the interdependence between households and businesses 2
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.1.2.

3.1.3. Describing how the exchange of goods and services around the world creates interdependence among people in different places (for example, the production of a candy bar requires ingredients from around the world).

3.2. Students understand how a country's monetary system facilitates the exchange of resources. What students know and are able to do includes:

3.2.1. Giving examples of barter as a simple form of exchange 28
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.2.1.

3.2.2. Explaining the concept of money 28
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.2.2.

3.2.3. Giving examples of the mediums of exchange in the U.S. 28
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.2.3.

3.2.4. Recognizing that different countries use different currencies. 28
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.2.4.

CO.1. Geography: Students know how to use and construct maps, globes, and other geographic tools to locate and derive information about people, places, and environments.

1.1. Students know how to use maps, globes, and other geographic tools to acquire, process, and report information from a spatial perspective. What students know and are able to do includes:

1.1.1. Identifying the characteristics and purposes of maps, globes, and other geographic tools 8
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.1.1.

1.1.2. Reading and interpreting information from photographs, maps, globes, graphs, models, and computer programs, if available 24
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.1.2.

1.1.3. Displaying information on maps, globes, and geographic models, and in graphs, diagrams, and charts (for example designing map keys and legends). 23
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.1.3.

1.2. Students develop knowledge of Earth to locate people, places, and environments. What students know and are able to do includes:

1.2.1. Identifying major geographic features 20
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.2.1.

1.2.2. Locating places within their own and nearby communities in Colorado 2
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.2.2.

1.2.3. Locating Colorado in relation to the U.S. and the rest of the world 2
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.2.3.

1.2.4. Drawing a map of continents and oceans 40
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.2.4.

1.2.5. Identifying a specific location on a map using grids. 8
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.2.5.

1.3. Students know how to analyze the dynamic spatial organization of people, places, and environments. What students know and are able to do includes:

1.3.1. Defining basic geographic vocabulary such as the concepts of location, direction, distance, scale, movement, and region using appropriate words and diagrams 11
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.3.1.

1.3.2. Describing how places are connected by the movement of goods and services, ideas and people 22
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.3.2.

1.3.3. Making and defending locational decisions for human activity (for example, where one would locate a new piece of playground equipment). 28
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.3.3.

CO.2. Geography: Students know the physical and human characteristics of places, and use this knowledge to define and study regions and their patterns of change.

2.1. Students know the physical and human characteristics of places. What students know and are able to do includes:

2.1.1. Identifying and classifying the characteristics of places as human or physical 8
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.1.1.

2.1.2. Describing how human and physical processes together shape places (for example, reforestation may prevent erosion on slopes in Colorado). 62
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.1.2.

2.2. Students know how and why people define regions. What students know and are able to do includes:

2.2.1. Identifying a region as an area with unifying geographic characteristics 2
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.2.1.

2.2.2. Describing similarities, differences, and patterns of change in regions. 2
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.2.2.

2.3. Students know how culture and experience influence people's perceptions of places and regions. What students know and are able to do includes:

2.3.1. Identifying ways in which different people view and relate to places and regions. 15
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.3.1.

CO.3. Geography: Students understand how physical processes shape Earth's surface patterns and systems.

3.1. Students know the physical processes that shape Earth's surface patterns. What students know and are able to do includes:

3.1.1. Identifying the components of Earth's physical systems and their characteristics (for example, air, land, water, plants, and animals and their features) 25
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.1.1.

3.1.2. Explaining how Earth-Sun relationships shape climate and vegetation patterns (for example, as compared with other regions, polar regions receive low amounts of sun's energy and thus support little vegetation) 6
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.1.2.

3.1.3. Describing how features on Earth's surface are shaped by physical processes (for example, wet regions have many rivers). 18
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.1.3.

3.2. Students know the characteristics and distributions of physical systems of land, air, water, plants, and animals. What students know and are able to do includes:

3.2.1. Identifying characteristics of physical systems (for example, water cycle) 18
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.2.1.

3.2.2. Describing local environmental features and identifying the physical system to which they belong (for example, a lake which is part of the water cycle) 18
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.2.2.

3.2.3. Comparing patterns and distribution of environments within a physical system (for example, groups of plant and animal life found in Colorado). 82
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.2.3.

CO.4. Geography: Students understand how economic, political, cultural, and social processes interact to shape patterns of human populations, interdependence, cooperation, and conflict.

4.1. Students know the characteristics, location, distribution, and migration of human populations. What students know and are able to do includes:

4.1.1. Identifying the distribution of population, both locally and in other parts of the world 63
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.1.1.

4.1.2. Identifying the characteristics of populations, both locally and in other parts of the world 63
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.1.2.

4.1.3. Identifying the causes of human migration. 15
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.1.3.

4.2. Students know the nature and spatial distribution of cultural patterns. What students know and are able to do includes:

4.2.1. Identifying how the elements of culture affect the ways in which people live 13
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.2.1.

4.2.2. Describing how patterns of culture vary across Earth's surface (for example, using thematic maps to show patterns of language, religion, and housing types in a community). 13
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.2.2.

4.3. Students know the patterns and networks of economic interdependence. What students know and are able to do includes:

4.3.1. Identifying the location and distribution of major economic activities in Colorado 2
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.3.1.

4.3.2. Describing economic networks used in daily life (for example, transportation and communication networks). 39
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.3.2.

4.4. Students know the processes, patterns, and functions of human settlement. What students know and are able to do includes:

4.4.1. Classifying the types and patterns of settlements 23
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.4.1.

4.4.2. Identifying the factors that affect where people settle (for example, the availability of transportation and resources) 40
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.4.2.

4.4.3. Describing the spatial characteristics of cities (for example, residential, recreational, central business district, industrial, commercial areas). 24
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.4.3.

4.5. Students know how cooperation and conflict among people influence the division and control of Earth's surface. What students know and are able to do includes:

4.5.1. Describing how and why people create boundaries 34
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.5.1.

4.5.2. Describing how cooperation and conflict affect neighborhoods and communities. 34
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.5.2.

CO.5. Geography: Students understand the effects of interactions between human and physical systems and the changes in meaning, use, distribution, and importance of resources.

5.1. Students know how human actions modify the physical environment. What students know and are able to do includes:

5.1.1. Identifying how people depend upon, adapt to, and modify the physical environment. 2
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 5.1.1.

5.2. Students know how physical systems affect human systems. What students know and are able to do includes:

5.2.1. Describing how the physical environment provides opportunities for and places constraint on human activities. 2
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 5.2.1.

5.3. Students know the changes that occur in the meaning, use, location, distribution, and importance of resources. What students know and are able to do includes:

5.3.1. Describing the role of resources in daily life (for example, discussing the recycling of materials) 67
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 5.3.1.

5.3.2. Identifying the characteristics of renewable and nonrenewable resources 32
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 5.3.2.

5.3.3. Identifying the spatial distribution of resources. 19
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 5.3.3.

CO.6. Geography: Students apply knowledge of people, places, and environments to understand the past and present and to plan for the future.

6.1. Students know how to apply geography to understand the past. What students know and are able to do includes:

6.1.1. Describing how places change over time 43
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 6.1.1.

6.1.2. Describing how places and environments may have influenced people and events over time. 14
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 6.1.2.

6.2. Students know how to apply geography to understand the present and plan for the future. What students know and are able to do includes:

6.2.1. Describing issues in communities from a spatial perspective 24
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 6.2.1.

6.2.2. Identifying personal behaviors that can affect community planning. 24
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 6.2.2.

CO.1. History: Students understand the chronological organization of history and know how to organize events and people into major eras to identify and explain historical relationships.

1.1. Students know the general chronological order of events and people in history. What students know and are able to do includes:

1.1.1. Chronologically organizing significant events, groups, and people in the history of Colorado. 2
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.1.1.

1.2. Students use chronology to organize historical events and people. What students know and are able to do includes:

1.2.1. Creating timelines that show people and events in sequence using days, weeks, months, years, decades, and centuries 21
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.2.1.

1.2.2. Creating a brief historical narrative that chronologically organizes people and events in the history of their family heritage, school, neighborhood, local community, or Colorado. 34
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.2.2.

1.3. Students use chronology to examine and explain historical relationships. What students know and are able to do includes:

1.3.1. Identifying cause-and-effect relationships in a sequence of events. 24
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.3.1.

CO.2. History: Students know how to use the processes and resources of historical inquiry.

2.1. Students know how to formulate questions and hypotheses regarding what happened in the past and to obtain and analyze historical data to answer questions and test hypotheses. What students know and are able to do includes:

2.1.1. Posing and answering questions about the past 16
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.1.1.

2.1.2. Gathering historical data from multiple sources (for example, oral histories, interviews, diaries, letters, newspapers, literature, speeches, texts, maps, photographs, art works, and available technology). 43
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.1.2.

2.2. Students know how to interpret and evaluate primary and secondary sources of historical information. What students know and are able to do includes:

2.2.1. Describing sources of historical information 21
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.2.1.

2.2.2. Identifying the main idea in a source of historical information 21
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.2.2.

2.2.3. Identifying ways different cultures record their history. 35
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.2.3.

2.3. Students apply knowledge of the past to analyze present-day issues and events from multiple, historically objective perspectives. What students know and are able to do includes:

2.3.1. Comparing past and present-day situations and events. 16
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.3.1.

CO.3. History: Students understand that societies are diverse and have changed over time.

3.1. Students know how various societies were affected by contacts and exchanges among diverse peoples. What students know and are able to do includes:

3.1.1. Recognizing how the presence, interactions, and contributions of various groups and cultures have affected the school, neighborhood, community, and state 19
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.1.1.

3.1.2. describing the history, interactions, and contributions of the various peoples and cultures that have lived in or migrated to the area that is now Colorado (for example, African-Americans, Asian Americans, European Americans, Latino Americans, and Native Americans). 2
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.1.2.

3.2. Students understand the history of social organization in various societies. What students know and are able to do includes:

3.2.1. Identifying reasons for living in social groups 21
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.2.1.

3.2.2. Describing important components of the cultural heritage of the United States 36
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.2.2.

3.2.3. Recognizing that there are families and cultures around the world. 34
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.2.3.

CO.4. History: Students understand how science, technology, and economic activity have developed, changed, and affected societies throughout history.

4.1. Students understand the impact of scientific and technological developments on individuals and societies. What students know and are able to do includes:

4.1.1. Comparing the lives of hunters and gatherers to the lives of people who cultivated plants and raised domesticated animals for food 2
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.1.1.

4.1.2. Describing the impact of various technological developments on the local community and the state (for example, irrigation, transportation, communication) 40
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.1.2.

4.1.3. Identifying individual achievements of scientists and inventors from many cultures and describing their achievements (for example, the Persian scientist and mathematician who invented equations and coined the term 'algebra'; Johann Gutenberg and the printing press; Galileo and the telescope; Isaac Newton and the theory of gravity; Eli Whitney and the cotton gin; Marie Curie and radiation). 37
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.1.3.

4.2. Students understand how economic factors have influenced historical events. What students know and are able to do includes:

4.2.1. Describing the economic reasons why people move to or from a location (for example, explorers, nomadic people, miners, traders). 13
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.2.1.

4.3. Students understand the historical development and know the characteristics of various economic systems. What students know and are able to do includes:

4.3.1. Giving examples of different ways that decisions are made regarding how resources are utilized and distributed (for example, authority, sharing, competition in a free market, tradition, 'first-come, first-served', 'luck of the draw') 2
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.3.1.

4.3.2. Describing different systems of exchange that can be used (for example, barter, money). 28
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.3.2.

CO.5. History: Students understand political institutions and theories that have developed and changed over time.

5.1. Students understand how democratic ideas and institutions in the United States have developed, changed, and/or been maintained. What students know and are able to do includes:

5.1.1. Identifying historical figures from diverse backgrounds in the United States who have advanced the rights of individuals and promoted the common good 132
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 5.1.1.

5.1.2. Explaining the importance of national celebrations, symbols, and ideas in their historical context 36
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 5.1.2.

5.1.3. Describing the historical background of the Colorado constitution. 2
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 5.1.3.

5.2. Students know how various systems of government have developed and functioned throughout history. What students know and are able to do includes:

5.2.1. Explaining why rules and laws have been established and enforced in schools, communities, states, and nations 9
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 5.2.1.

5.2.2. Giving examples of different heads of government (for example, presidents, kings, mayors, governors). 5
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 5.2.2.

5.3. Students know how political power has been acquired, maintained, used, and/or lost throughout history. What students know and are able to do includes:

5.3.1. Giving examples of how individuals in various groups have gained, lost, or maintained political rights, freedoms, power, or cultural identity in the history of the community, region, or state. 2
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 5.3.1.

5.4. Students know the history of relationships among different political powers and the development of international relations. What students know and are able to do includes:

5.4.1. Giving examples of how members of families and communities depend on each other 31
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 5.4.1.

5.4.2. Giving examples of how states and regions have become interdependent. 33
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 5.4.2.

CO.6. History: Students know that religious and philosophical ideas have been powerful forces throughout history.

6.1. Students know the historical development of religions and philosophies. What students know and are able to do includes:

6.1.1. Recognizing that people develop traditions that transmit their beliefs and ideas (for example, marriage ceremonies, feasts, naming of infants). 26
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 6.1.1.

6.2. Students know how societies have been affected by religions and philosophies. What students know and are able to do includes:

6.2.1. Giving examples of how the beliefs of people are reflected in the celebrations and practices of their community. 62
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 6.2.1.

6.3. Students know how various forms of expression reflect religious beliefs and philosophical ideas. What students know and are able to do includes:

6.3.1. Giving examples of forms of expression that depict the history, daily life, and beliefs of various peoples (for example, folk tales, ballads, dance, and architecture). 6
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 6.3.1.

CO.1. Civics: Students understand the purposes of government, and the basic constitutional principles of the United States republican form of government.

1.1. Students know and understand what government is and what purpose it serves. What students know and are able to do includes:

1.1.1. Describing the purposes of government 13
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.1.1.

1.1.2. Describing what life would be like without laws and order 5
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.1.2.

1.1.3. Identifying a constitution as a framework for a government. 5
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.1.3.

1.2. Students know the essential characteristics of limited and unlimited government. What students know and are able to do includes:

1.2.1. Giving examples of people using power and people using authority (for example, school crossing guards have authority to direct traffic, while bullies have power, but not authority) 8
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.2.1.

1.2.2. Explaining why the power of a government should be limited (for example, to limit the misuse or abuse of power) 5
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.2.2.

1.3. Students understand the principles of the United States constitutional government. What students know and are able to do includes:

1.3.1. Identifying the function of the United States Constitution (for example, establishes the rules of the United States government) 5
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.3.1.

1.3.2. Giving examples of rights protected by a constitution (for example, U.S. Bill of Rights, the state constitution). 5
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.3.2.

1.4. Students know the distinctive characteristics of the political culture of the United States. What students know and are able to do includes:

1.4.1. Explaining the importance of respect for individuals, property, rule of law, and civic responsibility. 6
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.4.1.

1.5. Students know the fundamental democratic principles inherent in the United States concept of a constitutional democratic republic. What students know and are able to do includes:

1.5.1. Identifying traditional ideas of representative government of the United States (for example, individual rights, common or public good, self-government, justice, equality of opportunity) 4
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.5.1.

1.5.2. Giving examples of traditional principles of representative government of the United States (for example, people are sovereign, government power is limited, exercise of authority directly by voting, indirect authority by representation, majority rule, and minority rights protected). 5
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.5.2.

CO.2. Civics: Students know the structure and function of local, state, and national government and how citizen involvement shapes public policy.

2.1. Students know the organization and functions of local, state, and national governments. What students know and are able to do includes:

2.1.1. Identifying what governments do in their school, community, state, and nation what services they provide how we pay for them. 8
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.1.1.

2.2. Students know how power, authority, and responsibility are distributed, shared, and limited through federalism as established by the United States Constitution. What students know and are able to do includes:

2.2.1. Identifying limits of authority for the self, school, community, state. 37
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.2.1.

2.3. Students know and understand the place of law in the Colorado and United States constitutional systems. What students know and are able to do includes:

2.3.1. Identifying people and groups who apply and enforce rules and laws as government (for example, police, judges, legislatures, mayors, principals) 16
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.3.1.

2.3.2. Explaining why we have classroom and school rules 7
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.3.2.

2.3.3. Identifying what makes a good rule or law. 5
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.3.3.

2.4. Students know how public policy is developed at the local, state, and national levels. What students know and are able to do includes:

2.4.1. Identifying how people monitor and influence decisions of their government (for example, read, follow issues, have discussions, vote, and contact elected representatives). 11
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.4.1.

CO.3. Civics: Students know the political relationship of the United States and its citizens to other nations and to world affairs.

3.1. Students know how and why governments and nongovernmental agencies around the world interact politically. What students know and are able to do includes:

3.1.1. Identifying examples of international issues. 31
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.1.1.

3.2. Students understand how the United States government develops foreign policy. What students know and are able to do includes:

3.2.1. Identifying examples of how the United States interacts with other countries (for example, trade and culture). 20
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.2.1.

3.3. Students understand the domestic and foreign policy influence the United States has on other nations and how the actions of other nations influence politics and society of the United States. What students know and are able to do includes:

3.3.1. Describing ways in which the United States and other countries politically influence each other (for example, making a treaty, trade). 5
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.3.1.

CO.4. Civics: Students understand how citizens exercise the roles, rights and responsibilities of participation in civic life at all levels - local, state, and national.

4.1. Students know what citizenship is. What students know and are able to do includes:

4.1.1. Identifying the criteria for citizenship in the United States 4
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.1.1.

4.1.2. Explaining how students are citizens in the classroom, school, community, and state (for example, civic virtue, common courtesy, and honest and fair dealings). 30
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.1.2.

4.2. Students know how citizens can fulfill their responsibilities for preserving the constitutional republic. What students know and are able to do includes:

4.2.1. Giving examples of civic responsibilities that are important to themselves, their families, community, and state 11
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.2.1.

4.2.2. Identifying important characteristics of an effective citizen that help preserve and strengthen the United States constitutional republic (for example, being involved, informed). 11
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.2.2.

4.3. Students know how citizens can exercise their rights. What students know and are able to do includes:

4.3.1. Identifying important individual economic, personal, and political rights (for example, freedom of religion, freedom of speech, right to own property). 9
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.3.1.

4.4. Students know how citizens can participate in civic life. What students know and are able to do includes:

4.4.1. Identifying ways in which they could take an active part in improving their school and community 24
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.4.1.

4.4.2. Identifying criteria useful in selecting leaders within school. 29
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.4.2.

CO.1. Economics: Students understand that because of the condition of scarcity, decisions must be made about the use of scarce resources.

1.1. Students know that economic choices are made because resources are scarce and that the act of making economic choices imposes opportunity costs. What students know and are able to do includes:

1.1.1. Identifying goods and services and giving examples of each 25
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.1.1.

1.1.2. Showing what happens when there are limited resources and unlimited wants and needs 1
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.1.2.

1.1.3. Giving an example of the opportunity cost for an individual decision (for example, choosing to use money to go to the movies may result in not having enough money to eat at a restaurant). 5
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.1.3.

1.2. Students understand that economic incentives influence the use of scarce human, capital, and natural resources. What students know and are able to do includes:

1.2.1. Giving examples of different economic incentives (for example, landowners are paid rent for the use of their land, people who work are paid a wage, people who save money are paid interest, and successful businesses such as a lemonade stand make a profit). 4
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.2.1.

1.3. Students understand that resources can be used in many ways and understand the costs of alternative uses. What students know and are able to do includes:

1.3.1. Describing how consequences of economic choices may affect the future (for example, using allowance money today for ice cream and candy will not generate savings for a bike in the future) 4
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.3.1.

1.3.2. Identifying similar resources that can be used in a variety of ways (for example, a piece of vacant land can be used to build a office building, a park, a parking lot, a shopping mall or a soccer field). 19
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.3.2.

CO.2. Economics: Students understand how different economic systems impact decisions about the use of resources and the production and distribution of goods and services.

2.1. Students understand that different economic systems employ different means to produce, distribute, and exchange goods and services. What students know and are able to do includes:

2.1.1. Identifying the three basic economic questions all economic systems must answer: (What goods and services will be produced? How will they be produced? For whom will they be produced?) 25
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.1.1.

2.1.2. Identifying different economic systems (for example, command, market, and traditional). 2
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.1.2.

2.2. Students understand the fundamental characteristics of the United States economic system. What students know and are able to do includes:

2.2.1. Describing roles of consumers and producers in the U.S. economic system 26
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.2.1.

2.2.2. Describing how the price of goods and services in our U.S. economic system is related to how much of a product or resource there is, and how many people want it. 1
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.2.2.

2.3. Students understand that government actions and policies, including taxes, spending, and regulations influence the operation of economies. What students know and are able to do includes:

2.3.1. Recognizing that some goods and services are provided by the government (for example, firefighters, parks, police, and public schools) 4
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.3.1.

2.3.2. Explaining that government raises revenue by taxing and borrowing to pay for the goods and services it provides. 8
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.3.2.

CO.3. Economics: Students understand the results of trade, exchange, and interdependence among individuals, households, businesses, governments, and societies.

3.1. Students understand that the exchange of goods and services creates economic interdependence and change. What students know and are able to do includes:

3.1.1. Describing how voluntary exchange of goods and services affects all parties involved in the exchange (for example, by exchanging clothing for food both parties in the exchange have benefited) 25
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.1.1.

3.1.2. Describing the interdependence between households and businesses 2
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.1.2.

3.1.3. Describing how the exchange of goods and services around the world creates interdependence among people in different places (for example, the production of a candy bar requires ingredients from around the world).

3.2. Students understand how a country's monetary system facilitates the exchange of resources. What students know and are able to do includes:

3.2.1. Giving examples of barter as a simple form of exchange 6
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.2.1.

3.2.2. Explaining the concept of money 6
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.2.2.

3.2.3. Giving examples of the mediums of exchange in the U.S. 6
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.2.3.

3.2.4. Recognizing that different countries use different currencies. 6
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.2.4.

CO.1. Geography: Students know how to use and construct maps, globes, and other geographic tools to locate and derive information about people, places, and environments.

1.1. Students know how to use maps, globes, and other geographic tools to acquire, process, and report information from a spatial perspective. What students know and are able to do includes:

1.1.1. Identifying the characteristics and purposes of maps, globes, and other geographic tools 17
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.1.1.

1.1.2. Reading and interpreting information from photographs, maps, globes, graphs, models, and computer programs, if available 22
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.1.2.

1.1.3. Displaying information on maps, globes, and geographic models, and in graphs, diagrams, and charts (for example designing map keys and legends). 21
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.1.3.

1.2. Students develop knowledge of Earth to locate people, places, and environments. What students know and are able to do includes:

1.2.1. Identifying major geographic features 31
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.2.1.

1.2.2. Locating places within their own and nearby communities in Colorado 2
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.2.2.

1.2.3. Locating Colorado in relation to the U.S. and the rest of the world 2
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.2.3.

1.2.4. Drawing a map of continents and oceans 68
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.2.4.

1.2.5. Identifying a specific location on a map using grids. 17
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.2.5.

1.3. Students know how to analyze the dynamic spatial organization of people, places, and environments. What students know and are able to do includes:

1.3.1. Defining basic geographic vocabulary such as the concepts of location, direction, distance, scale, movement, and region using appropriate words and diagrams 23
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.3.1.

1.3.2. Describing how places are connected by the movement of goods and services, ideas and people 39
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.3.2.

1.3.3. Making and defending locational decisions for human activity (for example, where one would locate a new piece of playground equipment). 19
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.3.3.

CO.2. Geography: Students know the physical and human characteristics of places, and use this knowledge to define and study regions and their patterns of change.

2.1. Students know the physical and human characteristics of places. What students know and are able to do includes:

2.1.1. Identifying and classifying the characteristics of places as human or physical 17
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.1.1.

2.1.2. Describing how human and physical processes together shape places (for example, reforestation may prevent erosion on slopes in Colorado). 96
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.1.2.

2.2. Students know how and why people define regions. What students know and are able to do includes:

2.2.1. Identifying a region as an area with unifying geographic characteristics 6
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.2.1.

2.2.2. Describing similarities, differences, and patterns of change in regions. 6
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.2.2.

2.3. Students know how culture and experience influence people's perceptions of places and regions. What students know and are able to do includes:

2.3.1. Identifying ways in which different people view and relate to places and regions. 26
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.3.1.

CO.3. Geography: Students understand how physical processes shape Earth's surface patterns and systems.

3.1. Students know the physical processes that shape Earth's surface patterns. What students know and are able to do includes:

3.1.1. Identifying the components of Earth's physical systems and their characteristics (for example, air, land, water, plants, and animals and their features) 35
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.1.1.

3.1.2. Explaining how Earth-Sun relationships shape climate and vegetation patterns (for example, as compared with other regions, polar regions receive low amounts of sun's energy and thus support little vegetation) 12
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.1.2.

3.1.3. Describing how features on Earth's surface are shaped by physical processes (for example, wet regions have many rivers). 32
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.1.3.

3.2. Students know the characteristics and distributions of physical systems of land, air, water, plants, and animals. What students know and are able to do includes:

3.2.1. Identifying characteristics of physical systems (for example, water cycle) 32
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.2.1.

3.2.2. Describing local environmental features and identifying the physical system to which they belong (for example, a lake which is part of the water cycle) 32
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.2.2.

3.2.3. Comparing patterns and distribution of environments within a physical system (for example, groups of plant and animal life found in Colorado). 107
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.2.3.

CO.4. Geography: Students understand how economic, political, cultural, and social processes interact to shape patterns of human populations, interdependence, cooperation, and conflict.

4.1. Students know the characteristics, location, distribution, and migration of human populations. What students know and are able to do includes:

4.1.1. Identifying the distribution of population, both locally and in other parts of the world 63
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.1.1.

4.1.2. Identifying the characteristics of populations, both locally and in other parts of the world 63
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.1.2.

4.1.3. Identifying the causes of human migration. 32
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.1.3.

4.2. Students know the nature and spatial distribution of cultural patterns. What students know and are able to do includes:

4.2.1. Identifying how the elements of culture affect the ways in which people live 20
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.2.1.

4.2.2. Describing how patterns of culture vary across Earth's surface (for example, using thematic maps to show patterns of language, religion, and housing types in a community). 20
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.2.2.

4.3. Students know the patterns and networks of economic interdependence. What students know and are able to do includes:

4.3.1. Identifying the location and distribution of major economic activities in Colorado 2
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.3.1.

4.3.2. Describing economic networks used in daily life (for example, transportation and communication networks). 33
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.3.2.

4.4. Students know the processes, patterns, and functions of human settlement. What students know and are able to do includes:

4.4.1. Classifying the types and patterns of settlements 14
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.4.1.

4.4.2. Identifying the factors that affect where people settle (for example, the availability of transportation and resources) 30
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.4.2.

4.4.3. Describing the spatial characteristics of cities (for example, residential, recreational, central business district, industrial, commercial areas). 19
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.4.3.

4.5. Students know how cooperation and conflict among people influence the division and control of Earth's surface. What students know and are able to do includes:

4.5.1. Describing how and why people create boundaries

4.5.2. Describing how cooperation and conflict affect neighborhoods and communities. 23
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.5.2.

CO.5. Geography: Students understand the effects of interactions between human and physical systems and the changes in meaning, use, distribution, and importance of resources.

5.1. Students know how human actions modify the physical environment. What students know and are able to do includes:

5.1.1. Identifying how people depend upon, adapt to, and modify the physical environment. 2
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 5.1.1.

5.2. Students know how physical systems affect human systems. What students know and are able to do includes:

5.2.1. Describing how the physical environment provides opportunities for and places constraint on human activities. 2
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 5.2.1.

5.3. Students know the changes that occur in the meaning, use, location, distribution, and importance of resources. What students know and are able to do includes:

5.3.1. Describing the role of resources in daily life (for example, discussing the recycling of materials) 74
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 5.3.1.

5.3.2. Identifying the characteristics of renewable and nonrenewable resources 37
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 5.3.2.

5.3.3. Identifying the spatial distribution of resources. 19
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 5.3.3.

CO.6. Geography: Students apply knowledge of people, places, and environments to understand the past and present and to plan for the future.

6.1. Students know how to apply geography to understand the past. What students know and are able to do includes:

6.1.1. Describing how places change over time 64
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 6.1.1.

6.1.2. Describing how places and environments may have influenced people and events over time. 20
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 6.1.2.

6.2. Students know how to apply geography to understand the present and plan for the future. What students know and are able to do includes:

6.2.1. Describing issues in communities from a spatial perspective 19
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 6.2.1.

6.2.2. Identifying personal behaviors that can affect community planning. 18
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 6.2.2.

CO.1. History: Students understand the chronological organization of history and know how to organize events and people into major eras to identify and explain historical relationships.

1.1. Students know the general chronological order of events and people in history. What students know and are able to do includes:

1.1.1. Chronologically organizing significant events, groups, and people in the history of Colorado. 2
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.1.1.

1.2. Students use chronology to organize historical events and people. What students know and are able to do includes:

1.2.1. Creating timelines that show people and events in sequence using days, weeks, months, years, decades, and centuries 37
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.2.1.

1.2.2. Creating a brief historical narrative that chronologically organizes people and events in the history of their family heritage, school, neighborhood, local community, or Colorado. 32
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.2.2.

1.3. Students use chronology to examine and explain historical relationships. What students know and are able to do includes:

1.3.1. Identifying cause-and-effect relationships in a sequence of events. 20
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.3.1.

CO.2. History: Students know how to use the processes and resources of historical inquiry.

2.1. Students know how to formulate questions and hypotheses regarding what happened in the past and to obtain and analyze historical data to answer questions and test hypotheses. What students know and are able to do includes:

2.1.1. Posing and answering questions about the past 16
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.1.1.

2.1.2. Gathering historical data from multiple sources (for example, oral histories, interviews, diaries, letters, newspapers, literature, speeches, texts, maps, photographs, art works, and available technology). 59
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.1.2.

2.2. Students know how to interpret and evaluate primary and secondary sources of historical information. What students know and are able to do includes:

2.2.1. Describing sources of historical information 20
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.2.1.

2.2.2. Identifying the main idea in a source of historical information 20
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.2.2.

2.2.3. Identifying ways different cultures record their history. 33
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.2.3.

2.3. Students apply knowledge of the past to analyze present-day issues and events from multiple, historically objective perspectives. What students know and are able to do includes:

2.3.1. Comparing past and present-day situations and events. 16
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.3.1.

CO.3. History: Students understand that societies are diverse and have changed over time.

3.1. Students know how various societies were affected by contacts and exchanges among diverse peoples. What students know and are able to do includes:

3.1.1. Recognizing how the presence, interactions, and contributions of various groups and cultures have affected the school, neighborhood, community, and state 21
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.1.1.

3.1.2. describing the history, interactions, and contributions of the various peoples and cultures that have lived in or migrated to the area that is now Colorado (for example, African-Americans, Asian Americans, European Americans, Latino Americans, and Native Americans). 2
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.1.2.

3.2. Students understand the history of social organization in various societies. What students know and are able to do includes:

3.2.1. Identifying reasons for living in social groups 3
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.2.1.

3.2.2. Describing important components of the cultural heritage of the United States 39
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.2.2.

3.2.3. Recognizing that there are families and cultures around the world. 23
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.2.3.

CO.4. History: Students understand how science, technology, and economic activity have developed, changed, and affected societies throughout history.

4.1. Students understand the impact of scientific and technological developments on individuals and societies. What students know and are able to do includes:

4.1.1. Comparing the lives of hunters and gatherers to the lives of people who cultivated plants and raised domesticated animals for food 1
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.1.1.

4.1.2. Describing the impact of various technological developments on the local community and the state (for example, irrigation, transportation, communication) 45
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.1.2.

4.1.3. Identifying individual achievements of scientists and inventors from many cultures and describing their achievements (for example, the Persian scientist and mathematician who invented equations and coined the term 'algebra'; Johann Gutenberg and the printing press; Galileo and the telescope; Isaac Newton and the theory of gravity; Eli Whitney and the cotton gin; Marie Curie and radiation). 6
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.1.3.

4.2. Students understand how economic factors have influenced historical events. What students know and are able to do includes:

4.2.1. Describing the economic reasons why people move to or from a location (for example, explorers, nomadic people, miners, traders). 44
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.2.1.

4.3. Students understand the historical development and know the characteristics of various economic systems. What students know and are able to do includes:

4.3.1. Giving examples of different ways that decisions are made regarding how resources are utilized and distributed (for example, authority, sharing, competition in a free market, tradition, 'first-come, first-served', 'luck of the draw') 1
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.3.1.

4.3.2. Describing different systems of exchange that can be used (for example, barter, money). 6
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.3.2.

CO.5. History: Students understand political institutions and theories that have developed and changed over time.

5.1. Students understand how democratic ideas and institutions in the United States have developed, changed, and/or been maintained. What students know and are able to do includes:

5.1.1. Identifying historical figures from diverse backgrounds in the United States who have advanced the rights of individuals and promoted the common good 308
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 5.1.1.

5.1.2. Explaining the importance of national celebrations, symbols, and ideas in their historical context 66
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 5.1.2.

5.1.3. Describing the historical background of the Colorado constitution. 2
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 5.1.3.

5.2. Students know how various systems of government have developed and functioned throughout history. What students know and are able to do includes:

5.2.1. Explaining why rules and laws have been established and enforced in schools, communities, states, and nations 5
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 5.2.1.

5.2.2. Giving examples of different heads of government (for example, presidents, kings, mayors, governors). 11
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 5.2.2.

5.3. Students know how political power has been acquired, maintained, used, and/or lost throughout history. What students know and are able to do includes:

5.3.1. Giving examples of how individuals in various groups have gained, lost, or maintained political rights, freedoms, power, or cultural identity in the history of the community, region, or state. 2
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 5.3.1.

5.4. Students know the history of relationships among different political powers and the development of international relations. What students know and are able to do includes:

5.4.1. Giving examples of how members of families and communities depend on each other 26
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 5.4.1.

5.4.2. Giving examples of how states and regions have become interdependent. 27
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 5.4.2.

CO.6. History: Students know that religious and philosophical ideas have been powerful forces throughout history.

6.1. Students know the historical development of religions and philosophies. What students know and are able to do includes:

6.1.1. Recognizing that people develop traditions that transmit their beliefs and ideas (for example, marriage ceremonies, feasts, naming of infants). 40
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 6.1.1.

6.2. Students know how societies have been affected by religions and philosophies. What students know and are able to do includes:

6.2.1. Giving examples of how the beliefs of people are reflected in the celebrations and practices of their community. 70
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 6.2.1.

6.3. Students know how various forms of expression reflect religious beliefs and philosophical ideas. What students know and are able to do includes:

6.3.1. Giving examples of forms of expression that depict the history, daily life, and beliefs of various peoples (for example, folk tales, ballads, dance, and architecture). 28
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 6.3.1.

CO.1. Civics: Students understand the purposes of government, and the basic constitutional principles of the United States republican form of government.

1.1. Students know and understand what government is and what purpose it serves. What students know and are able to do includes:

1.1.1. Describing the purposes of government 54
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.1.1.

1.1.2. Describing what life would be like without laws and order 12
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.1.2.

1.1.3. Identifying a constitution as a framework for a government. 18
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.1.3.

1.2. Students know the essential characteristics of limited and unlimited government. What students know and are able to do includes:

1.2.1. Giving examples of people using power and people using authority (for example, school crossing guards have authority to direct traffic, while bullies have power, but not authority) 47
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.2.1.

1.2.2. Explaining why the power of a government should be limited (for example, to limit the misuse or abuse of power) 18
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.2.2.

1.3. Students understand the principles of the United States constitutional government. What students know and are able to do includes:

1.3.1. Identifying the function of the United States Constitution (for example, establishes the rules of the United States government) 18
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.3.1.

1.3.2. Giving examples of rights protected by a constitution (for example, U.S. Bill of Rights, the state constitution). 18
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.3.2.

1.4. Students know the distinctive characteristics of the political culture of the United States. What students know and are able to do includes:

1.4.1. Explaining the importance of respect for individuals, property, rule of law, and civic responsibility. 10
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.4.1.

1.5. Students know the fundamental democratic principles inherent in the United States concept of a constitutional democratic republic. What students know and are able to do includes:

1.5.1. Identifying traditional ideas of representative government of the United States (for example, individual rights, common or public good, self-government, justice, equality of opportunity) 5
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.5.1.

1.5.2. Giving examples of traditional principles of representative government of the United States (for example, people are sovereign, government power is limited, exercise of authority directly by voting, indirect authority by representation, majority rule, and minority rights protected). 9
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.5.2.

CO.2. Civics: Students know the structure and function of local, state, and national government and how citizen involvement shapes public policy.

2.1. Students know the organization and functions of local, state, and national governments. What students know and are able to do includes:

2.1.1. Identifying what governments do in their school, community, state, and nation what services they provide how we pay for them. 24
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.1.1.

2.2. Students know how power, authority, and responsibility are distributed, shared, and limited through federalism as established by the United States Constitution. What students know and are able to do includes:

2.2.1. Identifying limits of authority for the self, school, community, state. 33
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.2.1.

2.3. Students know and understand the place of law in the Colorado and United States constitutional systems. What students know and are able to do includes:

2.3.1. Identifying people and groups who apply and enforce rules and laws as government (for example, police, judges, legislatures, mayors, principals) 18
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.3.1.

2.3.2. Explaining why we have classroom and school rules 7
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.3.2.

2.3.3. Identifying what makes a good rule or law. 15
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.3.3.

2.4. Students know how public policy is developed at the local, state, and national levels. What students know and are able to do includes:

2.4.1. Identifying how people monitor and influence decisions of their government (for example, read, follow issues, have discussions, vote, and contact elected representatives). 24
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.4.1.

CO.3. Civics: Students know the political relationship of the United States and its citizens to other nations and to world affairs.

3.1. Students know how and why governments and nongovernmental agencies around the world interact politically. What students know and are able to do includes:

3.1.1. Identifying examples of international issues. 33
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.1.1.

3.2. Students understand how the United States government develops foreign policy. What students know and are able to do includes:

3.2.1. Identifying examples of how the United States interacts with other countries (for example, trade and culture). 25
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.2.1.

3.3. Students understand the domestic and foreign policy influence the United States has on other nations and how the actions of other nations influence politics and society of the United States. What students know and are able to do includes:

3.3.1. Describing ways in which the United States and other countries politically influence each other (for example, making a treaty, trade). 5
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.3.1.

CO.4. Civics: Students understand how citizens exercise the roles, rights and responsibilities of participation in civic life at all levels - local, state, and national.

4.1. Students know what citizenship is. What students know and are able to do includes:

4.1.1. Identifying the criteria for citizenship in the United States 7
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.1.1.

4.1.2. Explaining how students are citizens in the classroom, school, community, and state (for example, civic virtue, common courtesy, and honest and fair dealings). 19
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.1.2.

4.2. Students know how citizens can fulfill their responsibilities for preserving the constitutional republic. What students know and are able to do includes:

4.2.1. Giving examples of civic responsibilities that are important to themselves, their families, community, and state 24
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.2.1.

4.2.2. Identifying important characteristics of an effective citizen that help preserve and strengthen the United States constitutional republic (for example, being involved, informed). 24
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.2.2.

4.3. Students know how citizens can exercise their rights. What students know and are able to do includes:

4.3.1. Identifying important individual economic, personal, and political rights (for example, freedom of religion, freedom of speech, right to own property). 12
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.3.1.

4.4. Students know how citizens can participate in civic life. What students know and are able to do includes:

4.4.1. Identifying ways in which they could take an active part in improving their school and community 15
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.4.1.

4.4.2. Identifying criteria useful in selecting leaders within school. 17
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.4.2.

CO.1. Economics: Students understand that because of the condition of scarcity, decisions must be made about the use of scarce resources.

1.1. Students know that economic choices are made because resources are scarce and that the act of making economic choices imposes opportunity costs. What students know and are able to do includes:

1.1.1. Identifying goods and services and giving examples of each 11
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.1.1.

1.1.2. Showing what happens when there are limited resources and unlimited wants and needs 1
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.1.2.

1.1.3. Giving an example of the opportunity cost for an individual decision (for example, choosing to use money to go to the movies may result in not having enough money to eat at a restaurant). 3
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.1.3.

1.2. Students understand that economic incentives influence the use of scarce human, capital, and natural resources. What students know and are able to do includes:

1.2.1. Giving examples of different economic incentives (for example, landowners are paid rent for the use of their land, people who work are paid a wage, people who save money are paid interest, and successful businesses such as a lemonade stand make a profit). 4
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.2.1.

1.3. Students understand that resources can be used in many ways and understand the costs of alternative uses. What students know and are able to do includes:

1.3.1. Describing how consequences of economic choices may affect the future (for example, using allowance money today for ice cream and candy will not generate savings for a bike in the future) 3
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.3.1.

1.3.2. Identifying similar resources that can be used in a variety of ways (for example, a piece of vacant land can be used to build a office building, a park, a parking lot, a shopping mall or a soccer field). 26
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.3.2.

CO.2. Economics: Students understand how different economic systems impact decisions about the use of resources and the production and distribution of goods and services.

2.1. Students understand that different economic systems employ different means to produce, distribute, and exchange goods and services. What students know and are able to do includes:

2.1.1. Identifying the three basic economic questions all economic systems must answer: (What goods and services will be produced? How will they be produced? For whom will they be produced?) 11
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.1.1.

2.1.2. Identifying different economic systems (for example, command, market, and traditional). 3
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.1.2.

2.2. Students understand the fundamental characteristics of the United States economic system. What students know and are able to do includes:

2.2.1. Describing roles of consumers and producers in the U.S. economic system 13
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.2.1.

2.2.2. Describing how the price of goods and services in our U.S. economic system is related to how much of a product or resource there is, and how many people want it. 1
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.2.2.

2.3. Students understand that government actions and policies, including taxes, spending, and regulations influence the operation of economies. What students know and are able to do includes:

2.3.1. Recognizing that some goods and services are provided by the government (for example, firefighters, parks, police, and public schools) 9
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.3.1.

2.3.2. Explaining that government raises revenue by taxing and borrowing to pay for the goods and services it provides. 3
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.3.2.

CO.3. Economics: Students understand the results of trade, exchange, and interdependence among individuals, households, businesses, governments, and societies.

3.1. Students understand that the exchange of goods and services creates economic interdependence and change. What students know and are able to do includes:

3.1.1. Describing how voluntary exchange of goods and services affects all parties involved in the exchange (for example, by exchanging clothing for food both parties in the exchange have benefited) 11
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.1.1.

3.1.2. Describing the interdependence between households and businesses 1
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.1.2.

3.1.3. Describing how the exchange of goods and services around the world creates interdependence among people in different places (for example, the production of a candy bar requires ingredients from around the world). 3
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.1.3.

3.2. Students understand how a country's monetary system facilitates the exchange of resources. What students know and are able to do includes:

3.2.1. Giving examples of barter as a simple form of exchange

3.2.2. Explaining the concept of money 9
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.2.2.

3.2.3. Giving examples of the mediums of exchange in the U.S. 9
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.2.3.

3.2.4. Recognizing that different countries use different currencies. 9
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.2.4.

CO.1. Geography: Students know how to use and construct maps, globes, and other geographic tools to locate and derive information about people, places, and environments.

1.1. Students know how to use maps, globes, and other geographic tools to acquire, process, and report information from a spatial perspective. What students know and are able to do includes:

1.1.1. Identifying the characteristics and purposes of maps, globes, and other geographic tools 21
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.1.1.

1.1.2. Reading and interpreting information from photographs, maps, globes, graphs, models, and computer programs, if available 35
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.1.2.

1.1.3. Displaying information on maps, globes, and geographic models, and in graphs, diagrams, and charts (for example designing map keys and legends). 30
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.1.3.

1.2. Students develop knowledge of Earth to locate people, places, and environments. What students know and are able to do includes:

1.2.1. Identifying major geographic features 44
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.2.1.

1.2.2. Locating places within their own and nearby communities in Colorado 2
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.2.2.

1.2.3. Locating Colorado in relation to the U.S. and the rest of the world 2
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.2.3.

1.2.4. Drawing a map of continents and oceans 74
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.2.4.

1.2.5. Identifying a specific location on a map using grids. 21
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.2.5.

1.3. Students know how to analyze the dynamic spatial organization of people, places, and environments. What students know and are able to do includes:

1.3.1. Defining basic geographic vocabulary such as the concepts of location, direction, distance, scale, movement, and region using appropriate words and diagrams 26
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.3.1.

1.3.2. Describing how places are connected by the movement of goods and services, ideas and people 40
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.3.2.

1.3.3. Making and defending locational decisions for human activity (for example, where one would locate a new piece of playground equipment). 21
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.3.3.

CO.2. Geography: Students know the physical and human characteristics of places, and use this knowledge to define and study regions and their patterns of change.

2.1. Students know the physical and human characteristics of places. What students know and are able to do includes:

2.1.1. Identifying and classifying the characteristics of places as human or physical 18
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.1.1.

2.1.2. Describing how human and physical processes together shape places (for example, reforestation may prevent erosion on slopes in Colorado). 86
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.1.2.

2.2. Students know how and why people define regions. What students know and are able to do includes:

2.2.1. Identifying a region as an area with unifying geographic characteristics 8
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.2.1.

2.2.2. Describing similarities, differences, and patterns of change in regions. 8
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.2.2.

2.3. Students know how culture and experience influence people's perceptions of places and regions. What students know and are able to do includes:

2.3.1. Identifying ways in which different people view and relate to places and regions. 22
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.3.1.

CO.3. Geography: Students understand how physical processes shape Earth's surface patterns and systems.

3.1. Students know the physical processes that shape Earth's surface patterns. What students know and are able to do includes:

3.1.1. Identifying the components of Earth's physical systems and their characteristics (for example, air, land, water, plants, and animals and their features) 29
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.1.1.

3.1.2. Explaining how Earth-Sun relationships shape climate and vegetation patterns (for example, as compared with other regions, polar regions receive low amounts of sun's energy and thus support little vegetation) 19
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.1.2.

3.1.3. Describing how features on Earth's surface are shaped by physical processes (for example, wet regions have many rivers). 29
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.1.3.

3.2. Students know the characteristics and distributions of physical systems of land, air, water, plants, and animals. What students know and are able to do includes:

3.2.1. Identifying characteristics of physical systems (for example, water cycle) 29
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.2.1.

3.2.2. Describing local environmental features and identifying the physical system to which they belong (for example, a lake which is part of the water cycle) 29
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.2.2.

3.2.3. Comparing patterns and distribution of environments within a physical system (for example, groups of plant and animal life found in Colorado). 110
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.2.3.

CO.4. Geography: Students understand how economic, political, cultural, and social processes interact to shape patterns of human populations, interdependence, cooperation, and conflict.

4.1. Students know the characteristics, location, distribution, and migration of human populations. What students know and are able to do includes:

4.1.1. Identifying the distribution of population, both locally and in other parts of the world 69
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.1.1.

4.1.2. Identifying the characteristics of populations, both locally and in other parts of the world 69
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.1.2.

4.1.3. Identifying the causes of human migration. 60
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.1.3.

4.2. Students know the nature and spatial distribution of cultural patterns. What students know and are able to do includes:

4.2.1. Identifying how the elements of culture affect the ways in which people live 22
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.2.1.

4.2.2. Describing how patterns of culture vary across Earth's surface (for example, using thematic maps to show patterns of language, religion, and housing types in a community). 22
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.2.2.

4.3. Students know the patterns and networks of economic interdependence. What students know and are able to do includes:

4.3.1. Identifying the location and distribution of major economic activities in Colorado 2
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.3.1.

4.3.2. Describing economic networks used in daily life (for example, transportation and communication networks). 35
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.3.2.

4.4. Students know the processes, patterns, and functions of human settlement. What students know and are able to do includes:

4.4.1. Classifying the types and patterns of settlements 12
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.4.1.

4.4.2. Identifying the factors that affect where people settle (for example, the availability of transportation and resources) 33
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.4.2.

4.4.3. Describing the spatial characteristics of cities (for example, residential, recreational, central business district, industrial, commercial areas). 22
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.4.3.

4.5. Students know how cooperation and conflict among people influence the division and control of Earth's surface. What students know and are able to do includes:

4.5.1. Describing how and why people create boundaries 82
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.5.1.

4.5.2. Describing how cooperation and conflict affect neighborhoods and communities. 22
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.5.2.

CO.5. Geography: Students understand the effects of interactions between human and physical systems and the changes in meaning, use, distribution, and importance of resources.

5.1. Students know how human actions modify the physical environment. What students know and are able to do includes:

5.1.1. Identifying how people depend upon, adapt to, and modify the physical environment. 3
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 5.1.1.

5.2. Students know how physical systems affect human systems. What students know and are able to do includes:

5.2.1. Describing how the physical environment provides opportunities for and places constraint on human activities. 3
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 5.2.1.

5.3. Students know the changes that occur in the meaning, use, location, distribution, and importance of resources. What students know and are able to do includes:

5.3.1. Describing the role of resources in daily life (for example, discussing the recycling of materials) 85
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 5.3.1.

5.3.2. Identifying the characteristics of renewable and nonrenewable resources 42
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 5.3.2.

5.3.3. Identifying the spatial distribution of resources. 26
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 5.3.3.

CO.6. Geography: Students apply knowledge of people, places, and environments to understand the past and present and to plan for the future.

6.1. Students know how to apply geography to understand the past. What students know and are able to do includes:

6.1.1. Describing how places change over time 79
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 6.1.1.

6.1.2. Describing how places and environments may have influenced people and events over time. 34
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 6.1.2.

6.2. Students know how to apply geography to understand the present and plan for the future. What students know and are able to do includes:

6.2.1. Describing issues in communities from a spatial perspective 22
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 6.2.1.

6.2.2. Identifying personal behaviors that can affect community planning. 20
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 6.2.2.

CO.1. History: Students understand the chronological organization of history and know how to organize events and people into major eras to identify and explain historical relationships.

1.1. Students know the general chronological order of events and people in history. What students know and are able to do includes:

1.1.1. Chronologically organizing significant events, groups, and people in the history of Colorado. 2
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.1.1.

1.2. Students use chronology to organize historical events and people. What students know and are able to do includes:

1.2.1. Creating timelines that show people and events in sequence using days, weeks, months, years, decades, and centuries 45
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.2.1.

1.2.2. Creating a brief historical narrative that chronologically organizes people and events in the history of their family heritage, school, neighborhood, local community, or Colorado. 21
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.2.2.

1.3. Students use chronology to examine and explain historical relationships. What students know and are able to do includes:

1.3.1. Identifying cause-and-effect relationships in a sequence of events. 13
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.3.1.

CO.2. History: Students know how to use the processes and resources of historical inquiry.

2.1. Students know how to formulate questions and hypotheses regarding what happened in the past and to obtain and analyze historical data to answer questions and test hypotheses. What students know and are able to do includes:

2.1.1. Posing and answering questions about the past 9
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.1.1.

2.1.2. Gathering historical data from multiple sources (for example, oral histories, interviews, diaries, letters, newspapers, literature, speeches, texts, maps, photographs, art works, and available technology). 83
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.1.2.

2.2. Students know how to interpret and evaluate primary and secondary sources of historical information. What students know and are able to do includes:

2.2.1. Describing sources of historical information 27
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.2.1.

2.2.2. Identifying the main idea in a source of historical information 27
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.2.2.

2.2.3. Identifying ways different cultures record their history. 28
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.2.3.

2.3. Students apply knowledge of the past to analyze present-day issues and events from multiple, historically objective perspectives. What students know and are able to do includes:

2.3.1. Comparing past and present-day situations and events. 9
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.3.1.

CO.3. History: Students understand that societies are diverse and have changed over time.

3.1. Students know how various societies were affected by contacts and exchanges among diverse peoples. What students know and are able to do includes:

3.1.1. Recognizing how the presence, interactions, and contributions of various groups and cultures have affected the school, neighborhood, community, and state 23
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.1.1.

3.1.2. describing the history, interactions, and contributions of the various peoples and cultures that have lived in or migrated to the area that is now Colorado (for example, African-Americans, Asian Americans, European Americans, Latino Americans, and Native Americans). 2
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.1.2.

3.2. Students understand the history of social organization in various societies. What students know and are able to do includes:

3.2.1. Identifying reasons for living in social groups 4
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.2.1.

3.2.2. Describing important components of the cultural heritage of the United States 65
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.2.2.

3.2.3. Recognizing that there are families and cultures around the world. 26
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.2.3.

CO.4. History: Students understand how science, technology, and economic activity have developed, changed, and affected societies throughout history.

4.1. Students understand the impact of scientific and technological developments on individuals and societies. What students know and are able to do includes:

4.1.1. Comparing the lives of hunters and gatherers to the lives of people who cultivated plants and raised domesticated animals for food

4.1.2. Describing the impact of various technological developments on the local community and the state (for example, irrigation, transportation, communication) 42
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.1.2.

4.1.3. Identifying individual achievements of scientists and inventors from many cultures and describing their achievements (for example, the Persian scientist and mathematician who invented equations and coined the term 'algebra'; Johann Gutenberg and the printing press; Galileo and the telescope; Isaac Newton and the theory of gravity; Eli Whitney and the cotton gin; Marie Curie and radiation). 7
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.1.3.

4.2. Students understand how economic factors have influenced historical events. What students know and are able to do includes:

4.2.1. Describing the economic reasons why people move to or from a location (for example, explorers, nomadic people, miners, traders). 96
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.2.1.

4.3. Students understand the historical development and know the characteristics of various economic systems. What students know and are able to do includes:

4.3.1. Giving examples of different ways that decisions are made regarding how resources are utilized and distributed (for example, authority, sharing, competition in a free market, tradition, 'first-come, first-served', 'luck of the draw') 3
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.3.1.

4.3.2. Describing different systems of exchange that can be used (for example, barter, money). 9
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.3.2.

CO.5. History: Students understand political institutions and theories that have developed and changed over time.

5.1. Students understand how democratic ideas and institutions in the United States have developed, changed, and/or been maintained. What students know and are able to do includes:

5.1.1. Identifying historical figures from diverse backgrounds in the United States who have advanced the rights of individuals and promoted the common good 540
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 5.1.1.

5.1.2. Explaining the importance of national celebrations, symbols, and ideas in their historical context 43
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 5.1.2.

5.1.3. Describing the historical background of the Colorado constitution. 2
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 5.1.3.

5.2. Students know how various systems of government have developed and functioned throughout history. What students know and are able to do includes:

5.2.1. Explaining why rules and laws have been established and enforced in schools, communities, states, and nations 6
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 5.2.1.

5.2.2. Giving examples of different heads of government (for example, presidents, kings, mayors, governors). 15
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 5.2.2.

5.3. Students know how political power has been acquired, maintained, used, and/or lost throughout history. What students know and are able to do includes:

5.3.1. Giving examples of how individuals in various groups have gained, lost, or maintained political rights, freedoms, power, or cultural identity in the history of the community, region, or state. 2
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 5.3.1.

5.4. Students know the history of relationships among different political powers and the development of international relations. What students know and are able to do includes:

5.4.1. Giving examples of how members of families and communities depend on each other 17
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 5.4.1.

5.4.2. Giving examples of how states and regions have become interdependent. 27
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 5.4.2.

CO.6. History: Students know that religious and philosophical ideas have been powerful forces throughout history.

6.1. Students know the historical development of religions and philosophies. What students know and are able to do includes:

6.1.1. Recognizing that people develop traditions that transmit their beliefs and ideas (for example, marriage ceremonies, feasts, naming of infants). 46
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 6.1.1.

6.2. Students know how societies have been affected by religions and philosophies. What students know and are able to do includes:

6.2.1. Giving examples of how the beliefs of people are reflected in the celebrations and practices of their community. 99
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 6.2.1.

6.3. Students know how various forms of expression reflect religious beliefs and philosophical ideas. What students know and are able to do includes:

6.3.1. Giving examples of forms of expression that depict the history, daily life, and beliefs of various peoples (for example, folk tales, ballads, dance, and architecture). 33
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 6.3.1.

CO.1. Civics: Students understand the purposes of government, and the basic constitutional principles of the United States republican form of government.

1.1. Students know and understand what government is and what purpose it serves. What students know and are able to do includes:

1.1.1. Explaining major ideas about why government is necessary (for example, promote the common good, protect individual rights, safety, order) 11
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.1.1.

1.1.2. Describing how the United States Constitution limits the power of government 10
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.1.2.

1.1.3. Comparing and contrasting various ideas about the purposes of government. 10
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.1.3.

1.2. Students know the essential characteristics of limited and unlimited government. What students know and are able to do includes:

1.2.1. Comparing limited and unlimited government 11
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.2.1.

1.2.2. Describing different types of government, limited, unlimited and absence of government (for example, anarchy, oligarchy, constitutional republic, authoritarian, democratic and totalitarian) 20
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.2.2.

1.2.3. Explaining how rule of law differs from arbitrary decisions of a leader 4
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.2.3.

1.3. Students understand the principles of the United States constitutional government. What students know and are able to do includes:

1.3.1. Explaining the historical foundation of the United States constitutional government (for example, the influence of the Roman Republic, Magna Carta, colonial experience, the Declaration of Independence, Articles of Confederation, the importance of the natural rights philosophy, and social contract) 15
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.3.1.

1.3.2. Explaining the essential principles of government stated in the United States Constitution (for example, the purposes of government as stated in the Preamble, limited government, separation of powers, checks and balances of legislative, executive and judicial branches, federalism and rule of law) 6
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.3.2.

1.3.3. Identifying individual rights protected by the Bill of Rights 6
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.3.3.

1.3.4. Developing and defending positions on current issues involving constitutional protection of individual rights. 14
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.3.4.

1.4. Students know the distinctive characteristics of the political culture of the United States. What students know and are able to do includes:

1.4.1. Explaining how the shared political principles of the United States Constitution affect citizens (for example, shared political principles could be liberty, equality, justice, patriotism, limited government) 4
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.4.1.

1.4.2. Developing, evaluating, and defending positions on how shared political principles have affected citizens 11
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.4.2.

1.4.3. Analyzing why conflicts arise, and ways in which conflicts can be resolved in a peaceful manner 7
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.4.3.

1.4.4. Describing and analyzing the processes that have led to the expansion of rights for more Americans (for example, abolition of slavery, women's suffrage, civil rights movement). 10
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.4.4.

1.5. Students know the fundamental democratic principles inherent in the United States concept of a constitutional democratic republic. What students know and are able to do includes:

1.5.1. Explaining the meaning and importance of each of the following traditional principles of representative government individual rights (for example, the rights to life, liberty, and property), the common good, self-government, justice, and equality 7
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.5.1.

1.5.2. Identifying and applying to contemporary situations the fundamental principles of representative government of the United States (for example, rule by consent of the people, representative democracy, rule of law, the importance of citizen participation, limited government, balancing individual and social needs, majority rule and minority rights). 16
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.5.2.

CO.2. Civics: Students know the structure and function of local, state, and national government and how citizen involvement shapes public policy.

2.1. Students know the organization and functions of local, state, and national governments. What students know and are able to do includes:

2.1.1. Explaining major responsibilities of national, state, and local governments 10
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.1.1.

2.1.2. Explaining the rationale for taxes and the purposes for which taxes are used 12
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.1.2.

2.1.3. Identifying their representatives in the legislative branches, heads of executive, and judicial branches 12
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.1.3.

2.1.4. Explaining which level of government they should contact to get information, express their opinions or get help on specific issues. 22
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.1.4.

2.2. Students know how power, authority, and responsibility are distributed, shared, and limited through federalism as established by the United States Constitution. What students know and are able to do includes:

2.2.1. Explaining how the Constitution divides the powers of government among the executive, legislative, and judicial branches, and how each branch can check the powers of another 6
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.2.1.

2.2.2. Explaining how and why powers are distributed between local, state, and national governments (for example, shared power such as to tax, borrow money, regulate voting functions primarily exercised by state governments, such as education, law enforcement, highways distribution of power reflects the value of local decision-making and local control). 20
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.2.2.

2.3. Students know and understand the place of law in the Colorado and United States constitutional systems. What students know and are able to do includes:

2.3.1. Identifying types of law: juvenile, criminal, civil, and explaining how law protects individual rights and promotes the common good 8
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.3.1.

2.3.2. Evaluating strengths and weaknesses of a rule or law 11
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.3.2.

2.3.3. Describing alternative means of conflict management, including negotiation, mediation, arbitration, and litigation 5
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.3.3.

2.3.4. Explaining the role and importance of the Bill of Rights in the Colorado and United States constitutional systems (for example, Supreme Court cases such as Tinker v. Des Moines, Miranda v. Arizona, Gideon v. Wainwright, TLO v. New Jersey). 10
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.3.4.

2.4. Students know how public policy is developed at the local, state, and national levels. What students know and are able to do includes:

2.4.1. Defining public policy and identifying examples at local, state and national levels 27
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.4.1.

2.4.2. Describing how the public agenda is shaped by political leaders, interest groups, media, state and federal courts, and individual citizens 12
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.4.2.

2.4.3. Explaining how political parties, campaigns, and elections influence policy formation 8
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.4.3.

2.4.4. Evaluating the role of the media and public opinion in formulating public policy 28
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.4.4.

2.4.5. Explaining how changing demographics affect civic responsibility. 4
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.4.5.

CO.3. Civics: Students know the political relationship of the United States and its citizens to other nations and to world affairs.

3.1. Students know how and why governments and nongovernmental agencies around the world interact politically. What students know and are able to do includes:

3.1.1. Defining foreign policy and describing ways that nations interact with one another diplomatically (for example, trade, treaties, humanitarian aid, military force). 11
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.1.1.

3.2. Students understand how the United States government develops foreign policy. What students know and are able to do includes:

3.2.1. Explaining the powers the United States Constitution gives to the branches of government in foreign policy 10
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.2.1.

3.2.2. Identifying current foreign policy issues and evaluating the geopolitical strategies the United States is using to deal with them 4
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.2.2.

3.2.3. Describing ways in which citizens can influence the formation of foreign policy 4
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.2.3.

3.2.4. Explaining the relationship between United States foreign policy and national interest. 4
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.2.4.

3.3. Students understand the domestic and foreign policy influence the United States has on other nations and how the actions of other nations influence politics and society of the United States. What students know and are able to do includes:

3.3.1. Giving examples of how foreign policy decisions made by the United States government regarding other countries have affected lives of United States citizens (for example, the Gulf War, tariffs, embargoes) 6
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.3.1.

3.3.2. Describing the influence of United States political ideas on other nations and the influence of other nations' ideas on the United States 4
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.3.2.

3.3.3. Describing diplomatic strategies in which agencies of the United States government have sought to help resolve an international problem and/or pursue our national interest or concern (for example, American diplomats have sought to mediate disputes in Bosnia, Northern Ireland, and the Middle East, participation of United States government officials in international conferences on the environment or population, sending humanitarian aid to countries in conflict)

3.3.4. Describing ways in which nongovernmental agencies and organizations have sought to help with an international problem or concern (for example, the Red Cross helping victims of war or natural disasters, organizations of doctors or scientists helping with diseases or disasters like Chernobyl). 7
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.3.4.

CO.4. Civics: Students understand how citizens exercise the roles, rights and responsibilities of participation in civic life at all levels - local, state, and national.

4.1. Students know what citizenship is. What students know and are able to do includes:

4.1.1. Explaining the meaning of citizenship in the United States 6
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.1.1.

4.1.2. Describing how to become a citizen in the United States (for example, the process of naturalization) 6
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.1.2.

4.1.3. Identifying significant characteristics of an effective citizen (for example, civic virtue, common courtesy, respect for person and property, civic and personal responsibility, and honest and fair dealings). 9
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.1.3.

4.2. Students know how citizens can fulfill their responsibilities for preserving the constitutional republic. What students know and are able to do includes:

4.2.1. Identifying civic responsibilities (for example, accepting responsibility for the consequences of one's actions as a citizen, considering the rights and interests of others, voting, obeying the law, paying taxes, performing voluntary public service, jury service, serving in the armed forces) 6
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.2.1.

4.2.2. Identifying contemporary issues that involve civic responsibilities and analyzing various positions on those responsibilities (for example, accepting responsibility for the consequences of one's actions, considering the rights and interests of others, voting, obeying the law, paying taxes, performing voluntary public service, jury service, serving in the armed forces) 4
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.2.2.

4.2.3. Analyzing the implications of not fulfilling citizen responsibilities. 4
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.2.3.

4.3. Students know how citizens can exercise their rights. What students know and are able to do includes:

4.3.1. Distinguishing between personal and political rights (for example, freedom of religion, freedom of speech, right to own property) 6
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.3.1.

4.3.2. Identifying and analyzing responses to situations involving historic and contemporary threats to the meaning of political rights (for example, right to vote, petition, assembly) as distinguished from personal rights (for example, free speech to express personal taste, freedom of conscience, freedom of movement, privacy rights) 11
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.3.2.

4.3.3. Identifying and evaluating situations involving conflict between rights and proposing solutions to the conflict within the scope and limits of those rights 13
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.3.3.

4.3.4. Using historical and legal sources of personal and political rights to defend the exercise of rights of citizens in a given situation (for example, Declaration of Independence, Constitution, Bill of Rights, court decisions). 25
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.3.4.

4.4. Students know how citizens can participate in civic life. What students know and are able to do includes:

4.4.1. Explaining the meaning of civic life, politics, and government 27
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.4.1.

4.4.2. Identifying and applying criteria useful in selecting political leaders at local, state, and national levels 12
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.4.2.

4.4.3. Explaining how participation in civic and political life can help to solve problems 27
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.4.3.

4.4.4. Describing how to influence public policy in the politics and governments of their own classrooms and schools. 7
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.4.4.

CO.1. Economics: Students understand that because of the condition of scarcity, decisions must be made about the use of scarce resources.

1.1. Students know that economic choices are made because resources are scarce and that the act of making economic choices imposes opportunity costs. What students know and are able to do includes:

1.1.1. Giving examples of situations where households, businesses, governments, and societies deal with scarcity just as individuals do 2
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.1.1.

1.1.2. Identifying types of scarce productive resources and giving examples of each 2
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.1.2.

1.1.3. Identifying opportunity costs that individuals, households, businesses, governments, and societies incur when making decisions involving the use of scarce resources 10
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.1.3.

1.1.4. Explaining that few economic choices are all-or-nothing propositions and that most economic choices involve tradeoffs. 16
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.1.4.

1.2. Students understand that economic incentives influence the use of scarce human, capital, and natural resources. What students know and are able to do includes:

1.2.1. Analyzing how economic incentives influence how individuals, households, businesses, governments, and societies use their scarce resources 13
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.2.1.

1.2.2. Identifying different economic goals and giving examples of the tradeoffs among economic goals. 8
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.2.2.

1.3. Students understand that resources can be used in many ways and understand the costs of alternative uses. What students know and are able to do includes:

1.3.1. Identifying costs and benefits associated with the use of resources to produce goods and services (for example, using a gas lawnmower involves the cost of gas and upkeep, but provides the benefit of mowing the lawn faster) 35
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.3.1.

1.3.2. Identifying externalities associated with the use of resources (for example, using a gas mower creates noise pollution in a neighborhood, but also provides an attractive lawn) 9
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.3.2.

1.3.3. Explaining how the use of specific resources will influence the availability of other resources in the future 33
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.3.3.

1.3.4. Identifying choices individuals, households, businesses, governments, and societies make that impact productivity and the future (for example, choices about the division of labor, the investment in human and physical capital, specialization, and using technology). 5
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.3.4.

CO.2. Economics: Students understand how different economic systems impact decisions about the use of resources and the production and distribution of goods and services.

2.1. Students understand that different economic systems employ different means to produce, distribute, and exchange goods and services. What students know and are able to do includes:

2.1.1. Describing the characteristics of a traditional, command, market, and mixed economic system 3
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.1.1.

2.1.2. Explaining how different economic systems use different means to produce, distribute, and exchange goods and services 14
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.1.2.

2.1.3. Describing how different economic systems affect the allocation of resources (for example, steel production in the former Soviet Union was determined by economic planners. This affected the allocation of many resources: coal, labor, etc. In the United States, all of these resources are allocated by the market). 4
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.1.3.

2.2. Students understand the fundamental characteristics of the United States economic system. What students know and are able to do includes:

2.2.1. Describing the relationships among supply, demand, and price, and the role these elements play in the U.S. economic system 2
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.2.1.

2.2.2. Describing how prices act as signals to producers and consumers to answer the three basic economic questions: (What goods and services to produce? How will they be produced? For whom will they be produced?) 4
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.2.2.

2.2.3. Identifying how fundamental characteristics of the U.S. economic system (for example, competition, the price system, private property, and profits) influence economic decision making 6
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.2.3.

2.2.4. Describing the characteristics that make the United States economy a mixed economy. 2
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.2.4.

2.3. Students understand that government actions and policies, including taxes, spending, and regulations influence the operation of economies. What students know and are able to do includes:

2.3.1. Identifying governmental activities that affect the local, state, or national economy 10
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.3.1.

2.3.2. Giving examples of the role of government in a market economic system, (for example, the government enforces property rights, provisions of contracts and provides a standardized monetary system). 2
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.3.2.

CO.3. Economics: Students understand the results of trade, exchange, and interdependence among individuals, households, businesses, governments, and societies.

3.1. Students understand that the exchange of goods and services creates economic interdependence and change. What students know and are able to do includes:

3.1.1. Describing the relationship among trade, specialization, and interdependence 2
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.1.1.

3.1.2. Describing how economic interdependence between countries around the world affects the standard of living. 14
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.1.2.

3.2. Students understand how a country's monetary system facilitates the exchange of resources. What students know and are able to do includes:

3.2.1. Explaining that money can be used to express the market value of goods and services in the form of prices 11
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.2.1.

3.2.2. Describing the role of banks in the monetary system

3.2.3. Recognizing that the use of credit involves the use of someone else's money at a certain interest rate 3
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.2.3.

3.2.4. Explaining an exchange rate 9
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.2.4.

3.2.5. Describing the difference between wealth and money. 12
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.2.5.

CO.1. Geography: Students know how to use and construct maps, globes, and other geographic tools to locate and derive information about people, places, and environments.

1.1. Students know how to use maps, globes, and other geographic tools to acquire, process, and report information from a spatial perspective. What students know and are able to do includes:

1.1.1. Explaining the characteristics and purposes of and explaining differences among maps, globes, aerial photographs, geographic models, and satellite images 31
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.1.1.

1.1.2. Identifying several basic types of map projections (for example, Mercator and Robinson Projections) 31
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.1.2.

1.1.3. Interpreting and constructing maps, globes, models, charts, and geographic databases. 32
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.1.3.

1.2. Students develop knowledge of Earth to locate people, places, and environments. What students know and are able to do includes:

1.2.1. Identifying and locating each of the fifty states in the United States

1.2.2. Drawing an accurate map from memory to answer questions about the location of physical and human features (for example, given an incomplete map of Europe and Africa, sketch in the borders of the countries around the Mediterranean Sea) 31
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.2.2.

1.2.3. Identifying and locating physical and human features in their own and nearby communities, in the United States, and in regions of the world 31
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.2.3.

1.2.4. Locating places using latitude and longitude. 31
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.2.4.

1.3. Students know how to analyze the dynamic spatial organization of people, places, and environments. What students know and are able to do includes:

1.3.1. Explaining fundamental geographic vocabulary such as the concepts of distance, latitude, longitude, interdependence, accessibility, and connections 31
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.3.1.

1.3.2. Analyzing the factors affecting the location of human activities (for example, the location of a planned development or dam) 3
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.3.2.

1.3.3. Explaining different land use patterns in urban, suburban, and rural areas 8
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.3.3.

1.3.4. Describing patterns and processes of diffusion (for example, information networks around the world)

1.3.5. Solving locational questions requiring the integration of information from two or more sources. 28
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.3.5.

CO.2. Geography: Students know the physical and human characteristics of places, and use this knowledge to define and study regions and their patterns of change.

2.1. Students know the physical and human characteristics of places. What students know and are able to do includes:

2.1.1. Describing human and physical characteristics of places 6
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.1.1.

2.1.2. Explaining how places change due to human activity (for example, center-pivot technology produces a distinctive pattern of irrigation on the High Plains). 6
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.1.2.

2.2. Students know how and why people define regions. What students know and are able to do includes:

2.2.1. Identifying a region by defining its distinguishing characteristics 4
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.2.1.

2.2.2. Explaining how and why regions change 4
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.2.2.

2.2.3. Describing the relationships and interactions among regions 4
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.2.3.

2.2.4. Analyzing the influences and effects of regional labels and images (for example, the Sun Belt states attract tourists, retirees, and new businesses). 4
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.2.4.

2.3. Students know how culture and experience influence people's perceptions of places and regions. What students know and are able to do includes:

2.3.1. Describing various perspectives associated with places and regions 4
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.3.1.

2.3.2. Explaining how culture and technology affect perception of places and regions (for example, U.S. television programs and movies present images of the U.S. to billions of people around the world) 2
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.3.2.

2.3.3. Explaining how places and regions serve as cultural symbols (for example, Jerusalem as a sacred place for Christians, Jews, and Muslims). 1
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.3.3.

CO.3. Geography: Students understand how physical processes shape Earth's surface patterns and systems.

3.1. Students know the physical processes that shape Earth's surface patterns. What students know and are able to do includes:

3.1.1. Describing how physical processes shape environmental patterns of air, land, water, plants, and animals 12
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.1.1.

3.1.2. Explaining how physical processes influence the formation and location of resources 38
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.1.2.

3.1.3. Describing the consequences of physical processes on Earth's surface (for example, tropical ocean heating supplies energy for hurricanes) 14
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.1.3.

3.1.4. Explaining how Earth-Sun relationships produce day and night, time zones, seasons, and major climatic variations. 7
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.1.4.

3.2. Students know the characteristics and distributions of physical systems of land, air, water, plants, and animals. What students know and are able to do includes:

3.2.1. Identifying the local and world patterns of ecosystems 2
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.2.1.

3.2.2. Describing how ecosystems work. 1
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.2.2.

CO.4. Geography: Students understand how economic, political, cultural, and social processes interact to shape patterns of human populations, interdependence, cooperation, and conflict.

4.1. Students know the characteristics, location, distribution, and migration of human populations. What students know and are able to do includes:

4.1.1. Describing the demographic structure of a population (for example, the age-sex structure as shown in a population pyramid) 7
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.1.1.

4.1.2. Explaining reasons for variation in population distribution 7
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.1.2.

4.1.3. Analyzing the causes and types of human migration and its effect on places. 8
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.1.3.

4.2. Students know the nature and spatial distribution of cultural patterns. What students know and are able to do includes:

4.2.1. Explaining the spatial distribution of cultures, both locally and in other parts of the world 20
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.2.1.

4.2.2. Describing how cultures and cultural landscapes change 20
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.2.2.

4.2.3. Comparing and contrasting elements of different cultural landscapes. 20
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.2.3.

4.3. Students know the patterns and networks of economic interdependence. What students know and are able to do includes:

4.3.1. Identifying the factors that influence the location and distribution of economic activities 2
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.3.1.

4.3.2. Explaining why and how countries trade goods and services 1
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.3.2.

4.3.3. Explaining reasons for patterns of economic activities on Earth's surface 1
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.3.3.

4.3.4. Explaining how changes in technology, transportation, communication, and resources affect the location of economic activities. 11
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.3.4.

4.4. Students know the processes, patterns, and functions of human settlement. What students know and are able to do includes:

4.4.1. Explaining the causes and effects of urbanization (for example, rural-to-urban migration leads to urbanization) 12
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.4.1.

4.4.2. Describing, locating, and comparing different settlement patterns throughout the world. 10
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.4.2.

4.5. Students know how cooperation and conflict among people influence the division and control of Earth's surface. What students know and are able to do includes:

4.5.1. Describing how cooperation and conflict among people contribute to political, economic, and social divisions of Earth's surface

4.5.2. Describing the forces and processes of cooperation that unite people across Earth's surface (for example, the nations of Western Europe have joined together in the European Union). 8
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.5.2.

CO.5. Geography: Students understand the effects of interactions between human and physical systems and the changes in meaning, use, distribution, and importance of resources.

5.1. Students know how human actions modify the physical environment. What students know and are able to do includes:

5.1.1. Describing how human modifications of physical environments in one place often lead to changes in other places 42
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 5.1.1.

5.1.2. Explaining the role of technology in the human modification of the physical environment (for example, damming of the Colorado River, greening of the Negev Desert in Israel) 42
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 5.1.2.

5.1.3. Describing ways that humans depend upon, adapt to, and affect the physical environment. 31
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 5.1.3.

5.2. Students know how physical systems affect human systems. What students know and are able to do includes:

5.2.1. Explaining how the characteristics of different physical environments provide opportunities for or place constraints on human activities 6
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 5.2.1.

5.2.2. Describing how natural hazards affect human activities. 12
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 5.2.2.

5.3. Students know the changes that occur in the meaning, use, location, distribution, and importance of resources. What students know and are able to do includes:

5.3.1. Describing the role of resources in daily life (for example, discussing the recycling of materials) 10
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 5.3.1.

5.3.2. Describing the worldwide distribution and use of resources 13
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 5.3.2.

5.3.3. Identifying how technology affects the definition of, access to, and use of resources 12
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 5.3.3.

5.3.4. Describing why people have different viewpoints with respect to resource use 50
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 5.3.4.

5.3.5. Explaining the fundamental role of energy resources 24
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 5.3.5.

5.3.6. Describing ways that resources can be recycled. 19
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 5.3.6.

CO.6. Geography: Students apply knowledge of people, places, and environments to understand the past and present and to plan for the future.

6.1. Students know how to apply geography to understand the past. What students know and are able to do includes:

6.1.1. Describing changes in the spatial organization of a society over time 12
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 6.1.1.

6.1.2. Describing how places and environments have influenced events and conditions in the past 14
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 6.1.2.

6.1.3. Explaining how differing perceptions of places, people, and resources have affected events and conditions in the past. 17
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 6.1.3.

6.2. Students know how to apply geography to understand the present and plan for the future. What students know and are able to do includes:

6.2.1. Explaining issues in communities from a spatial perspective 19
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 6.2.1.

6.2.2. Explaining a contemporary issue using geographic knowledge, skill and perspectives. 22
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 6.2.2.

CO.1. History: Students understand the chronological organization of history and know how to organize events and people into major eras to identify and explain historical relationships.

1.1. Students know the general chronological order of events and people in history. What students know and are able to do includes:

1.1.1. Chronologically organizing major events and people of United States history 4
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.1.1.

1.1.2. Describing significant events and people which form the foundation of United States history in the chronological context of the history of the Americas and the world. 66
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.1.2.

1.2. Students use chronology to organize historical events and people. What students know and are able to do includes:

1.2.1. Identifying examples of how various cultures have used calendars to organize and measure time 4
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.2.1.

1.2.2. Constructing tiered timelines to show how different series of events happened simultaneously 66
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.2.2.

1.2.3. Illustrating the time structure of events in historical narratives. 66
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.2.3.

1.3. Students use chronology to examine and explain historical relationships. What students know and are able to do includes:

1.3.1. Interpreting historical data to determine cause-effect and time-order relationships 66
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.3.1.

1.3.2. Explaining patterns and identifying themes in related events over time. 3
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.3.2.

CO.2. History: Students know how to use the processes and resources of historical inquiry.

2.1. Students know how to formulate questions and hypotheses regarding what happened in the past and to obtain and analyze historical data to answer questions and test hypotheses. What students know and are able to do includes:

2.1.1. Formulating historical questions based on examination of primary and secondary sources including documents, eyewitness accounts, letters and diaries, artifacts, real or simulated historical sites, charts, graphs, diagrams, and written texts 15
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.1.1.

2.1.2. Gathering information from multiple sources, including electronic databases, to understand events from multiple perspectives 4
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.1.2.

2.1.3. Determining if the information gathered is sufficient to answer historical questions. 4
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.1.3.

2.2. Students know how to interpret and evaluate primary and secondary sources of historical information. What students know and are able to do includes:

2.2.1. Distinguishing between primary and secondary sources 4
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.2.1.

2.2.2. Interpreting the data in historical maps, photographs, art works, and other artifacts 14
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.2.2.

2.2.3. Examining data for point of view, historical context, bias, distortion, or propaganda. 5
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.2.3.

2.3. Students apply knowledge of the past to analyze present-day issues and events from multiple, historically objective perspectives. What students know and are able to do includes:

2.3.1. Examining current concepts, issues, events, and themes from multiple, historical perspectives. 3
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.3.1.

CO.3. History: Students understand that societies are diverse and have changed over time.

3.1. Students know how various societies were affected by contacts and exchanges among diverse peoples. What students know and are able to do includes:

3.1.1. Describing the common traits and characteristics that unite the United States as a nation and a society 21
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.1.1.

3.1.2. Describing the history, interactions, and contributions of the various peoples and cultures that have lived in or migrated, immigrated, or were brought to the Western Hemisphere 8
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.1.2.

3.1.3. Describing the history, interactions, and contributions of various groups of people who make up the major culture regions of the world 4
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.1.3.

3.1.4. Explaining how the cultures of the earliest civilizations spread and interacted (for example, the civilizations of the river valleys of India, Africa, Mesopotamia, and Mesoamerica). 16
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.1.4.

3.2. Students understand the history of social organization in various societies. What students know and are able to do includes:

3.2.1. Describing and giving examples of basic elements of culture and social organization 20
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.2.1.

3.2.2. Explaining how forces of tradition have acted to maintain elements of social organization throughout history 34
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.2.2.

3.2.3. Comparing how roles of people have differed throughout history based on various factors (for example, gender, age, caste, racial identity, wealth, and/or social position) 32
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.2.3.

3.2.4. Describing how social roles and the characteristics of social organization have both changed and endured in the United States throughout its history (for example, family structures, community structures). 10
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.2.4.

CO.4. History: Students understand how science, technology, and economic activity have developed, changed, and affected societies throughout history.

4.1. Students understand the impact of scientific and technological developments on individuals and societies. What students know and are able to do includes:

4.1.1. Explaining the significance of the achievements of individual scientists and inventors from many cultures (for example, the impact of germ theory on medical practice and sanitation the impact of the steamship on transportation and trade the impact of the printing press on who had access to books and knowledge). 34
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.1.1.

4.1.2. Describing and explaining how industrialization influenced the movement of people (for example, to and from urban, suburban, and rural areas) 17
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.1.2.

4.1.3. Identifying and explaining the consequences of scientific and technological changes (for example, navigation, transportation, printing, weaponry, agriculture, communication, and medicine) 15
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.1.3.

4.1.4. Relating differences in technology to differences in how people live in various regions of the world. 15
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.1.4.

4.2. Students understand how economic factors have influenced historical events. What students know and are able to do includes:

4.2.1. Explaining how the economy of the Western United States has historically depended upon natural resources and how this has affected the region 58
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.2.1.

4.2.2. Explaining how economic factors influenced historical events in the United States and in various regions of the world (for example, the history of Colorado's 'boom and bust' economy) 6
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.2.2.

4.2.3. Explaining how societies are and have been linked by economic factors. 4
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.2.3.

4.3. Students understand the historical development and know the characteristics of various economic systems. What students know and are able to do includes:

4.3.1. Describing the general characteristics of economic systems (for example, scarcity, growth, distribution of goods and services, production, and consumption) 10
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.3.1.

4.3.2. Describing historical events and individuals in the economic development of the United States. 12
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.3.2.

CO.5. History: Students understand political institutions and theories that have developed and changed over time.

5.1. Students understand how democratic ideas and institutions in the United States have developed, changed, and/or been maintained. What students know and are able to do includes:

5.1.1. Explaining the historical development of democratic governmental principles and institutions 16
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 5.1.1.

5.1.2. Describing the basic ideas set forth in the Declaration of Independence, Articles of Confederation, Constitution, and Bill of Rights 23
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 5.1.2.

5.1.3. Giving examples of extensions and restrictions of political and civil rights in United States history. 11
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 5.1.3.

5.2. Students know how various systems of government have developed and functioned throughout history. What students know and are able to do includes:

5.2.1. Identifying the ancient and medieval roots of governmental principles and institutions (for example, Hammurabi's Code, Roman Republicanism, Mosaic Law , Greek Democracy, Islamic Law) 5
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 5.2.1.

5.2.2. Describing the basic forms of government, and giving examples of societies that have practiced them (for example, monarchy, oligarchy, clan/tribal, autocracy, dynasties, theocracy, republic, democracy) 5
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 5.2.2.

5.2.3. Describing how various other nations have pursued, established, and maintained democratic forms of government. 4
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 5.2.3.

5.3. Students know how political power has been acquired, maintained, used, and/or lost throughout history. What students know and are able to do includes:

5.3.1. Describing how attributes of various people have affected their individual political rights (for example, gender, racial identity, national origin, property ownership, religion, legal status) 4
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 5.3.1.

5.3.2. Describing how military and/or economic expansion resulted in the assumption or seizure of political power throughout history 48
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 5.3.2.

5.3.3. Describing how forms of involuntary servitude have been used to maintain and expand political power throughout history (for example, slavery, serfdom, impressment). 19
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 5.3.3.

5.4. Students know the history of relationships among different political powers and the development of international relations. What students know and are able to do includes:

5.4.1. Describing how the relationships between the United States and external political powers developed with the growth of the nation 4
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 5.4.1.

5.4.2. Identifying basic patterns of political alliances in the modern world. 4
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 5.4.2.

CO.6. History: Students know that religious and philosophical ideas have been powerful forces throughout history.

6.1. Students know the historical development of religions and philosophies. What students know and are able to do includes:

6.1.1. Describing religious traditions of various ethnic groups in the United States

6.1.2. Describing religious developments in United States history (for example, the Puritans, the Great Awakening, the Christian Abolitionists, the Mission System, the Mormon Trek, the founding of utopian religious communities) 6
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 6.1.2.

6.1.3. Describing different religious concepts that have developed throughout history (for example, monotheism and polytheism). 18
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 6.1.3.

6.2. Students know how societies have been affected by religions and philosophies. What students know and are able to do includes:

6.2.1. Giving examples of how religious and philosophical beliefs have defined standards of right and wrong, good and evil, and justice and injustice 18
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 6.2.1.

6.2.2. Giving and describing examples of individuals who, throughout history, acted from their religious or philosophical beliefs. 5
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 6.2.2.

6.3. Students know how various forms of expression reflect religious beliefs and philosophical ideas. What students know and are able to do includes:

6.3.1. Describing how societies have used various forms of visual arts, dance, theater, and music to express their religious beliefs and philosophical ideas throughout history 20
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 6.3.1.

6.3.2. Giving examples of the unique art forms that characterize the various ethnic groups in the United States and the religious or philosophical ideas they express 38
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 6.3.2.

6.3.3. Explaining how stories, myths, and other forms of literature and oral traditions reflect the beliefs of cultures and societies 49
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 6.3.3.

6.3.4. Explaining the religious or philosophical significance of structures such as pyramids, cathedrals, and burial mounds. 4
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 6.3.4.

CO.1. Civics: Students understand the purposes of government, and the basic constitutional principles of the United States republican form of government.

1.1. Students know and understand what government is and what purpose it serves. What students know and are able to do includes:

1.1.1. Explaining major ideas about why government is necessary (for example, promote the common good, protect individual rights, safety, order) 15
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.1.1.

1.1.2. Describing how the United States Constitution limits the power of government 8
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.1.2.

1.1.3. Comparing and contrasting various ideas about the purposes of government. 18
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.1.3.

1.2. Students know the essential characteristics of limited and unlimited government. What students know and are able to do includes:

1.2.1. Comparing limited and unlimited government 16
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.2.1.

1.2.2. Describing different types of government, limited, unlimited and absence of government (for example, anarchy, oligarchy, constitutional republic, authoritarian, democratic and totalitarian) 16
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.2.2.

1.2.3. Explaining how rule of law differs from arbitrary decisions of a leader 11
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.2.3.

1.3. Students understand the principles of the United States constitutional government. What students know and are able to do includes:

1.3.1. Explaining the historical foundation of the United States constitutional government (for example, the influence of the Roman Republic, Magna Carta, colonial experience, the Declaration of Independence, Articles of Confederation, the importance of the natural rights philosophy, and social contract) 16
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.3.1.

1.3.2. Explaining the essential principles of government stated in the United States Constitution (for example, the purposes of government as stated in the Preamble, limited government, separation of powers, checks and balances of legislative, executive and judicial branches, federalism and rule of law) 8
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.3.2.

1.3.3. Identifying individual rights protected by the Bill of Rights 4
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.3.3.

1.3.4. Developing and defending positions on current issues involving constitutional protection of individual rights. 33
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.3.4.

1.4. Students know the distinctive characteristics of the political culture of the United States. What students know and are able to do includes:

1.4.1. Explaining how the shared political principles of the United States Constitution affect citizens (for example, shared political principles could be liberty, equality, justice, patriotism, limited government) 4
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.4.1.

1.4.2. Developing, evaluating, and defending positions on how shared political principles have affected citizens 4
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.4.2.

1.4.3. Analyzing why conflicts arise, and ways in which conflicts can be resolved in a peaceful manner

1.4.4. Describing and analyzing the processes that have led to the expansion of rights for more Americans (for example, abolition of slavery, women's suffrage, civil rights movement). 24
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.4.4.

1.5. Students know the fundamental democratic principles inherent in the United States concept of a constitutional democratic republic. What students know and are able to do includes:

1.5.1. Explaining the meaning and importance of each of the following traditional principles of representative government individual rights (for example, the rights to life, liberty, and property), the common good, self-government, justice, and equality 7
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.5.1.

1.5.2. Identifying and applying to contemporary situations the fundamental principles of representative government of the United States (for example, rule by consent of the people, representative democracy, rule of law, the importance of citizen participation, limited government, balancing individual and social needs, majority rule and minority rights). 36
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.5.2.

CO.2. Civics: Students know the structure and function of local, state, and national government and how citizen involvement shapes public policy.

2.1. Students know the organization and functions of local, state, and national governments. What students know and are able to do includes:

2.1.1. Explaining major responsibilities of national, state, and local governments 41
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.1.1.

2.1.2. Explaining the rationale for taxes and the purposes for which taxes are used 9
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.1.2.

2.1.3. Identifying their representatives in the legislative branches, heads of executive, and judicial branches 15
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.1.3.

2.1.4. Explaining which level of government they should contact to get information, express their opinions or get help on specific issues. 40
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.1.4.

2.2. Students know how power, authority, and responsibility are distributed, shared, and limited through federalism as established by the United States Constitution. What students know and are able to do includes:

2.2.1. Explaining how the Constitution divides the powers of government among the executive, legislative, and judicial branches, and how each branch can check the powers of another 8
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.2.1.

2.2.2. Explaining how and why powers are distributed between local, state, and national governments (for example, shared power such as to tax, borrow money, regulate voting functions primarily exercised by state governments, such as education, law enforcement, highways distribution of power reflects the value of local decision-making and local control). 15
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.2.2.

2.3. Students know and understand the place of law in the Colorado and United States constitutional systems. What students know and are able to do includes:

2.3.1. Identifying types of law: juvenile, criminal, civil, and explaining how law protects individual rights and promotes the common good 8
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.3.1.

2.3.2. Evaluating strengths and weaknesses of a rule or law 11
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.3.2.

2.3.3. Describing alternative means of conflict management, including negotiation, mediation, arbitration, and litigation

2.3.4. Explaining the role and importance of the Bill of Rights in the Colorado and United States constitutional systems (for example, Supreme Court cases such as Tinker v. Des Moines, Miranda v. Arizona, Gideon v. Wainwright, TLO v. New Jersey). 26
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.3.4.

2.4. Students know how public policy is developed at the local, state, and national levels. What students know and are able to do includes:

2.4.1. Defining public policy and identifying examples at local, state and national levels 28
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.4.1.

2.4.2. Describing how the public agenda is shaped by political leaders, interest groups, media, state and federal courts, and individual citizens 14
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.4.2.

2.4.3. Explaining how political parties, campaigns, and elections influence policy formation 9
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.4.3.

2.4.4. Evaluating the role of the media and public opinion in formulating public policy 30
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.4.4.

2.4.5. Explaining how changing demographics affect civic responsibility. 4
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.4.5.

CO.3. Civics: Students know the political relationship of the United States and its citizens to other nations and to world affairs.

3.1. Students know how and why governments and nongovernmental agencies around the world interact politically. What students know and are able to do includes:

3.1.1. Defining foreign policy and describing ways that nations interact with one another diplomatically (for example, trade, treaties, humanitarian aid, military force). 21
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.1.1.

3.2. Students understand how the United States government develops foreign policy. What students know and are able to do includes:

3.2.1. Explaining the powers the United States Constitution gives to the branches of government in foreign policy 20
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.2.1.

3.2.2. Identifying current foreign policy issues and evaluating the geopolitical strategies the United States is using to deal with them 12
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.2.2.

3.2.3. Describing ways in which citizens can influence the formation of foreign policy 12
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.2.3.

3.2.4. Explaining the relationship between United States foreign policy and national interest. 12
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.2.4.

3.3. Students understand the domestic and foreign policy influence the United States has on other nations and how the actions of other nations influence politics and society of the United States. What students know and are able to do includes:

3.3.1. Giving examples of how foreign policy decisions made by the United States government regarding other countries have affected lives of United States citizens (for example, the Gulf War, tariffs, embargoes) 13
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.3.1.

3.3.2. Describing the influence of United States political ideas on other nations and the influence of other nations' ideas on the United States 12
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.3.2.

3.3.3. Describing diplomatic strategies in which agencies of the United States government have sought to help resolve an international problem and/or pursue our national interest or concern (for example, American diplomats have sought to mediate disputes in Bosnia, Northern Ireland, and the Middle East, participation of United States government officials in international conferences on the environment or population, sending humanitarian aid to countries in conflict)

3.3.4. Describing ways in which nongovernmental agencies and organizations have sought to help with an international problem or concern (for example, the Red Cross helping victims of war or natural disasters, organizations of doctors or scientists helping with diseases or disasters like Chernobyl). 9
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.3.4.

CO.4. Civics: Students understand how citizens exercise the roles, rights and responsibilities of participation in civic life at all levels - local, state, and national.

4.1. Students know what citizenship is. What students know and are able to do includes:

4.1.1. Explaining the meaning of citizenship in the United States 4
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.1.1.

4.1.2. Describing how to become a citizen in the United States (for example, the process of naturalization) 4
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.1.2.

4.1.3. Identifying significant characteristics of an effective citizen (for example, civic virtue, common courtesy, respect for person and property, civic and personal responsibility, and honest and fair dealings). 7
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.1.3.

4.2. Students know how citizens can fulfill their responsibilities for preserving the constitutional republic. What students know and are able to do includes:

4.2.1. Identifying civic responsibilities (for example, accepting responsibility for the consequences of one's actions as a citizen, considering the rights and interests of others, voting, obeying the law, paying taxes, performing voluntary public service, jury service, serving in the armed forces) 4
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.2.1.

4.2.2. Identifying contemporary issues that involve civic responsibilities and analyzing various positions on those responsibilities (for example, accepting responsibility for the consequences of one's actions, considering the rights and interests of others, voting, obeying the law, paying taxes, performing voluntary public service, jury service, serving in the armed forces) 4
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.2.2.

4.2.3. Analyzing the implications of not fulfilling citizen responsibilities. 4
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.2.3.

4.3. Students know how citizens can exercise their rights. What students know and are able to do includes:

4.3.1. Distinguishing between personal and political rights (for example, freedom of religion, freedom of speech, right to own property) 4
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.3.1.

4.3.2. Identifying and analyzing responses to situations involving historic and contemporary threats to the meaning of political rights (for example, right to vote, petition, assembly) as distinguished from personal rights (for example, free speech to express personal taste, freedom of conscience, freedom of movement, privacy rights) 28
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.3.2.

4.3.3. Identifying and evaluating situations involving conflict between rights and proposing solutions to the conflict within the scope and limits of those rights 47
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.3.3.

4.3.4. Using historical and legal sources of personal and political rights to defend the exercise of rights of citizens in a given situation (for example, Declaration of Independence, Constitution, Bill of Rights, court decisions). 40
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.3.4.

4.4. Students know how citizens can participate in civic life. What students know and are able to do includes:

4.4.1. Explaining the meaning of civic life, politics, and government 28
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.4.1.

4.4.2. Identifying and applying criteria useful in selecting political leaders at local, state, and national levels 14
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.4.2.

4.4.3. Explaining how participation in civic and political life can help to solve problems 28
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.4.3.

4.4.4. Describing how to influence public policy in the politics and governments of their own classrooms and schools. 6
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.4.4.

CO.1. Economics: Students understand that because of the condition of scarcity, decisions must be made about the use of scarce resources.

1.1. Students know that economic choices are made because resources are scarce and that the act of making economic choices imposes opportunity costs. What students know and are able to do includes:

1.1.1. Giving examples of situations where households, businesses, governments, and societies deal with scarcity just as individuals do 2
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.1.1.

1.1.2. Identifying types of scarce productive resources and giving examples of each 2
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.1.2.

1.1.3. Identifying opportunity costs that individuals, households, businesses, governments, and societies incur when making decisions involving the use of scarce resources 37
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.1.3.

1.1.4. Explaining that few economic choices are all-or-nothing propositions and that most economic choices involve tradeoffs. 10
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.1.4.

1.2. Students understand that economic incentives influence the use of scarce human, capital, and natural resources. What students know and are able to do includes:

1.2.1. Analyzing how economic incentives influence how individuals, households, businesses, governments, and societies use their scarce resources 12
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.2.1.

1.2.2. Identifying different economic goals and giving examples of the tradeoffs among economic goals. 11
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.2.2.

1.3. Students understand that resources can be used in many ways and understand the costs of alternative uses. What students know and are able to do includes:

1.3.1. Identifying costs and benefits associated with the use of resources to produce goods and services (for example, using a gas lawnmower involves the cost of gas and upkeep, but provides the benefit of mowing the lawn faster) 40
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.3.1.

1.3.2. Identifying externalities associated with the use of resources (for example, using a gas mower creates noise pollution in a neighborhood, but also provides an attractive lawn) 7
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.3.2.

1.3.3. Explaining how the use of specific resources will influence the availability of other resources in the future 34
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.3.3.

1.3.4. Identifying choices individuals, households, businesses, governments, and societies make that impact productivity and the future (for example, choices about the division of labor, the investment in human and physical capital, specialization, and using technology). 11
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.3.4.

CO.2. Economics: Students understand how different economic systems impact decisions about the use of resources and the production and distribution of goods and services.

2.1. Students understand that different economic systems employ different means to produce, distribute, and exchange goods and services. What students know and are able to do includes:

2.1.1. Describing the characteristics of a traditional, command, market, and mixed economic system 3
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.1.1.

2.1.2. Explaining how different economic systems use different means to produce, distribute, and exchange goods and services 9
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.1.2.

2.1.3. Describing how different economic systems affect the allocation of resources (for example, steel production in the former Soviet Union was determined by economic planners. This affected the allocation of many resources: coal, labor, etc. In the United States, all of these resources are allocated by the market). 4
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.1.3.

2.2. Students understand the fundamental characteristics of the United States economic system. What students know and are able to do includes:

2.2.1. Describing the relationships among supply, demand, and price, and the role these elements play in the U.S. economic system 2
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.2.1.

2.2.2. Describing how prices act as signals to producers and consumers to answer the three basic economic questions: (What goods and services to produce? How will they be produced? For whom will they be produced?) 6
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.2.2.

2.2.3. Identifying how fundamental characteristics of the U.S. economic system (for example, competition, the price system, private property, and profits) influence economic decision making 8
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.2.3.

2.2.4. Describing the characteristics that make the United States economy a mixed economy. 2
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.2.4.

2.3. Students understand that government actions and policies, including taxes, spending, and regulations influence the operation of economies. What students know and are able to do includes:

2.3.1. Identifying governmental activities that affect the local, state, or national economy 8
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.3.1.

2.3.2. Giving examples of the role of government in a market economic system, (for example, the government enforces property rights, provisions of contracts and provides a standardized monetary system). 2
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.3.2.

CO.3. Economics: Students understand the results of trade, exchange, and interdependence among individuals, households, businesses, governments, and societies.

3.1. Students understand that the exchange of goods and services creates economic interdependence and change. What students know and are able to do includes:

3.1.1. Describing the relationship among trade, specialization, and interdependence 4
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.1.1.

3.1.2. Describing how economic interdependence between countries around the world affects the standard of living. 12
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.1.2.

3.2. Students understand how a country's monetary system facilitates the exchange of resources. What students know and are able to do includes:

3.2.1. Explaining that money can be used to express the market value of goods and services in the form of prices 3
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.2.1.

3.2.2. Describing the role of banks in the monetary system 1
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.2.2.

3.2.3. Recognizing that the use of credit involves the use of someone else's money at a certain interest rate 2
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.2.3.

3.2.4. Explaining an exchange rate 2
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.2.4.

3.2.5. Describing the difference between wealth and money. 3
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.2.5.

CO.1. Geography: Students know how to use and construct maps, globes, and other geographic tools to locate and derive information about people, places, and environments.

1.1. Students know how to use maps, globes, and other geographic tools to acquire, process, and report information from a spatial perspective. What students know and are able to do includes:

1.1.1. Explaining the characteristics and purposes of and explaining differences among maps, globes, aerial photographs, geographic models, and satellite images 32
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.1.1.

1.1.2. Identifying several basic types of map projections (for example, Mercator and Robinson Projections) 32
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.1.2.

1.1.3. Interpreting and constructing maps, globes, models, charts, and geographic databases. 41
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.1.3.

1.2. Students develop knowledge of Earth to locate people, places, and environments. What students know and are able to do includes:

1.2.1. Identifying and locating each of the fifty states in the United States 2
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.2.1.

1.2.2. Drawing an accurate map from memory to answer questions about the location of physical and human features (for example, given an incomplete map of Europe and Africa, sketch in the borders of the countries around the Mediterranean Sea) 32
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.2.2.

1.2.3. Identifying and locating physical and human features in their own and nearby communities, in the United States, and in regions of the world 32
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.2.3.

1.2.4. Locating places using latitude and longitude. 32
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.2.4.

1.3. Students know how to analyze the dynamic spatial organization of people, places, and environments. What students know and are able to do includes:

1.3.1. Explaining fundamental geographic vocabulary such as the concepts of distance, latitude, longitude, interdependence, accessibility, and connections 32
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.3.1.

1.3.2. Analyzing the factors affecting the location of human activities (for example, the location of a planned development or dam) 5
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.3.2.

1.3.3. Explaining different land use patterns in urban, suburban, and rural areas 11
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.3.3.

1.3.4. Describing patterns and processes of diffusion (for example, information networks around the world) 3
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.3.4.

1.3.5. Solving locational questions requiring the integration of information from two or more sources. 29
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.3.5.

CO.2. Geography: Students know the physical and human characteristics of places, and use this knowledge to define and study regions and their patterns of change.

2.1. Students know the physical and human characteristics of places. What students know and are able to do includes:

2.1.1. Describing human and physical characteristics of places 5
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.1.1.

2.1.2. Explaining how places change due to human activity (for example, center-pivot technology produces a distinctive pattern of irrigation on the High Plains). 5
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.1.2.

2.2. Students know how and why people define regions. What students know and are able to do includes:

2.2.1. Identifying a region by defining its distinguishing characteristics 6
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.2.1.

2.2.2. Explaining how and why regions change 6
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.2.2.

2.2.3. Describing the relationships and interactions among regions 6
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.2.3.

2.2.4. Analyzing the influences and effects of regional labels and images (for example, the Sun Belt states attract tourists, retirees, and new businesses). 6
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.2.4.

2.3. Students know how culture and experience influence people's perceptions of places and regions. What students know and are able to do includes:

2.3.1. Describing various perspectives associated with places and regions 6
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.3.1.

2.3.2. Explaining how culture and technology affect perception of places and regions (for example, U.S. television programs and movies present images of the U.S. to billions of people around the world) 2
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.3.2.

2.3.3. Explaining how places and regions serve as cultural symbols (for example, Jerusalem as a sacred place for Christians, Jews, and Muslims). 1
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.3.3.

CO.3. Geography: Students understand how physical processes shape Earth's surface patterns and systems.

3.1. Students know the physical processes that shape Earth's surface patterns. What students know and are able to do includes:

3.1.1. Describing how physical processes shape environmental patterns of air, land, water, plants, and animals 25
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.1.1.

3.1.2. Explaining how physical processes influence the formation and location of resources 58
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.1.2.

3.1.3. Describing the consequences of physical processes on Earth's surface (for example, tropical ocean heating supplies energy for hurricanes) 11
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.1.3.

3.1.4. Explaining how Earth-Sun relationships produce day and night, time zones, seasons, and major climatic variations. 4
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.1.4.

3.2. Students know the characteristics and distributions of physical systems of land, air, water, plants, and animals. What students know and are able to do includes:

3.2.1. Identifying the local and world patterns of ecosystems 3
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.2.1.

3.2.2. Describing how ecosystems work. 2
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.2.2.

CO.4. Geography: Students understand how economic, political, cultural, and social processes interact to shape patterns of human populations, interdependence, cooperation, and conflict.

4.1. Students know the characteristics, location, distribution, and migration of human populations. What students know and are able to do includes:

4.1.1. Describing the demographic structure of a population (for example, the age-sex structure as shown in a population pyramid) 6
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.1.1.

4.1.2. Explaining reasons for variation in population distribution 6
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.1.2.

4.1.3. Analyzing the causes and types of human migration and its effect on places. 7
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.1.3.

4.2. Students know the nature and spatial distribution of cultural patterns. What students know and are able to do includes:

4.2.1. Explaining the spatial distribution of cultures, both locally and in other parts of the world 8
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.2.1.

4.2.2. Describing how cultures and cultural landscapes change 8
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.2.2.

4.2.3. Comparing and contrasting elements of different cultural landscapes. 8
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.2.3.

4.3. Students know the patterns and networks of economic interdependence. What students know and are able to do includes:

4.3.1. Identifying the factors that influence the location and distribution of economic activities 2
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.3.1.

4.3.2. Explaining why and how countries trade goods and services 5
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.3.2.

4.3.3. Explaining reasons for patterns of economic activities on Earth's surface 3
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.3.3.

4.3.4. Explaining how changes in technology, transportation, communication, and resources affect the location of economic activities. 12
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.3.4.

4.4. Students know the processes, patterns, and functions of human settlement. What students know and are able to do includes:

4.4.1. Explaining the causes and effects of urbanization (for example, rural-to-urban migration leads to urbanization) 7
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.4.1.

4.4.2. Describing, locating, and comparing different settlement patterns throughout the world. 12
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.4.2.

4.5. Students know how cooperation and conflict among people influence the division and control of Earth's surface. What students know and are able to do includes:

4.5.1. Describing how cooperation and conflict among people contribute to political, economic, and social divisions of Earth's surface 7
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.5.1.

4.5.2. Describing the forces and processes of cooperation that unite people across Earth's surface (for example, the nations of Western Europe have joined together in the European Union). 4
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.5.2.

CO.5. Geography: Students understand the effects of interactions between human and physical systems and the changes in meaning, use, distribution, and importance of resources.

5.1. Students know how human actions modify the physical environment. What students know and are able to do includes:

5.1.1. Describing how human modifications of physical environments in one place often lead to changes in other places 47
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 5.1.1.

5.1.2. Explaining the role of technology in the human modification of the physical environment (for example, damming of the Colorado River, greening of the Negev Desert in Israel) 47
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 5.1.2.

5.1.3. Describing ways that humans depend upon, adapt to, and affect the physical environment. 47
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 5.1.3.

5.2. Students know how physical systems affect human systems. What students know and are able to do includes:

5.2.1. Explaining how the characteristics of different physical environments provide opportunities for or place constraints on human activities 14
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 5.2.1.

5.2.2. Describing how natural hazards affect human activities. 12
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 5.2.2.

5.3. Students know the changes that occur in the meaning, use, location, distribution, and importance of resources. What students know and are able to do includes:

5.3.1. Describing the role of resources in daily life (for example, discussing the recycling of materials) 34
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 5.3.1.

5.3.2. Describing the worldwide distribution and use of resources 34
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 5.3.2.

5.3.3. Identifying how technology affects the definition of, access to, and use of resources 46
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 5.3.3.

5.3.4. Describing why people have different viewpoints with respect to resource use 53
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 5.3.4.

5.3.5. Explaining the fundamental role of energy resources 28
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 5.3.5.

5.3.6. Describing ways that resources can be recycled. 18
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 5.3.6.

CO.6. Geography: Students apply knowledge of people, places, and environments to understand the past and present and to plan for the future.

6.1. Students know how to apply geography to understand the past. What students know and are able to do includes:

6.1.1. Describing changes in the spatial organization of a society over time 7
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 6.1.1.

6.1.2. Describing how places and environments have influenced events and conditions in the past 16
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 6.1.2.

6.1.3. Explaining how differing perceptions of places, people, and resources have affected events and conditions in the past. 17
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 6.1.3.

6.2. Students know how to apply geography to understand the present and plan for the future. What students know and are able to do includes:

6.2.1. Explaining issues in communities from a spatial perspective 12
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 6.2.1.

6.2.2. Explaining a contemporary issue using geographic knowledge, skill and perspectives. 14
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 6.2.2.

CO.1. History: Students understand the chronological organization of history and know how to organize events and people into major eras to identify and explain historical relationships.

1.1. Students know the general chronological order of events and people in history. What students know and are able to do includes:

1.1.1. Chronologically organizing major events and people of United States history 52
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.1.1.

1.1.2. Describing significant events and people which form the foundation of United States history in the chronological context of the history of the Americas and the world. 52
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.1.2.

1.2. Students use chronology to organize historical events and people. What students know and are able to do includes:

1.2.1. Identifying examples of how various cultures have used calendars to organize and measure time 3
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.2.1.

1.2.2. Constructing tiered timelines to show how different series of events happened simultaneously 52
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.2.2.

1.2.3. Illustrating the time structure of events in historical narratives. 52
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.2.3.

1.3. Students use chronology to examine and explain historical relationships. What students know and are able to do includes:

1.3.1. Interpreting historical data to determine cause-effect and time-order relationships 52
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.3.1.

1.3.2. Explaining patterns and identifying themes in related events over time. 3
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.3.2.

CO.2. History: Students know how to use the processes and resources of historical inquiry.

2.1. Students know how to formulate questions and hypotheses regarding what happened in the past and to obtain and analyze historical data to answer questions and test hypotheses. What students know and are able to do includes:

2.1.1. Formulating historical questions based on examination of primary and secondary sources including documents, eyewitness accounts, letters and diaries, artifacts, real or simulated historical sites, charts, graphs, diagrams, and written texts 13
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.1.1.

2.1.2. Gathering information from multiple sources, including electronic databases, to understand events from multiple perspectives 11
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.1.2.

2.1.3. Determining if the information gathered is sufficient to answer historical questions. 11
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.1.3.

2.2. Students know how to interpret and evaluate primary and secondary sources of historical information. What students know and are able to do includes:

2.2.1. Distinguishing between primary and secondary sources 11
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.2.1.

2.2.2. Interpreting the data in historical maps, photographs, art works, and other artifacts 14
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.2.2.

2.2.3. Examining data for point of view, historical context, bias, distortion, or propaganda. 6
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.2.3.

2.3. Students apply knowledge of the past to analyze present-day issues and events from multiple, historically objective perspectives. What students know and are able to do includes:

2.3.1. Examining current concepts, issues, events, and themes from multiple, historical perspectives. 3
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.3.1.

CO.3. History: Students understand that societies are diverse and have changed over time.

3.1. Students know how various societies were affected by contacts and exchanges among diverse peoples. What students know and are able to do includes:

3.1.1. Describing the common traits and characteristics that unite the United States as a nation and a society 3
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.1.1.

3.1.2. Describing the history, interactions, and contributions of the various peoples and cultures that have lived in or migrated, immigrated, or were brought to the Western Hemisphere 13
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.1.2.

3.1.3. Describing the history, interactions, and contributions of various groups of people who make up the major culture regions of the world 6
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.1.3.

3.1.4. Explaining how the cultures of the earliest civilizations spread and interacted (for example, the civilizations of the river valleys of India, Africa, Mesopotamia, and Mesoamerica). 15
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.1.4.

3.2. Students understand the history of social organization in various societies. What students know and are able to do includes:

3.2.1. Describing and giving examples of basic elements of culture and social organization 8
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.2.1.

3.2.2. Explaining how forces of tradition have acted to maintain elements of social organization throughout history 30
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.2.2.

3.2.3. Comparing how roles of people have differed throughout history based on various factors (for example, gender, age, caste, racial identity, wealth, and/or social position) 13
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.2.3.

3.2.4. Describing how social roles and the characteristics of social organization have both changed and endured in the United States throughout its history (for example, family structures, community structures). 7
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.2.4.

CO.4. History: Students understand how science, technology, and economic activity have developed, changed, and affected societies throughout history.

4.1. Students understand the impact of scientific and technological developments on individuals and societies. What students know and are able to do includes:

4.1.1. Explaining the significance of the achievements of individual scientists and inventors from many cultures (for example, the impact of germ theory on medical practice and sanitation the impact of the steamship on transportation and trade the impact of the printing press on who had access to books and knowledge). 22
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.1.1.

4.1.2. Describing and explaining how industrialization influenced the movement of people (for example, to and from urban, suburban, and rural areas) 12
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.1.2.

4.1.3. Identifying and explaining the consequences of scientific and technological changes (for example, navigation, transportation, printing, weaponry, agriculture, communication, and medicine) 12
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.1.3.

4.1.4. Relating differences in technology to differences in how people live in various regions of the world. 9
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.1.4.

4.2. Students understand how economic factors have influenced historical events. What students know and are able to do includes:

4.2.1. Explaining how the economy of the Western United States has historically depended upon natural resources and how this has affected the region 60
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.2.1.

4.2.2. Explaining how economic factors influenced historical events in the United States and in various regions of the world (for example, the history of Colorado's 'boom and bust' economy) 2
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.2.2.

4.2.3. Explaining how societies are and have been linked by economic factors. 4
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.2.3.

4.3. Students understand the historical development and know the characteristics of various economic systems. What students know and are able to do includes:

4.3.1. Describing the general characteristics of economic systems (for example, scarcity, growth, distribution of goods and services, production, and consumption) 5
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.3.1.

4.3.2. Describing historical events and individuals in the economic development of the United States. 14
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.3.2.

CO.5. History: Students understand political institutions and theories that have developed and changed over time.

5.1. Students understand how democratic ideas and institutions in the United States have developed, changed, and/or been maintained. What students know and are able to do includes:

5.1.1. Explaining the historical development of democratic governmental principles and institutions 10
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 5.1.1.

5.1.2. Describing the basic ideas set forth in the Declaration of Independence, Articles of Confederation, Constitution, and Bill of Rights 21
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 5.1.2.

5.1.3. Giving examples of extensions and restrictions of political and civil rights in United States history. 10
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 5.1.3.

5.2. Students know how various systems of government have developed and functioned throughout history. What students know and are able to do includes:

5.2.1. Identifying the ancient and medieval roots of governmental principles and institutions (for example, Hammurabi's Code, Roman Republicanism, Mosaic Law , Greek Democracy, Islamic Law) 5
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 5.2.1.

5.2.2. Describing the basic forms of government, and giving examples of societies that have practiced them (for example, monarchy, oligarchy, clan/tribal, autocracy, dynasties, theocracy, republic, democracy) 15
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 5.2.2.

5.2.3. Describing how various other nations have pursued, established, and maintained democratic forms of government. 9
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 5.2.3.

5.3. Students know how political power has been acquired, maintained, used, and/or lost throughout history. What students know and are able to do includes:

5.3.1. Describing how attributes of various people have affected their individual political rights (for example, gender, racial identity, national origin, property ownership, religion, legal status) 3
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 5.3.1.

5.3.2. Describing how military and/or economic expansion resulted in the assumption or seizure of political power throughout history 25
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 5.3.2.

5.3.3. Describing how forms of involuntary servitude have been used to maintain and expand political power throughout history (for example, slavery, serfdom, impressment). 32
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 5.3.3.

5.4. Students know the history of relationships among different political powers and the development of international relations. What students know and are able to do includes:

5.4.1. Describing how the relationships between the United States and external political powers developed with the growth of the nation 12
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 5.4.1.

5.4.2. Identifying basic patterns of political alliances in the modern world. 12
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 5.4.2.

CO.6. History: Students know that religious and philosophical ideas have been powerful forces throughout history.

6.1. Students know the historical development of religions and philosophies. What students know and are able to do includes:

6.1.1. Describing religious traditions of various ethnic groups in the United States 15
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 6.1.1.

6.1.2. Describing religious developments in United States history (for example, the Puritans, the Great Awakening, the Christian Abolitionists, the Mission System, the Mormon Trek, the founding of utopian religious communities) 5
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 6.1.2.

6.1.3. Describing different religious concepts that have developed throughout history (for example, monotheism and polytheism). 15
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 6.1.3.

6.2. Students know how societies have been affected by religions and philosophies. What students know and are able to do includes:

6.2.1. Giving examples of how religious and philosophical beliefs have defined standards of right and wrong, good and evil, and justice and injustice 15
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 6.2.1.

6.2.2. Giving and describing examples of individuals who, throughout history, acted from their religious or philosophical beliefs. 8
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 6.2.2.

6.3. Students know how various forms of expression reflect religious beliefs and philosophical ideas. What students know and are able to do includes:

6.3.1. Describing how societies have used various forms of visual arts, dance, theater, and music to express their religious beliefs and philosophical ideas throughout history 8
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 6.3.1.

6.3.2. Giving examples of the unique art forms that characterize the various ethnic groups in the United States and the religious or philosophical ideas they express 25
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 6.3.2.

6.3.3. Explaining how stories, myths, and other forms of literature and oral traditions reflect the beliefs of cultures and societies 107
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 6.3.3.

6.3.4. Explaining the religious or philosophical significance of structures such as pyramids, cathedrals, and burial mounds. 4
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 6.3.4.

CO.1. Civics: Students understand the purposes of government, and the basic constitutional principles of the United States republican form of government.

1.1. Students know and understand what government is and what purpose it serves. What students know and are able to do includes:

1.1.1. Explaining major ideas about why government is necessary (for example, promote the common good, protect individual rights, safety, order) 37
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.1.1.

1.1.2. Describing how the United States Constitution limits the power of government 11
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.1.2.

1.1.3. Comparing and contrasting various ideas about the purposes of government. 80
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.1.3.

1.2. Students know the essential characteristics of limited and unlimited government. What students know and are able to do includes:

1.2.1. Comparing limited and unlimited government 37
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.2.1.

1.2.2. Describing different types of government, limited, unlimited and absence of government (for example, anarchy, oligarchy, constitutional republic, authoritarian, democratic and totalitarian) 37
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.2.2.

1.2.3. Explaining how rule of law differs from arbitrary decisions of a leader 36
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.2.3.

1.3. Students understand the principles of the United States constitutional government. What students know and are able to do includes:

1.3.1. Explaining the historical foundation of the United States constitutional government (for example, the influence of the Roman Republic, Magna Carta, colonial experience, the Declaration of Independence, Articles of Confederation, the importance of the natural rights philosophy, and social contract) 16
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.3.1.

1.3.2. Explaining the essential principles of government stated in the United States Constitution (for example, the purposes of government as stated in the Preamble, limited government, separation of powers, checks and balances of legislative, executive and judicial branches, federalism and rule of law) 11
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.3.2.

1.3.3. Identifying individual rights protected by the Bill of Rights 10
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.3.3.

1.3.4. Developing and defending positions on current issues involving constitutional protection of individual rights. 61
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.3.4.

1.4. Students know the distinctive characteristics of the political culture of the United States. What students know and are able to do includes:

1.4.1. Explaining how the shared political principles of the United States Constitution affect citizens (for example, shared political principles could be liberty, equality, justice, patriotism, limited government) 15
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.4.1.

1.4.2. Developing, evaluating, and defending positions on how shared political principles have affected citizens 52
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.4.2.

1.4.3. Analyzing why conflicts arise, and ways in which conflicts can be resolved in a peaceful manner 18
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.4.3.

1.4.4. Describing and analyzing the processes that have led to the expansion of rights for more Americans (for example, abolition of slavery, women's suffrage, civil rights movement). 33
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.4.4.

1.5. Students know the fundamental democratic principles inherent in the United States concept of a constitutional democratic republic. What students know and are able to do includes:

1.5.1. Explaining the meaning and importance of each of the following traditional principles of representative government individual rights (for example, the rights to life, liberty, and property), the common good, self-government, justice, and equality 17
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.5.1.

1.5.2. Identifying and applying to contemporary situations the fundamental principles of representative government of the United States (for example, rule by consent of the people, representative democracy, rule of law, the importance of citizen participation, limited government, balancing individual and social needs, majority rule and minority rights). 64
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.5.2.

CO.2. Civics: Students know the structure and function of local, state, and national government and how citizen involvement shapes public policy.

2.1. Students know the organization and functions of local, state, and national governments. What students know and are able to do includes:

2.1.1. Explaining major responsibilities of national, state, and local governments 65
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.1.1.

2.1.2. Explaining the rationale for taxes and the purposes for which taxes are used 11
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.1.2.

2.1.3. Identifying their representatives in the legislative branches, heads of executive, and judicial branches 23
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.1.3.

2.1.4. Explaining which level of government they should contact to get information, express their opinions or get help on specific issues. 65
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.1.4.

2.2. Students know how power, authority, and responsibility are distributed, shared, and limited through federalism as established by the United States Constitution. What students know and are able to do includes:

2.2.1. Explaining how the Constitution divides the powers of government among the executive, legislative, and judicial branches, and how each branch can check the powers of another 62
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.2.1.

2.2.2. Explaining how and why powers are distributed between local, state, and national governments (for example, shared power such as to tax, borrow money, regulate voting functions primarily exercised by state governments, such as education, law enforcement, highways distribution of power reflects the value of local decision-making and local control). 12
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.2.2.

2.3. Students know and understand the place of law in the Colorado and United States constitutional systems. What students know and are able to do includes:

2.3.1. Identifying types of law: juvenile, criminal, civil, and explaining how law protects individual rights and promotes the common good 25
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.3.1.

2.3.2. Evaluating strengths and weaknesses of a rule or law 36
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.3.2.

2.3.3. Describing alternative means of conflict management, including negotiation, mediation, arbitration, and litigation 14
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.3.3.

2.3.4. Explaining the role and importance of the Bill of Rights in the Colorado and United States constitutional systems (for example, Supreme Court cases such as Tinker v. Des Moines, Miranda v. Arizona, Gideon v. Wainwright, TLO v. New Jersey). 12
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.3.4.

2.4. Students know how public policy is developed at the local, state, and national levels. What students know and are able to do includes:

2.4.1. Defining public policy and identifying examples at local, state and national levels 59
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.4.1.

2.4.2. Describing how the public agenda is shaped by political leaders, interest groups, media, state and federal courts, and individual citizens 39
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.4.2.

2.4.3. Explaining how political parties, campaigns, and elections influence policy formation 31
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.4.3.

2.4.4. Evaluating the role of the media and public opinion in formulating public policy 61
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.4.4.

2.4.5. Explaining how changing demographics affect civic responsibility. 5
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.4.5.

CO.3. Civics: Students know the political relationship of the United States and its citizens to other nations and to world affairs.

3.1. Students know how and why governments and nongovernmental agencies around the world interact politically. What students know and are able to do includes:

3.1.1. Defining foreign policy and describing ways that nations interact with one another diplomatically (for example, trade, treaties, humanitarian aid, military force). 55
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.1.1.

3.2. Students understand how the United States government develops foreign policy. What students know and are able to do includes:

3.2.1. Explaining the powers the United States Constitution gives to the branches of government in foreign policy 47
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.2.1.

3.2.2. Identifying current foreign policy issues and evaluating the geopolitical strategies the United States is using to deal with them 36
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.2.2.

3.2.3. Describing ways in which citizens can influence the formation of foreign policy 36
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.2.3.

3.2.4. Explaining the relationship between United States foreign policy and national interest. 36
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.2.4.

3.3. Students understand the domestic and foreign policy influence the United States has on other nations and how the actions of other nations influence politics and society of the United States. What students know and are able to do includes:

3.3.1. Giving examples of how foreign policy decisions made by the United States government regarding other countries have affected lives of United States citizens (for example, the Gulf War, tariffs, embargoes) 41
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.3.1.

3.3.2. Describing the influence of United States political ideas on other nations and the influence of other nations' ideas on the United States 44
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.3.2.

3.3.3. Describing diplomatic strategies in which agencies of the United States government have sought to help resolve an international problem and/or pursue our national interest or concern (for example, American diplomats have sought to mediate disputes in Bosnia, Northern Ireland, and the Middle East, participation of United States government officials in international conferences on the environment or population, sending humanitarian aid to countries in conflict) 8
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.3.3.

3.3.4. Describing ways in which nongovernmental agencies and organizations have sought to help with an international problem or concern (for example, the Red Cross helping victims of war or natural disasters, organizations of doctors or scientists helping with diseases or disasters like Chernobyl). 19
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.3.4.

CO.4. Civics: Students understand how citizens exercise the roles, rights and responsibilities of participation in civic life at all levels - local, state, and national.

4.1. Students know what citizenship is. What students know and are able to do includes:

4.1.1. Explaining the meaning of citizenship in the United States 8
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.1.1.

4.1.2. Describing how to become a citizen in the United States (for example, the process of naturalization) 8
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.1.2.

4.1.3. Identifying significant characteristics of an effective citizen (for example, civic virtue, common courtesy, respect for person and property, civic and personal responsibility, and honest and fair dealings). 10
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.1.3.

4.2. Students know how citizens can fulfill their responsibilities for preserving the constitutional republic. What students know and are able to do includes:

4.2.1. Identifying civic responsibilities (for example, accepting responsibility for the consequences of one's actions as a citizen, considering the rights and interests of others, voting, obeying the law, paying taxes, performing voluntary public service, jury service, serving in the armed forces) 5
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.2.1.

4.2.2. Identifying contemporary issues that involve civic responsibilities and analyzing various positions on those responsibilities (for example, accepting responsibility for the consequences of one's actions, considering the rights and interests of others, voting, obeying the law, paying taxes, performing voluntary public service, jury service, serving in the armed forces) 5
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.2.2.

4.2.3. Analyzing the implications of not fulfilling citizen responsibilities. 5
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.2.3.

4.3. Students know how citizens can exercise their rights. What students know and are able to do includes:

4.3.1. Distinguishing between personal and political rights (for example, freedom of religion, freedom of speech, right to own property) 10
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.3.1.

4.3.2. Identifying and analyzing responses to situations involving historic and contemporary threats to the meaning of political rights (for example, right to vote, petition, assembly) as distinguished from personal rights (for example, free speech to express personal taste, freedom of conscience, freedom of movement, privacy rights) 37
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.3.2.

4.3.3. Identifying and evaluating situations involving conflict between rights and proposing solutions to the conflict within the scope and limits of those rights 47
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.3.3.

4.3.4. Using historical and legal sources of personal and political rights to defend the exercise of rights of citizens in a given situation (for example, Declaration of Independence, Constitution, Bill of Rights, court decisions). 64
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.3.4.

4.4. Students know how citizens can participate in civic life. What students know and are able to do includes:

4.4.1. Explaining the meaning of civic life, politics, and government 59
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.4.1.

4.4.2. Identifying and applying criteria useful in selecting political leaders at local, state, and national levels 40
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.4.2.

4.4.3. Explaining how participation in civic and political life can help to solve problems 59
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.4.3.

4.4.4. Describing how to influence public policy in the politics and governments of their own classrooms and schools. 21
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.4.4.

CO.1. Economics: Students understand that because of the condition of scarcity, decisions must be made about the use of scarce resources.

1.1. Students know that economic choices are made because resources are scarce and that the act of making economic choices imposes opportunity costs. What students know and are able to do includes:

1.1.1. Giving examples of situations where households, businesses, governments, and societies deal with scarcity just as individuals do 3
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.1.1.

1.1.2. Identifying types of scarce productive resources and giving examples of each 78
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.1.2.

1.1.3. Identifying opportunity costs that individuals, households, businesses, governments, and societies incur when making decisions involving the use of scarce resources 12
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.1.3.

1.1.4. Explaining that few economic choices are all-or-nothing propositions and that most economic choices involve tradeoffs. 7
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.1.4.

1.2. Students understand that economic incentives influence the use of scarce human, capital, and natural resources. What students know and are able to do includes:

1.2.1. Analyzing how economic incentives influence how individuals, households, businesses, governments, and societies use their scarce resources 32
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.2.1.

1.2.2. Identifying different economic goals and giving examples of the tradeoffs among economic goals. 32
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.2.2.

1.3. Students understand that resources can be used in many ways and understand the costs of alternative uses. What students know and are able to do includes:

1.3.1. Identifying costs and benefits associated with the use of resources to produce goods and services (for example, using a gas lawnmower involves the cost of gas and upkeep, but provides the benefit of mowing the lawn faster) 30
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.3.1.

1.3.2. Identifying externalities associated with the use of resources (for example, using a gas mower creates noise pollution in a neighborhood, but also provides an attractive lawn) 86
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.3.2.

1.3.3. Explaining how the use of specific resources will influence the availability of other resources in the future 77
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.3.3.

1.3.4. Identifying choices individuals, households, businesses, governments, and societies make that impact productivity and the future (for example, choices about the division of labor, the investment in human and physical capital, specialization, and using technology). 30
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.3.4.

CO.2. Economics: Students understand how different economic systems impact decisions about the use of resources and the production and distribution of goods and services.

2.1. Students understand that different economic systems employ different means to produce, distribute, and exchange goods and services. What students know and are able to do includes:

2.1.1. Describing the characteristics of a traditional, command, market, and mixed economic system 6
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.1.1.

2.1.2. Explaining how different economic systems use different means to produce, distribute, and exchange goods and services 10
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.1.2.

2.1.3. Describing how different economic systems affect the allocation of resources (for example, steel production in the former Soviet Union was determined by economic planners. This affected the allocation of many resources: coal, labor, etc. In the United States, all of these resources are allocated by the market). 6
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.1.3.

2.2. Students understand the fundamental characteristics of the United States economic system. What students know and are able to do includes:

2.2.1. Describing the relationships among supply, demand, and price, and the role these elements play in the U.S. economic system 3
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.2.1.

2.2.2. Describing how prices act as signals to producers and consumers to answer the three basic economic questions: (What goods and services to produce? How will they be produced? For whom will they be produced?) 6
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.2.2.

2.2.3. Identifying how fundamental characteristics of the U.S. economic system (for example, competition, the price system, private property, and profits) influence economic decision making 38
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.2.3.

2.2.4. Describing the characteristics that make the United States economy a mixed economy. 6
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.2.4.

2.3. Students understand that government actions and policies, including taxes, spending, and regulations influence the operation of economies. What students know and are able to do includes:

2.3.1. Identifying governmental activities that affect the local, state, or national economy 10
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.3.1.

2.3.2. Giving examples of the role of government in a market economic system, (for example, the government enforces property rights, provisions of contracts and provides a standardized monetary system). 9
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.3.2.

CO.3. Economics: Students understand the results of trade, exchange, and interdependence among individuals, households, businesses, governments, and societies.

3.1. Students understand that the exchange of goods and services creates economic interdependence and change. What students know and are able to do includes:

3.1.1. Describing the relationship among trade, specialization, and interdependence 18
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.1.1.

3.1.2. Describing how economic interdependence between countries around the world affects the standard of living. 12
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.1.2.

3.2. Students understand how a country's monetary system facilitates the exchange of resources. What students know and are able to do includes:

3.2.1. Explaining that money can be used to express the market value of goods and services in the form of prices 8
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.2.1.

3.2.2. Describing the role of banks in the monetary system 3
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.2.2.

3.2.3. Recognizing that the use of credit involves the use of someone else's money at a certain interest rate 1
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.2.3.

3.2.4. Explaining an exchange rate 2
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.2.4.

3.2.5. Describing the difference between wealth and money. 5
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.2.5.

CO.1. Geography: Students know how to use and construct maps, globes, and other geographic tools to locate and derive information about people, places, and environments.

1.1. Students know how to use maps, globes, and other geographic tools to acquire, process, and report information from a spatial perspective. What students know and are able to do includes:

1.1.1. Explaining the characteristics and purposes of and explaining differences among maps, globes, aerial photographs, geographic models, and satellite images 25
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.1.1.

1.1.2. Identifying several basic types of map projections (for example, Mercator and Robinson Projections) 25
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.1.2.

1.1.3. Interpreting and constructing maps, globes, models, charts, and geographic databases. 30
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.1.3.

1.2. Students develop knowledge of Earth to locate people, places, and environments. What students know and are able to do includes:

1.2.1. Identifying and locating each of the fifty states in the United States 1
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.2.1.

1.2.2. Drawing an accurate map from memory to answer questions about the location of physical and human features (for example, given an incomplete map of Europe and Africa, sketch in the borders of the countries around the Mediterranean Sea) 28
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.2.2.

1.2.3. Identifying and locating physical and human features in their own and nearby communities, in the United States, and in regions of the world 28
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.2.3.

1.2.4. Locating places using latitude and longitude. 25
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.2.4.

1.3. Students know how to analyze the dynamic spatial organization of people, places, and environments. What students know and are able to do includes:

1.3.1. Explaining fundamental geographic vocabulary such as the concepts of distance, latitude, longitude, interdependence, accessibility, and connections 25
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.3.1.

1.3.2. Analyzing the factors affecting the location of human activities (for example, the location of a planned development or dam) 2
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.3.2.

1.3.3. Explaining different land use patterns in urban, suburban, and rural areas 8
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.3.3.

1.3.4. Describing patterns and processes of diffusion (for example, information networks around the world) 12
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.3.4.

1.3.5. Solving locational questions requiring the integration of information from two or more sources. 25
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.3.5.

CO.2. Geography: Students know the physical and human characteristics of places, and use this knowledge to define and study regions and their patterns of change.

2.1. Students know the physical and human characteristics of places. What students know and are able to do includes:

2.1.1. Describing human and physical characteristics of places 25
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.1.1.

2.1.2. Explaining how places change due to human activity (for example, center-pivot technology produces a distinctive pattern of irrigation on the High Plains). 83
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.1.2.

2.2. Students know how and why people define regions. What students know and are able to do includes:

2.2.1. Identifying a region by defining its distinguishing characteristics 5
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.2.1.

2.2.2. Explaining how and why regions change 5
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.2.2.

2.2.3. Describing the relationships and interactions among regions 5
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.2.3.

2.2.4. Analyzing the influences and effects of regional labels and images (for example, the Sun Belt states attract tourists, retirees, and new businesses). 5
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.2.4.

2.3. Students know how culture and experience influence people's perceptions of places and regions. What students know and are able to do includes:

2.3.1. Describing various perspectives associated with places and regions 5
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.3.1.

2.3.2. Explaining how culture and technology affect perception of places and regions (for example, U.S. television programs and movies present images of the U.S. to billions of people around the world) 2
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.3.2.

2.3.3. Explaining how places and regions serve as cultural symbols (for example, Jerusalem as a sacred place for Christians, Jews, and Muslims). 7
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.3.3.

CO.3. Geography: Students understand how physical processes shape Earth's surface patterns and systems.

3.1. Students know the physical processes that shape Earth's surface patterns. What students know and are able to do includes:

3.1.1. Describing how physical processes shape environmental patterns of air, land, water, plants, and animals 22
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.1.1.

3.1.2. Explaining how physical processes influence the formation and location of resources 89
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.1.2.

3.1.3. Describing the consequences of physical processes on Earth's surface (for example, tropical ocean heating supplies energy for hurricanes) 22
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.1.3.

3.1.4. Explaining how Earth-Sun relationships produce day and night, time zones, seasons, and major climatic variations. 5
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.1.4.

3.2. Students know the characteristics and distributions of physical systems of land, air, water, plants, and animals. What students know and are able to do includes:

3.2.1. Identifying the local and world patterns of ecosystems 4
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.2.1.

3.2.2. Describing how ecosystems work. 4
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.2.2.

CO.4. Geography: Students understand how economic, political, cultural, and social processes interact to shape patterns of human populations, interdependence, cooperation, and conflict.

4.1. Students know the characteristics, location, distribution, and migration of human populations. What students know and are able to do includes:

4.1.1. Describing the demographic structure of a population (for example, the age-sex structure as shown in a population pyramid) 3
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.1.1.

4.1.2. Explaining reasons for variation in population distribution 3
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.1.2.

4.1.3. Analyzing the causes and types of human migration and its effect on places. 22
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.1.3.

4.2. Students know the nature and spatial distribution of cultural patterns. What students know and are able to do includes:

4.2.1. Explaining the spatial distribution of cultures, both locally and in other parts of the world 43
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.2.1.

4.2.2. Describing how cultures and cultural landscapes change 43
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.2.2.

4.2.3. Comparing and contrasting elements of different cultural landscapes. 43
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.2.3.

4.3. Students know the patterns and networks of economic interdependence. What students know and are able to do includes:

4.3.1. Identifying the factors that influence the location and distribution of economic activities 2
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.3.1.

4.3.2. Explaining why and how countries trade goods and services 8
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.3.2.

4.3.3. Explaining reasons for patterns of economic activities on Earth's surface 16
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.3.3.

4.3.4. Explaining how changes in technology, transportation, communication, and resources affect the location of economic activities. 25
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.3.4.

4.4. Students know the processes, patterns, and functions of human settlement. What students know and are able to do includes:

4.4.1. Explaining the causes and effects of urbanization (for example, rural-to-urban migration leads to urbanization) 7
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.4.1.

4.4.2. Describing, locating, and comparing different settlement patterns throughout the world. 28
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.4.2.

4.5. Students know how cooperation and conflict among people influence the division and control of Earth's surface. What students know and are able to do includes:

4.5.1. Describing how cooperation and conflict among people contribute to political, economic, and social divisions of Earth's surface 12
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.5.1.

4.5.2. Describing the forces and processes of cooperation that unite people across Earth's surface (for example, the nations of Western Europe have joined together in the European Union). 6
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.5.2.

CO.5. Geography: Students understand the effects of interactions between human and physical systems and the changes in meaning, use, distribution, and importance of resources.

5.1. Students know how human actions modify the physical environment. What students know and are able to do includes:

5.1.1. Describing how human modifications of physical environments in one place often lead to changes in other places 82
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 5.1.1.

5.1.2. Explaining the role of technology in the human modification of the physical environment (for example, damming of the Colorado River, greening of the Negev Desert in Israel) 131
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 5.1.2.

5.1.3. Describing ways that humans depend upon, adapt to, and affect the physical environment. 78
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 5.1.3.

5.2. Students know how physical systems affect human systems. What students know and are able to do includes:

5.2.1. Explaining how the characteristics of different physical environments provide opportunities for or place constraints on human activities 12
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 5.2.1.

5.2.2. Describing how natural hazards affect human activities. 22
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 5.2.2.

5.3. Students know the changes that occur in the meaning, use, location, distribution, and importance of resources. What students know and are able to do includes:

5.3.1. Describing the role of resources in daily life (for example, discussing the recycling of materials) 77
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 5.3.1.

5.3.2. Describing the worldwide distribution and use of resources 77
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 5.3.2.

5.3.3. Identifying how technology affects the definition of, access to, and use of resources 86
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 5.3.3.

5.3.4. Describing why people have different viewpoints with respect to resource use 14
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 5.3.4.

5.3.5. Explaining the fundamental role of energy resources 61
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 5.3.5.

5.3.6. Describing ways that resources can be recycled. 16
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 5.3.6.

CO.6. Geography: Students apply knowledge of people, places, and environments to understand the past and present and to plan for the future.

6.1. Students know how to apply geography to understand the past. What students know and are able to do includes:

6.1.1. Describing changes in the spatial organization of a society over time 7
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 6.1.1.

6.1.2. Describing how places and environments have influenced events and conditions in the past 24
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 6.1.2.

6.1.3. Explaining how differing perceptions of places, people, and resources have affected events and conditions in the past. 29
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 6.1.3.

6.2. Students know how to apply geography to understand the present and plan for the future. What students know and are able to do includes:

6.2.1. Explaining issues in communities from a spatial perspective 7
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 6.2.1.

6.2.2. Explaining a contemporary issue using geographic knowledge, skill and perspectives. 10
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 6.2.2.

CO.1. History: Students understand the chronological organization of history and know how to organize events and people into major eras to identify and explain historical relationships.

1.1. Students know the general chronological order of events and people in history. What students know and are able to do includes:

1.1.1. Chronologically organizing major events and people of United States history 25
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.1.1.

1.1.2. Describing significant events and people which form the foundation of United States history in the chronological context of the history of the Americas and the world. 25
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.1.2.

1.2. Students use chronology to organize historical events and people. What students know and are able to do includes:

1.2.1. Identifying examples of how various cultures have used calendars to organize and measure time 4
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.2.1.

1.2.2. Constructing tiered timelines to show how different series of events happened simultaneously 25
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.2.2.

1.2.3. Illustrating the time structure of events in historical narratives. 25
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.2.3.

1.3. Students use chronology to examine and explain historical relationships. What students know and are able to do includes:

1.3.1. Interpreting historical data to determine cause-effect and time-order relationships 25
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.3.1.

1.3.2. Explaining patterns and identifying themes in related events over time. 5
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.3.2.

CO.2. History: Students know how to use the processes and resources of historical inquiry.

2.1. Students know how to formulate questions and hypotheses regarding what happened in the past and to obtain and analyze historical data to answer questions and test hypotheses. What students know and are able to do includes:

2.1.1. Formulating historical questions based on examination of primary and secondary sources including documents, eyewitness accounts, letters and diaries, artifacts, real or simulated historical sites, charts, graphs, diagrams, and written texts 22
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.1.1.

2.1.2. Gathering information from multiple sources, including electronic databases, to understand events from multiple perspectives 11
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.1.2.

2.1.3. Determining if the information gathered is sufficient to answer historical questions. 11
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.1.3.

2.2. Students know how to interpret and evaluate primary and secondary sources of historical information. What students know and are able to do includes:

2.2.1. Distinguishing between primary and secondary sources 11
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.2.1.

2.2.2. Interpreting the data in historical maps, photographs, art works, and other artifacts 12
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.2.2.

2.2.3. Examining data for point of view, historical context, bias, distortion, or propaganda. 11
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.2.3.

2.3. Students apply knowledge of the past to analyze present-day issues and events from multiple, historically objective perspectives. What students know and are able to do includes:

2.3.1. Examining current concepts, issues, events, and themes from multiple, historical perspectives. 5
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.3.1.

CO.3. History: Students understand that societies are diverse and have changed over time.

3.1. Students know how various societies were affected by contacts and exchanges among diverse peoples. What students know and are able to do includes:

3.1.1. Describing the common traits and characteristics that unite the United States as a nation and a society 13
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.1.1.

3.1.2. Describing the history, interactions, and contributions of the various peoples and cultures that have lived in or migrated, immigrated, or were brought to the Western Hemisphere 36
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.1.2.

3.1.3. Describing the history, interactions, and contributions of various groups of people who make up the major culture regions of the world 140
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.1.3.

3.1.4. Explaining how the cultures of the earliest civilizations spread and interacted (for example, the civilizations of the river valleys of India, Africa, Mesopotamia, and Mesoamerica). 20
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.1.4.

3.2. Students understand the history of social organization in various societies. What students know and are able to do includes:

3.2.1. Describing and giving examples of basic elements of culture and social organization 43
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.2.1.

3.2.2. Explaining how forces of tradition have acted to maintain elements of social organization throughout history 128
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.2.2.

3.2.3. Comparing how roles of people have differed throughout history based on various factors (for example, gender, age, caste, racial identity, wealth, and/or social position) 93
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.2.3.

3.2.4. Describing how social roles and the characteristics of social organization have both changed and endured in the United States throughout its history (for example, family structures, community structures). 2
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.2.4.

CO.4. History: Students understand how science, technology, and economic activity have developed, changed, and affected societies throughout history.

4.1. Students understand the impact of scientific and technological developments on individuals and societies. What students know and are able to do includes:

4.1.1. Explaining the significance of the achievements of individual scientists and inventors from many cultures (for example, the impact of germ theory on medical practice and sanitation the impact of the steamship on transportation and trade the impact of the printing press on who had access to books and knowledge). 61
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.1.1.

4.1.2. Describing and explaining how industrialization influenced the movement of people (for example, to and from urban, suburban, and rural areas) 16
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.1.2.

4.1.3. Identifying and explaining the consequences of scientific and technological changes (for example, navigation, transportation, printing, weaponry, agriculture, communication, and medicine) 27
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.1.3.

4.1.4. Relating differences in technology to differences in how people live in various regions of the world. 27
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.1.4.

4.2. Students understand how economic factors have influenced historical events. What students know and are able to do includes:

4.2.1. Explaining how the economy of the Western United States has historically depended upon natural resources and how this has affected the region 132
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.2.1.

4.2.2. Explaining how economic factors influenced historical events in the United States and in various regions of the world (for example, the history of Colorado's 'boom and bust' economy) 4
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.2.2.

4.2.3. Explaining how societies are and have been linked by economic factors. 15
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.2.3.

4.3. Students understand the historical development and know the characteristics of various economic systems. What students know and are able to do includes:

4.3.1. Describing the general characteristics of economic systems (for example, scarcity, growth, distribution of goods and services, production, and consumption) 5
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.3.1.

4.3.2. Describing historical events and individuals in the economic development of the United States. 35
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.3.2.

CO.5. History: Students understand political institutions and theories that have developed and changed over time.

5.1. Students understand how democratic ideas and institutions in the United States have developed, changed, and/or been maintained. What students know and are able to do includes:

5.1.1. Explaining the historical development of democratic governmental principles and institutions 18
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 5.1.1.

5.1.2. Describing the basic ideas set forth in the Declaration of Independence, Articles of Confederation, Constitution, and Bill of Rights 23
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 5.1.2.

5.1.3. Giving examples of extensions and restrictions of political and civil rights in United States history. 33
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 5.1.3.

5.2. Students know how various systems of government have developed and functioned throughout history. What students know and are able to do includes:

5.2.1. Identifying the ancient and medieval roots of governmental principles and institutions (for example, Hammurabi's Code, Roman Republicanism, Mosaic Law , Greek Democracy, Islamic Law) 19
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 5.2.1.

5.2.2. Describing the basic forms of government, and giving examples of societies that have practiced them (for example, monarchy, oligarchy, clan/tribal, autocracy, dynasties, theocracy, republic, democracy) 42
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 5.2.2.

5.2.3. Describing how various other nations have pursued, established, and maintained democratic forms of government. 15
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 5.2.3.

5.3. Students know how political power has been acquired, maintained, used, and/or lost throughout history. What students know and are able to do includes:

5.3.1. Describing how attributes of various people have affected their individual political rights (for example, gender, racial identity, national origin, property ownership, religion, legal status) 5
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 5.3.1.

5.3.2. Describing how military and/or economic expansion resulted in the assumption or seizure of political power throughout history 44
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 5.3.2.

5.3.3. Describing how forms of involuntary servitude have been used to maintain and expand political power throughout history (for example, slavery, serfdom, impressment). 34
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 5.3.3.

5.4. Students know the history of relationships among different political powers and the development of international relations. What students know and are able to do includes:

5.4.1. Describing how the relationships between the United States and external political powers developed with the growth of the nation 117
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 5.4.1.

5.4.2. Identifying basic patterns of political alliances in the modern world. 36
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 5.4.2.

CO.6. History: Students know that religious and philosophical ideas have been powerful forces throughout history.

6.1. Students know the historical development of religions and philosophies. What students know and are able to do includes:

6.1.1. Describing religious traditions of various ethnic groups in the United States 42
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 6.1.1.

6.1.2. Describing religious developments in United States history (for example, the Puritans, the Great Awakening, the Christian Abolitionists, the Mission System, the Mormon Trek, the founding of utopian religious communities) 7
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 6.1.2.

6.1.3. Describing different religious concepts that have developed throughout history (for example, monotheism and polytheism). 40
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 6.1.3.

6.2. Students know how societies have been affected by religions and philosophies. What students know and are able to do includes:

6.2.1. Giving examples of how religious and philosophical beliefs have defined standards of right and wrong, good and evil, and justice and injustice 40
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 6.2.1.

6.2.2. Giving and describing examples of individuals who, throughout history, acted from their religious or philosophical beliefs. 5
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 6.2.2.

6.3. Students know how various forms of expression reflect religious beliefs and philosophical ideas. What students know and are able to do includes:

6.3.1. Describing how societies have used various forms of visual arts, dance, theater, and music to express their religious beliefs and philosophical ideas throughout history 43
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 6.3.1.

6.3.2. Giving examples of the unique art forms that characterize the various ethnic groups in the United States and the religious or philosophical ideas they express 41
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 6.3.2.

6.3.3. Explaining how stories, myths, and other forms of literature and oral traditions reflect the beliefs of cultures and societies 100
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 6.3.3.

6.3.4. Explaining the religious or philosophical significance of structures such as pyramids, cathedrals, and burial mounds. 5
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 6.3.4.

CO.1. Civics: Students understand the purposes of government, and the basic constitutional principles of the United States republican form of government.

1.1. Students know and understand what government is and what purpose it serves. What students know and are able to do includes:

1.1.1. Explaining major ideas about why government is necessary (for example, promote the common good, protect individual rights, safety, order) 29
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.1.1.

1.1.2. Describing how the United States Constitution limits the power of government 5
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.1.2.

1.1.3. Comparing and contrasting various ideas about the purposes of government. 56
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.1.3.

1.2. Students know the essential characteristics of limited and unlimited government. What students know and are able to do includes:

1.2.1. Comparing limited and unlimited government 30
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.2.1.

1.2.2. Describing different types of government, limited, unlimited and absence of government (for example, anarchy, oligarchy, constitutional republic, authoritarian, democratic and totalitarian) 30
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.2.2.

1.2.3. Explaining how rule of law differs from arbitrary decisions of a leader 27
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.2.3.

1.3. Students understand the principles of the United States constitutional government. What students know and are able to do includes:

1.3.1. Explaining the historical foundation of the United States constitutional government (for example, the influence of the Roman Republic, Magna Carta, colonial experience, the Declaration of Independence, Articles of Confederation, the importance of the natural rights philosophy, and social contract) 23
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.3.1.

1.3.2. Explaining the essential principles of government stated in the United States Constitution (for example, the purposes of government as stated in the Preamble, limited government, separation of powers, checks and balances of legislative, executive and judicial branches, federalism and rule of law) 23
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.3.2.

1.3.3. Identifying individual rights protected by the Bill of Rights 9
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.3.3.

1.3.4. Developing and defending positions on current issues involving constitutional protection of individual rights. 47
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.3.4.

1.4. Students know the distinctive characteristics of the political culture of the United States. What students know and are able to do includes:

1.4.1. Explaining how the shared political principles of the United States Constitution affect citizens (for example, shared political principles could be liberty, equality, justice, patriotism, limited government) 9
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.4.1.

1.4.2. Developing, evaluating, and defending positions on how shared political principles have affected citizens 41
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.4.2.

1.4.3. Analyzing why conflicts arise, and ways in which conflicts can be resolved in a peaceful manner 14
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.4.3.

1.4.4. Describing and analyzing the processes that have led to the expansion of rights for more Americans (for example, abolition of slavery, women's suffrage, civil rights movement). 31
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.4.4.

1.5. Students know the fundamental democratic principles inherent in the United States concept of a constitutional democratic republic. What students know and are able to do includes:

1.5.1. Explaining the meaning and importance of each of the following traditional principles of representative government individual rights (for example, the rights to life, liberty, and property), the common good, self-government, justice, and equality 13
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.5.1.

1.5.2. Identifying and applying to contemporary situations the fundamental principles of representative government of the United States (for example, rule by consent of the people, representative democracy, rule of law, the importance of citizen participation, limited government, balancing individual and social needs, majority rule and minority rights). 46
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.5.2.

CO.2. Civics: Students know the structure and function of local, state, and national government and how citizen involvement shapes public policy.

2.1. Students know the organization and functions of local, state, and national governments. What students know and are able to do includes:

2.1.1. Explaining major responsibilities of national, state, and local governments 47
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.1.1.

2.1.2. Explaining the rationale for taxes and the purposes for which taxes are used 8
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.1.2.

2.1.3. Identifying their representatives in the legislative branches, heads of executive, and judicial branches 12
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.1.3.

2.1.4. Explaining which level of government they should contact to get information, express their opinions or get help on specific issues. 47
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.1.4.

2.2. Students know how power, authority, and responsibility are distributed, shared, and limited through federalism as established by the United States Constitution. What students know and are able to do includes:

2.2.1. Explaining how the Constitution divides the powers of government among the executive, legislative, and judicial branches, and how each branch can check the powers of another 50
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.2.1.

2.2.2. Explaining how and why powers are distributed between local, state, and national governments (for example, shared power such as to tax, borrow money, regulate voting functions primarily exercised by state governments, such as education, law enforcement, highways distribution of power reflects the value of local decision-making and local control). 9
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.2.2.

2.3. Students know and understand the place of law in the Colorado and United States constitutional systems. What students know and are able to do includes:

2.3.1. Identifying types of law: juvenile, criminal, civil, and explaining how law protects individual rights and promotes the common good 20
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.3.1.

2.3.2. Evaluating strengths and weaknesses of a rule or law 27
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.3.2.

2.3.3. Describing alternative means of conflict management, including negotiation, mediation, arbitration, and litigation 8
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.3.3.

2.3.4. Explaining the role and importance of the Bill of Rights in the Colorado and United States constitutional systems (for example, Supreme Court cases such as Tinker v. Des Moines, Miranda v. Arizona, Gideon v. Wainwright, TLO v. New Jersey). 13
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.3.4.

2.4. Students know how public policy is developed at the local, state, and national levels. What students know and are able to do includes:

2.4.1. Defining public policy and identifying examples at local, state and national levels 40
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.4.1.

2.4.2. Describing how the public agenda is shaped by political leaders, interest groups, media, state and federal courts, and individual citizens 30
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.4.2.

2.4.3. Explaining how political parties, campaigns, and elections influence policy formation 24
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.4.3.

2.4.4. Evaluating the role of the media and public opinion in formulating public policy 41
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.4.4.

2.4.5. Explaining how changing demographics affect civic responsibility. 5
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.4.5.

CO.3. Civics: Students know the political relationship of the United States and its citizens to other nations and to world affairs.

3.1. Students know how and why governments and nongovernmental agencies around the world interact politically. What students know and are able to do includes:

3.1.1. Defining foreign policy and describing ways that nations interact with one another diplomatically (for example, trade, treaties, humanitarian aid, military force). 40
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.1.1.

3.2. Students understand how the United States government develops foreign policy. What students know and are able to do includes:

3.2.1. Explaining the powers the United States Constitution gives to the branches of government in foreign policy 30
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.2.1.

3.2.2. Identifying current foreign policy issues and evaluating the geopolitical strategies the United States is using to deal with them 25
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.2.2.

3.2.3. Describing ways in which citizens can influence the formation of foreign policy 25
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.2.3.

3.2.4. Explaining the relationship between United States foreign policy and national interest. 25
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.2.4.

3.3. Students understand the domestic and foreign policy influence the United States has on other nations and how the actions of other nations influence politics and society of the United States. What students know and are able to do includes:

3.3.1. Giving examples of how foreign policy decisions made by the United States government regarding other countries have affected lives of United States citizens (for example, the Gulf War, tariffs, embargoes) 30
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.3.1.

3.3.2. Describing the influence of United States political ideas on other nations and the influence of other nations' ideas on the United States 31
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.3.2.

3.3.3. Describing diplomatic strategies in which agencies of the United States government have sought to help resolve an international problem and/or pursue our national interest or concern (for example, American diplomats have sought to mediate disputes in Bosnia, Northern Ireland, and the Middle East, participation of United States government officials in international conferences on the environment or population, sending humanitarian aid to countries in conflict) 6
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.3.3.

3.3.4. Describing ways in which nongovernmental agencies and organizations have sought to help with an international problem or concern (for example, the Red Cross helping victims of war or natural disasters, organizations of doctors or scientists helping with diseases or disasters like Chernobyl). 15
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.3.4.

CO.4. Civics: Students understand how citizens exercise the roles, rights and responsibilities of participation in civic life at all levels - local, state, and national.

4.1. Students know what citizenship is. What students know and are able to do includes:

4.1.1. Explaining the meaning of citizenship in the United States 4
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.1.1.

4.1.2. Describing how to become a citizen in the United States (for example, the process of naturalization) 4
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.1.2.

4.1.3. Identifying significant characteristics of an effective citizen (for example, civic virtue, common courtesy, respect for person and property, civic and personal responsibility, and honest and fair dealings). 5
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.1.3.

4.2. Students know how citizens can fulfill their responsibilities for preserving the constitutional republic. What students know and are able to do includes:

4.2.1. Identifying civic responsibilities (for example, accepting responsibility for the consequences of one's actions as a citizen, considering the rights and interests of others, voting, obeying the law, paying taxes, performing voluntary public service, jury service, serving in the armed forces) 5
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.2.1.

4.2.2. Identifying contemporary issues that involve civic responsibilities and analyzing various positions on those responsibilities (for example, accepting responsibility for the consequences of one's actions, considering the rights and interests of others, voting, obeying the law, paying taxes, performing voluntary public service, jury service, serving in the armed forces) 5
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.2.2.

4.2.3. Analyzing the implications of not fulfilling citizen responsibilities. 5
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.2.3.

4.3. Students know how citizens can exercise their rights. What students know and are able to do includes:

4.3.1. Distinguishing between personal and political rights (for example, freedom of religion, freedom of speech, right to own property) 9
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.3.1.

4.3.2. Identifying and analyzing responses to situations involving historic and contemporary threats to the meaning of political rights (for example, right to vote, petition, assembly) as distinguished from personal rights (for example, free speech to express personal taste, freedom of conscience, freedom of movement, privacy rights) 23
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.3.2.

4.3.3. Identifying and evaluating situations involving conflict between rights and proposing solutions to the conflict within the scope and limits of those rights 35
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.3.3.

4.3.4. Using historical and legal sources of personal and political rights to defend the exercise of rights of citizens in a given situation (for example, Declaration of Independence, Constitution, Bill of Rights, court decisions). 55
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.3.4.

4.4. Students know how citizens can participate in civic life. What students know and are able to do includes:

4.4.1. Explaining the meaning of civic life, politics, and government 40
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.4.1.

4.4.2. Identifying and applying criteria useful in selecting political leaders at local, state, and national levels 31
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.4.2.

4.4.3. Explaining how participation in civic and political life can help to solve problems 40
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.4.3.

4.4.4. Describing how to influence public policy in the politics and governments of their own classrooms and schools. 18
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.4.4.

CO.1. Economics: Students understand that because of the condition of scarcity, decisions must be made about the use of scarce resources.

1.1. Students know that economic choices are made because resources are scarce and that the act of making economic choices imposes opportunity costs. What students know and are able to do includes:

1.1.1. Giving examples of situations where households, businesses, governments, and societies deal with scarcity just as individuals do 3
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.1.1.

1.1.2. Identifying types of scarce productive resources and giving examples of each 48
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.1.2.

1.1.3. Identifying opportunity costs that individuals, households, businesses, governments, and societies incur when making decisions involving the use of scarce resources 10
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.1.3.

1.1.4. Explaining that few economic choices are all-or-nothing propositions and that most economic choices involve tradeoffs. 7
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.1.4.

1.2. Students understand that economic incentives influence the use of scarce human, capital, and natural resources. What students know and are able to do includes:

1.2.1. Analyzing how economic incentives influence how individuals, households, businesses, governments, and societies use their scarce resources 22
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.2.1.

1.2.2. Identifying different economic goals and giving examples of the tradeoffs among economic goals. 20
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.2.2.

1.3. Students understand that resources can be used in many ways and understand the costs of alternative uses. What students know and are able to do includes:

1.3.1. Identifying costs and benefits associated with the use of resources to produce goods and services (for example, using a gas lawnmower involves the cost of gas and upkeep, but provides the benefit of mowing the lawn faster) 20
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.3.1.

1.3.2. Identifying externalities associated with the use of resources (for example, using a gas mower creates noise pollution in a neighborhood, but also provides an attractive lawn) 63
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.3.2.

1.3.3. Explaining how the use of specific resources will influence the availability of other resources in the future 47
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.3.3.

1.3.4. Identifying choices individuals, households, businesses, governments, and societies make that impact productivity and the future (for example, choices about the division of labor, the investment in human and physical capital, specialization, and using technology). 19
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.3.4.

CO.2. Economics: Students understand how different economic systems impact decisions about the use of resources and the production and distribution of goods and services.

2.1. Students understand that different economic systems employ different means to produce, distribute, and exchange goods and services. What students know and are able to do includes:

2.1.1. Describing the characteristics of a traditional, command, market, and mixed economic system 5
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.1.1.

2.1.2. Explaining how different economic systems use different means to produce, distribute, and exchange goods and services 8
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.1.2.

2.1.3. Describing how different economic systems affect the allocation of resources (for example, steel production in the former Soviet Union was determined by economic planners. This affected the allocation of many resources: coal, labor, etc. In the United States, all of these resources are allocated by the market). 5
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.1.3.

2.2. Students understand the fundamental characteristics of the United States economic system. What students know and are able to do includes:

2.2.1. Describing the relationships among supply, demand, and price, and the role these elements play in the U.S. economic system 3
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.2.1.

2.2.2. Describing how prices act as signals to producers and consumers to answer the three basic economic questions: (What goods and services to produce? How will they be produced? For whom will they be produced?) 6
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.2.2.

2.2.3. Identifying how fundamental characteristics of the U.S. economic system (for example, competition, the price system, private property, and profits) influence economic decision making 20
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.2.3.

2.2.4. Describing the characteristics that make the United States economy a mixed economy. 5
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.2.4.

2.3. Students understand that government actions and policies, including taxes, spending, and regulations influence the operation of economies. What students know and are able to do includes:

2.3.1. Identifying governmental activities that affect the local, state, or national economy 7
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.3.1.

2.3.2. Giving examples of the role of government in a market economic system, (for example, the government enforces property rights, provisions of contracts and provides a standardized monetary system). 5
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.3.2.

CO.3. Economics: Students understand the results of trade, exchange, and interdependence among individuals, households, businesses, governments, and societies.

3.1. Students understand that the exchange of goods and services creates economic interdependence and change. What students know and are able to do includes:

3.1.1. Describing the relationship among trade, specialization, and interdependence 12
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.1.1.

3.1.2. Describing how economic interdependence between countries around the world affects the standard of living. 11
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.1.2.

3.2. Students understand how a country's monetary system facilitates the exchange of resources. What students know and are able to do includes:

3.2.1. Explaining that money can be used to express the market value of goods and services in the form of prices 2
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.2.1.

3.2.2. Describing the role of banks in the monetary system 2
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.2.2.

3.2.3. Recognizing that the use of credit involves the use of someone else's money at a certain interest rate 1
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.2.3.

3.2.4. Explaining an exchange rate 5
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.2.4.

3.2.5. Describing the difference between wealth and money. 2
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.2.5.

CO.1. Geography: Students know how to use and construct maps, globes, and other geographic tools to locate and derive information about people, places, and environments.

1.1. Students know how to use maps, globes, and other geographic tools to acquire, process, and report information from a spatial perspective. What students know and are able to do includes:

1.1.1. Explaining the characteristics and purposes of and explaining differences among maps, globes, aerial photographs, geographic models, and satellite images 12
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.1.1.

1.1.2. Identifying several basic types of map projections (for example, Mercator and Robinson Projections) 12
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.1.2.

1.1.3. Interpreting and constructing maps, globes, models, charts, and geographic databases. 13
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.1.3.

1.2. Students develop knowledge of Earth to locate people, places, and environments. What students know and are able to do includes:

1.2.1. Identifying and locating each of the fifty states in the United States 1
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.2.1.

1.2.2. Drawing an accurate map from memory to answer questions about the location of physical and human features (for example, given an incomplete map of Europe and Africa, sketch in the borders of the countries around the Mediterranean Sea) 32
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.2.2.

1.2.3. Identifying and locating physical and human features in their own and nearby communities, in the United States, and in regions of the world 32
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.2.3.

1.2.4. Locating places using latitude and longitude. 12
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.2.4.

1.3. Students know how to analyze the dynamic spatial organization of people, places, and environments. What students know and are able to do includes:

1.3.1. Explaining fundamental geographic vocabulary such as the concepts of distance, latitude, longitude, interdependence, accessibility, and connections 12
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.3.1.

1.3.2. Analyzing the factors affecting the location of human activities (for example, the location of a planned development or dam) 2
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.3.2.

1.3.3. Explaining different land use patterns in urban, suburban, and rural areas 7
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.3.3.

1.3.4. Describing patterns and processes of diffusion (for example, information networks around the world) 11
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.3.4.

1.3.5. Solving locational questions requiring the integration of information from two or more sources. 12
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.3.5.

CO.2. Geography: Students know the physical and human characteristics of places, and use this knowledge to define and study regions and their patterns of change.

2.1. Students know the physical and human characteristics of places. What students know and are able to do includes:

2.1.1. Describing human and physical characteristics of places 1
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.1.1.

2.1.2. Explaining how places change due to human activity (for example, center-pivot technology produces a distinctive pattern of irrigation on the High Plains). 1
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.1.2.

2.2. Students know how and why people define regions. What students know and are able to do includes:

2.2.1. Identifying a region by defining its distinguishing characteristics 1
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.2.1.

2.2.2. Explaining how and why regions change 1
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.2.2.

2.2.3. Describing the relationships and interactions among regions 1
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.2.3.

2.2.4. Analyzing the influences and effects of regional labels and images (for example, the Sun Belt states attract tourists, retirees, and new businesses). 1
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.2.4.

2.3. Students know how culture and experience influence people's perceptions of places and regions. What students know and are able to do includes:

2.3.1. Describing various perspectives associated with places and regions 1
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.3.1.

2.3.2. Explaining how culture and technology affect perception of places and regions (for example, U.S. television programs and movies present images of the U.S. to billions of people around the world) 1
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.3.2.

2.3.3. Explaining how places and regions serve as cultural symbols (for example, Jerusalem as a sacred place for Christians, Jews, and Muslims). 6
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.3.3.

CO.3. Geography: Students understand how physical processes shape Earth's surface patterns and systems.

3.1. Students know the physical processes that shape Earth's surface patterns. What students know and are able to do includes:

3.1.1. Describing how physical processes shape environmental patterns of air, land, water, plants, and animals 9
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.1.1.

3.1.2. Explaining how physical processes influence the formation and location of resources 56
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.1.2.

3.1.3. Describing the consequences of physical processes on Earth's surface (for example, tropical ocean heating supplies energy for hurricanes) 9
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.1.3.

3.1.4. Explaining how Earth-Sun relationships produce day and night, time zones, seasons, and major climatic variations. 4
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.1.4.

3.2. Students know the characteristics and distributions of physical systems of land, air, water, plants, and animals. What students know and are able to do includes:

3.2.1. Identifying the local and world patterns of ecosystems 1
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.2.1.

3.2.2. Describing how ecosystems work. 1
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.2.2.

CO.4. Geography: Students understand how economic, political, cultural, and social processes interact to shape patterns of human populations, interdependence, cooperation, and conflict.

4.1. Students know the characteristics, location, distribution, and migration of human populations. What students know and are able to do includes:

4.1.1. Describing the demographic structure of a population (for example, the age-sex structure as shown in a population pyramid) 3
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.1.1.

4.1.2. Explaining reasons for variation in population distribution 3
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.1.2.

4.1.3. Analyzing the causes and types of human migration and its effect on places. 36
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.1.3.

4.2. Students know the nature and spatial distribution of cultural patterns. What students know and are able to do includes:

4.2.1. Explaining the spatial distribution of cultures, both locally and in other parts of the world 40
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.2.1.

4.2.2. Describing how cultures and cultural landscapes change 40
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.2.2.

4.2.3. Comparing and contrasting elements of different cultural landscapes. 40
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.2.3.

4.3. Students know the patterns and networks of economic interdependence. What students know and are able to do includes:

4.3.1. Identifying the factors that influence the location and distribution of economic activities 2
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.3.1.

4.3.2. Explaining why and how countries trade goods and services 3
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.3.2.

4.3.3. Explaining reasons for patterns of economic activities on Earth's surface 14
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.3.3.

4.3.4. Explaining how changes in technology, transportation, communication, and resources affect the location of economic activities. 18
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.3.4.

4.4. Students know the processes, patterns, and functions of human settlement. What students know and are able to do includes:

4.4.1. Explaining the causes and effects of urbanization (for example, rural-to-urban migration leads to urbanization) 7
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.4.1.

4.4.2. Describing, locating, and comparing different settlement patterns throughout the world. 42
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.4.2.

4.5. Students know how cooperation and conflict among people influence the division and control of Earth's surface. What students know and are able to do includes:

4.5.1. Describing how cooperation and conflict among people contribute to political, economic, and social divisions of Earth's surface 11
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.5.1.

4.5.2. Describing the forces and processes of cooperation that unite people across Earth's surface (for example, the nations of Western Europe have joined together in the European Union). 5
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.5.2.

CO.5. Geography: Students understand the effects of interactions between human and physical systems and the changes in meaning, use, distribution, and importance of resources.

5.1. Students know how human actions modify the physical environment. What students know and are able to do includes:

5.1.1. Describing how human modifications of physical environments in one place often lead to changes in other places 60
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 5.1.1.

5.1.2. Explaining the role of technology in the human modification of the physical environment (for example, damming of the Colorado River, greening of the Negev Desert in Israel) 60
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 5.1.2.

5.1.3. Describing ways that humans depend upon, adapt to, and affect the physical environment. 63
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 5.1.3.

5.2. Students know how physical systems affect human systems. What students know and are able to do includes:

5.2.1. Explaining how the characteristics of different physical environments provide opportunities for or place constraints on human activities 5
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 5.2.1.

5.2.2. Describing how natural hazards affect human activities. 9
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 5.2.2.

5.3. Students know the changes that occur in the meaning, use, location, distribution, and importance of resources. What students know and are able to do includes:

5.3.1. Describing the role of resources in daily life (for example, discussing the recycling of materials) 47
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 5.3.1.

5.3.2. Describing the worldwide distribution and use of resources 47
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 5.3.2.

5.3.3. Identifying how technology affects the definition of, access to, and use of resources 56
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 5.3.3.

5.3.4. Describing why people have different viewpoints with respect to resource use 63
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 5.3.4.

5.3.5. Explaining the fundamental role of energy resources 58
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 5.3.5.

5.3.6. Describing ways that resources can be recycled. 15
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 5.3.6.

CO.6. Geography: Students apply knowledge of people, places, and environments to understand the past and present and to plan for the future.

6.1. Students know how to apply geography to understand the past. What students know and are able to do includes:

6.1.1. Describing changes in the spatial organization of a society over time 7
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 6.1.1.

6.1.2. Describing how places and environments have influenced events and conditions in the past 9
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 6.1.2.

6.1.3. Explaining how differing perceptions of places, people, and resources have affected events and conditions in the past. 14
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 6.1.3.

6.2. Students know how to apply geography to understand the present and plan for the future. What students know and are able to do includes:

6.2.1. Explaining issues in communities from a spatial perspective 7
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 6.2.1.

6.2.2. Explaining a contemporary issue using geographic knowledge, skill and perspectives. 8
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 6.2.2.

CO.1. History: Students understand the chronological organization of history and know how to organize events and people into major eras to identify and explain historical relationships.

1.1. Students know the general chronological order of events and people in history. What students know and are able to do includes:

1.1.1. Chronologically organizing major events and people of United States history

1.1.2. Describing significant events and people which form the foundation of United States history in the chronological context of the history of the Americas and the world. 8
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.1.2.

1.2. Students use chronology to organize historical events and people. What students know and are able to do includes:

1.2.1. Identifying examples of how various cultures have used calendars to organize and measure time 1
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.2.1.

1.2.2. Constructing tiered timelines to show how different series of events happened simultaneously 8
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.2.2.

1.2.3. Illustrating the time structure of events in historical narratives. 8
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.2.3.

1.3. Students use chronology to examine and explain historical relationships. What students know and are able to do includes:

1.3.1. Interpreting historical data to determine cause-effect and time-order relationships 8
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.3.1.

1.3.2. Explaining patterns and identifying themes in related events over time. 5
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.3.2.

CO.2. History: Students know how to use the processes and resources of historical inquiry.

2.1. Students know how to formulate questions and hypotheses regarding what happened in the past and to obtain and analyze historical data to answer questions and test hypotheses. What students know and are able to do includes:

2.1.1. Formulating historical questions based on examination of primary and secondary sources including documents, eyewitness accounts, letters and diaries, artifacts, real or simulated historical sites, charts, graphs, diagrams, and written texts 22
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.1.1.

2.1.2. Gathering information from multiple sources, including electronic databases, to understand events from multiple perspectives 11
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.1.2.

2.1.3. Determining if the information gathered is sufficient to answer historical questions. 11
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.1.3.

2.2. Students know how to interpret and evaluate primary and secondary sources of historical information. What students know and are able to do includes:

2.2.1. Distinguishing between primary and secondary sources 11
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.2.1.

2.2.2. Interpreting the data in historical maps, photographs, art works, and other artifacts 32
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.2.2.

2.2.3. Examining data for point of view, historical context, bias, distortion, or propaganda. 11
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.2.3.

2.3. Students apply knowledge of the past to analyze present-day issues and events from multiple, historically objective perspectives. What students know and are able to do includes:

2.3.1. Examining current concepts, issues, events, and themes from multiple, historical perspectives. 5
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.3.1.

CO.3. History: Students understand that societies are diverse and have changed over time.

3.1. Students know how various societies were affected by contacts and exchanges among diverse peoples. What students know and are able to do includes:

3.1.1. Describing the common traits and characteristics that unite the United States as a nation and a society 10
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.1.1.

3.1.2. Describing the history, interactions, and contributions of the various peoples and cultures that have lived in or migrated, immigrated, or were brought to the Western Hemisphere 40
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.1.2.

3.1.3. Describing the history, interactions, and contributions of various groups of people who make up the major culture regions of the world 119
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.1.3.

3.1.4. Explaining how the cultures of the earliest civilizations spread and interacted (for example, the civilizations of the river valleys of India, Africa, Mesopotamia, and Mesoamerica). 14
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.1.4.

3.2. Students understand the history of social organization in various societies. What students know and are able to do includes:

3.2.1. Describing and giving examples of basic elements of culture and social organization 40
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.2.1.

3.2.2. Explaining how forces of tradition have acted to maintain elements of social organization throughout history 108
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.2.2.

3.2.3. Comparing how roles of people have differed throughout history based on various factors (for example, gender, age, caste, racial identity, wealth, and/or social position) 62
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.2.3.

3.2.4. Describing how social roles and the characteristics of social organization have both changed and endured in the United States throughout its history (for example, family structures, community structures). 2
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.2.4.

CO.4. History: Students understand how science, technology, and economic activity have developed, changed, and affected societies throughout history.

4.1. Students understand the impact of scientific and technological developments on individuals and societies. What students know and are able to do includes:

4.1.1. Explaining the significance of the achievements of individual scientists and inventors from many cultures (for example, the impact of germ theory on medical practice and sanitation the impact of the steamship on transportation and trade the impact of the printing press on who had access to books and knowledge). 61
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.1.1.

4.1.2. Describing and explaining how industrialization influenced the movement of people (for example, to and from urban, suburban, and rural areas) 8
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.1.2.

4.1.3. Identifying and explaining the consequences of scientific and technological changes (for example, navigation, transportation, printing, weaponry, agriculture, communication, and medicine) 20
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.1.3.

4.1.4. Relating differences in technology to differences in how people live in various regions of the world. 20
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.1.4.

4.2. Students understand how economic factors have influenced historical events. What students know and are able to do includes:

4.2.1. Explaining how the economy of the Western United States has historically depended upon natural resources and how this has affected the region 99
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.2.1.

4.2.2. Explaining how economic factors influenced historical events in the United States and in various regions of the world (for example, the history of Colorado's 'boom and bust' economy) 4
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.2.2.

4.2.3. Explaining how societies are and have been linked by economic factors. 13
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.2.3.

4.3. Students understand the historical development and know the characteristics of various economic systems. What students know and are able to do includes:

4.3.1. Describing the general characteristics of economic systems (for example, scarcity, growth, distribution of goods and services, production, and consumption) 5
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.3.1.

4.3.2. Describing historical events and individuals in the economic development of the United States. 18
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.3.2.

CO.5. History: Students understand political institutions and theories that have developed and changed over time.

5.1. Students understand how democratic ideas and institutions in the United States have developed, changed, and/or been maintained. What students know and are able to do includes:

5.1.1. Explaining the historical development of democratic governmental principles and institutions 15
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 5.1.1.

5.1.2. Describing the basic ideas set forth in the Declaration of Independence, Articles of Confederation, Constitution, and Bill of Rights 21
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 5.1.2.

5.1.3. Giving examples of extensions and restrictions of political and civil rights in United States history. 21
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 5.1.3.

5.2. Students know how various systems of government have developed and functioned throughout history. What students know and are able to do includes:

5.2.1. Identifying the ancient and medieval roots of governmental principles and institutions (for example, Hammurabi's Code, Roman Republicanism, Mosaic Law , Greek Democracy, Islamic Law) 31
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 5.2.1.

5.2.2. Describing the basic forms of government, and giving examples of societies that have practiced them (for example, monarchy, oligarchy, clan/tribal, autocracy, dynasties, theocracy, republic, democracy) 34
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 5.2.2.

5.2.3. Describing how various other nations have pursued, established, and maintained democratic forms of government. 13
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 5.2.3.

5.3. Students know how political power has been acquired, maintained, used, and/or lost throughout history. What students know and are able to do includes:

5.3.1. Describing how attributes of various people have affected their individual political rights (for example, gender, racial identity, national origin, property ownership, religion, legal status) 3
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 5.3.1.

5.3.2. Describing how military and/or economic expansion resulted in the assumption or seizure of political power throughout history 29
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 5.3.2.

5.3.3. Describing how forms of involuntary servitude have been used to maintain and expand political power throughout history (for example, slavery, serfdom, impressment). 28
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 5.3.3.

5.4. Students know the history of relationships among different political powers and the development of international relations. What students know and are able to do includes:

5.4.1. Describing how the relationships between the United States and external political powers developed with the growth of the nation 77
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 5.4.1.

5.4.2. Identifying basic patterns of political alliances in the modern world. 25
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 5.4.2.

CO.6. History: Students know that religious and philosophical ideas have been powerful forces throughout history.

6.1. Students know the historical development of religions and philosophies. What students know and are able to do includes:

6.1.1. Describing religious traditions of various ethnic groups in the United States 43
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 6.1.1.

6.1.2. Describing religious developments in United States history (for example, the Puritans, the Great Awakening, the Christian Abolitionists, the Mission System, the Mormon Trek, the founding of utopian religious communities) 5
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 6.1.2.

6.1.3. Describing different religious concepts that have developed throughout history (for example, monotheism and polytheism). 41
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 6.1.3.

6.2. Students know how societies have been affected by religions and philosophies. What students know and are able to do includes:

6.2.1. Giving examples of how religious and philosophical beliefs have defined standards of right and wrong, good and evil, and justice and injustice 41
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 6.2.1.

6.2.2. Giving and describing examples of individuals who, throughout history, acted from their religious or philosophical beliefs. 4
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 6.2.2.

6.3. Students know how various forms of expression reflect religious beliefs and philosophical ideas. What students know and are able to do includes:

6.3.1. Describing how societies have used various forms of visual arts, dance, theater, and music to express their religious beliefs and philosophical ideas throughout history 40
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 6.3.1.

6.3.2. Giving examples of the unique art forms that characterize the various ethnic groups in the United States and the religious or philosophical ideas they express 39
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 6.3.2.

6.3.3. Explaining how stories, myths, and other forms of literature and oral traditions reflect the beliefs of cultures and societies 98
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 6.3.3.

6.3.4. Explaining the religious or philosophical significance of structures such as pyramids, cathedrals, and burial mounds. 5
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 6.3.4.

CO.1. Civics: Students understand the purposes of government, and the basic constitutional principles of the United States republican form of government.

1.1. Students know and understand what government is and what purpose it serves. What students know and are able to do includes:

1.1.1. Explaining how purposes of government impact the individual and society

1.1.2. Analyzing how different forms of government execute the purposes of government

1.1.3. Analyzing and knowing how different forms of government impact the individual (for example, personal freedom and political liberty).

1.2. Students know the essential characteristics of limited and unlimited government. What students know and are able to do includes:

1.2.1. Comparing and contrasting limited and unlimited government (for example, constitutional republic, authoritarian, and totalitarian government)

1.2.2. Comparing how constitutions promote the principles of a political system and provide the basis for government

1.2.3. Describing how constitutions and the rule of law may limit government

1.3. Students understand the principles of the United States constitutional government. What students know and are able to do includes:

1.3.1. Analyzing the political thought that influenced the development of the United States Constitution (for example, social contract theory, the major ideas of republicanism, natural rights philosophy)

1.3.2. Evaluating the Federalist and Anti-Federalist positions in the context of contemporary United States society

1.3.3. Explaining how the United States Constitution is a vehicle for continuity and preserving liberty, yet allows for change

1.3.4. Explaining the conditions which are necessary for the United States constitutional government to operate effectively (for example, the acceptance of or commitment to common constitutional principles).

1.4. Students know the distinctive characteristics of the political culture of the United States. What students know and are able to do includes:

1.4.1. Analyzing how amendments, laws, and landmark decisions have helped fulfill the promise of the Constitution

1.4.2. Analyzing the relationship between the Constitution and the political culture in which it exists

1.4.3. Developing, evaluating, and defending positions about the importance of adhering to constitutional principles in managing conflicts over diverse viewpoints (for example, taxation, civil rights, and balance of power)

1.4.4. Developing, evaluating, and defending positions on the effectiveness of the Constitution and Bill of Rights in protecting the rights of all citizens

1.5. Students know the fundamental democratic principles inherent in the United States concept of a constitutional democratic republic. What students know and are able to do includes:

1.5.1. Developing and defending positions on issues in which traditional principles of representative government are in conflict, using historical and contemporary examples (for example, conflicts between liberty and equality, between individual rights and the common good)

1.5.2. Developing, evaluating, and defending positions about historical and contemporary efforts to act according to constitutional principles (for example, abolition movement, desegregation of schools, civil rights movements)

1.5.3. Developing, evaluating, and defending positions on contemporary issues on the balance between individual rights and the common good.

CO.2. Civics: Students know the structure and function of local, state, and national government and how citizen involvement shapes public policy.

2.1. Students know the organization and functions of local, state, and national governments. What students know and are able to do includes:

2.1.1. Analyzing how the organization of the local, state, and national governments influences the formulation and implementation of policy (for example, weak versus strong mayoral system, unicameral versus bicameral legislature, legislative approval of presidential appointments)

2.1.2. Explaining why states have their own constitutions and the relationship of state constitutions to the federal constitution (for example, the 'roots' of colonial assemblies, strong state governments)

2.1.3. Evaluating the tension between citizens' desire for government services and benefits, and the costs associated with providing those

2.1.4. Describing major provisions of the Colorado Constitution.

2.2. Students know how power, authority, and responsibility are distributed, shared, and limited through federalism as established by the United States Constitution. What students know and are able to do includes:

2.2.1. Analyzing how the design of the United States Constitution balances and checks to prevent the abuse of power (for example, Marbury v. Madison, Supreme Court packing under New Deal, Watergate)

2.2.2. Developing, evaluating, and defending positions on historical and contemporary conflicts over the respective roles, balance of power, and responsibility between local, state, and federal government.

2.3. Students know and understand the place of law in the Colorado and United States constitutional systems. What students know and are able to do includes:

2.3.1. Explaining the significance of historical and contemporary events to illustrate the central place of the rule of law (for example, United States Supreme Court cases such as United States v. Nixon, Mapp v. Ohio, Gideon v. Wainwright)

2.3.2. Analyzing, using historical and contemporary examples, the meaning and significance of the idea of equal protection of laws for all persons (for example, Brown v. Board of Education, University of California v. Bakke)

2.3.3. Explaining how the state and federal courts' power of judicial review reflects the United States constitutional government (for example, Marbury v. Madison)

2.3.4. Developing, evaluating and defending positions on current issues regarding judicial protection of individual rights (for example, explaining the basic concept of due process protections, including presumption of innocence, speedy and public trials, right to counsel, trial by jury, right of appeal).

2.4. Students know how public policy is developed at the local, state, and national levels. What students know and are able to do includes:

2.4.1. Evaluating the contemporary roles of voters, political parties, associations, and groups in local, state, and national politics (for example, political action committees, interest groups, think tanks, unions, professional organizations)

2.4.2. Analyzing a current public policy issue at local, state, or national levels and evaluating the alternative positions (for example, welfare reform)

2.4.3. Explaining why conflicts within traditional principles of representative government may make agreement on issues of public policy difficult (for example, affirmative action, gun control, environmental protection, capital punishment, growth, welfare reform)

2.4.4. Developing, evaluating, and defending positions about the role of media and public opinion in United States politics (for example, ways that government and media influence public opinion and the behavior of public officials).

CO.3. Civics: Students know the political relationship of the United States and its citizens to other nations and to world affairs.

3.1. Students know how and why governments and nongovernmental agencies around the world interact politically. What students know and are able to do includes:

3.1.1. Identifying and analyzing the effectiveness of solutions used to resolve an international problem or concern by governmental and nongovernmental agencies (for example, United Nations attempts to resolve political conflicts, attempts to deal with world-wide refugee problems, terrorism, attempts to protect the world's environment).

3.2. Students understand how the United States government develops foreign policy. What students know and are able to do includes:

3.2.1. Analyzing how and why domestic politics may impose constraints or obligations on the ways in which the United States acts in the world, giving current political examples (for example, understanding treaties and their relationship to the Constitution)

3.2.2. Identifying and analyzing issues concerning the national interests of the United States.

3.3. Students understand the domestic and foreign policy influence the United States has on other nations and how the actions of other nations influence politics and society of the United States. What students know and are able to do includes:

3.3.1. Evaluating the impact of significant international developments on the United States and other nations (for example, impact of land mines)

3.3.2. Describing the impact abroad of the principles of the Declaration of Independence and the United States Constitution

3.3.3. Giving examples of how foreign policy decisions made by foreign countries affect the United States

3.3.4. Giving examples of diplomatic strategies used by the United States government when interacting on significant international issues (for example, humanitarian and development aid, economic sanctions)

3.3.5. Evaluating current international issues in which the foreign policy of the United States has played a significant role (for example, world trade negotiations - GATT agreements)

3.3.6. Identifying opportunities for citizens of the United States to participate in the resolution of international problems and concerns (for example, citizens pressure to release the remains of POWs from Vietnam).

CO.4. Civics: Students understand how citizens exercise the roles, rights and responsibilities of participation in civic life at all levels - local, state, and national.

4.1. Students know what citizenship is. What students know and are able to do includes:

4.1.1. Explaining the rights and obligations of United States citizens

4.1.2. Comparing and analyzing the rights and responsibilities of citizens and non-citizens in the United States

4.1.3. Evaluating the usefulness of the following characteristics of an effective citizen to participate effectively in public life (for example, civic virtue, common courtesy, respect for person and property, civic and personal responsibility, and honest and fair dealings).

4.2. Students know how citizens can fulfill their responsibilities for preserving the constitutional republic. What students know and are able to do includes:

4.2.1. Evaluating whether and when their obligations as citizens require that their personal desires and interests be balanced with the public good

4.2.2. Evaluating what to do when individual beliefs or constitutional principles are in conflict

4.2.3. Identifying and evaluating how the characteristics of an effective citizen promote the preservation of the republic.

4.3. Students know how citizens can exercise their rights. What students know and are able to do includes:

4.3.1. Identifying the scope and limits of rights (for example, all rights have limits)

4.3.2. Explaining considerations and criteria commonly used in determining what limits should be placed on specific rights (for example, clear and present danger, national security, public safety)

4.3.3. Evaluating different positions on contemporary issues that involve rights of citizens (for example, restricted membership in organizations, sexual harassment, school prayer, refusal of medical care)

4.3.4. Describing and evaluating historical or current examples of citizen movements to ensure rights of all citizens.

4.4. Students know how citizens can participate in civic life. What students know and are able to do includes:

4.4.1. Evaluating the effectiveness of various forms of political participation (for example, voting, attending political and governmental meetings, contacting public officials)

4.4.2. Describing various ways one can exercise leadership and participate in public affairs (for example, campaigning)

4.4.3. Demonstrating understanding of strategies for monitoring and influencing current public policy (for example, writing to a public official, writing letters to the editor, working with advocacy groups, working on a political campaign or using technology to monitor and influence legislation)

4.4.4. Describing the role of civil disobedience.

CO.1. Economics: Students understand that because of the condition of scarcity, decisions must be made about the use of scarce resources.

1.1. Students know that economic choices are made because resources are scarce and that the act of making economic choices imposes opportunity costs. What students know and are able to do includes:

1.1.1. Explaining how economic choices made by individuals, households, businesses, governments, and societies impose opportunity costs on societies as a whole

1.1.2. Analyzing the relationship between economic goals and the allocation of scarce resources.

1.2. Students understand that economic incentives influence the use of scarce human, capital, and natural resources. What students know and are able to do includes:

1.2.1. Analyzing how economic incentives influence the economic choices made by individuals, households, businesses, governments, and societies to use scarce human, capital, and natural resources more efficiently to meet their economic goals.

1.3. Students understand that resources can be used in many ways and understand the costs of alternative uses. What students know and are able to do includes:

1.3.1. Explaining how changes in the investment of resources and specialization by individual, households, businesses, governments, and societies affect productivity (for example, a firm's investment in training enables its individual workers to produce more.)

1.3.2. Analyzing the costs of alternative uses of resources with respect to present and future productivity

1.3.3. Analyzing how the use of technology and the investment in human and physical capital can affect long-range productivity

1.3.4. Identifying personal investment strategies for different economic goals, such as retirement, a child's education, or saving for a new house (students should be familiar with the risk-reward level of various types of investments, how risk is matched with the time horizon of the need for the funds invested, and how mutual funds work).

CO.2. Economics: Students understand how different economic systems impact decisions about the use of resources and the production and distribution of goods and services.

2.1. Students understand that different economic systems employ different means to produce, distribute, and exchange goods and services. What students know and are able to do includes:

2.1.1. Comparing and contrasting economic systems in terms of their ability to achieve economic goals

2.1.2. Explaining the benefits of the United States economic system.

2.2. Students understand the fundamental characteristics of the United States economic system. What students know and are able to do includes:

2.2.1. Explaining how businesses, including sole proprietorships, partnerships, corporations, and franchises, are organized and financed in the U.S. economy

2.2.2. Describing how changes in income, tastes, and preferences, and the prices of substitutes and complements can cause changes in demand

2.2.3. Describing how changes in the number of producers, production costs, or the prices of substitute and complementary products cause changes in supply

2.2.4. Comparing and contrasting the characteristics of different market structures, including pure competition, oligopoly, monopoly, and monopolistic competition.

2.3. Students understand that government actions and policies, including taxes, spending, and regulations influence the operation of economies. What students know and are able to do includes:

2.3.1. Interpreting measurements of inflation rates and unemployment rates and relating these to the general economic 'health' of the national economy

2.3.2. Explaining the impact of government taxing and spending decisions on specific individuals, households, businesses, governments, and societies (for example, social security and Small Business Administration, national debt)

2.3.3. Comparing and contrasting different types of taxes, including progressive, regressive, and proportional taxes

2.3.4. Describing the economic roles of government, such as establishing fiscal policy, providing public goods and services, maintaining competition, generating and using revenues, promoting employment, stabilizing prices, and sustaining reasonable rates of economic growth (for example, Medicaid, and public education)

2.3.5. Describing the effects of specific government regulations on different groups, including consumers, employees, and businesses (for example, unfunded mandates)

2.3.6. Contrasting the concept of customer and consumer.

CO.3. Economics: Students understand the results of trade, exchange, and interdependence among individuals, households, businesses, governments, and societies.

3.1. Students understand that the exchange of goods and services creates economic interdependence and change. What students know and are able to do includes:

3.1.1. Giving examples of international differences in resources, productivity, and prices that provide a basis for international trade

3.1.2. Describing the factors that lead to a nation having a comparative advantage in trade

3.1.3. Explaining effects of domestic policies on international trade

3.1.4. Explaining why nations often restrict trade by using quotas, tariffs, and non-tariff barriers to trade (for example, cars entering the U.S. must have a catalytic converter)

3.1.5. Comparing and contrasting the characteristics of free trade and restricted trade (Example: Embargo).

3.2. Students understand how a country's monetary system facilitates the exchange of resources. What students know and are able to do includes:

3.2.1. Explaining the costs and benefits of the use of credit

3.2.2. Describing the use of monetary and fiscal policies

3.2.3. Describing how fiscal or monetary policies can affect exchange rates and international trade.

CO.1. Geography: Students know how to use and construct maps, globes, and other geographic tools to locate and derive information about people, places, and environments.

1.1. Students know how to use maps, globes, and other geographic tools to acquire, process, and report information from a spatial perspective. What students know and are able to do includes:

1.1.1. Selecting appropriate maps, map projections, and other graphic representations to analyze geographic problems

1.1.2. Constructing maps using fundamental cartographic principles including translating narratives about places and events into graphic representations

1.1.3. Interpreting maps and other geographic tools, through the analysis of case studies and using data

1.1.4. Using geographic tools to represent and interpret Earth's physical and human systems.

1.2. Students develop knowledge of Earth to locate people, places, and environments. What students know and are able to do includes:

1.2.1. Drawing a complex and accurate map from memory to answer questions about the location of human and physical features

1.2.2. Identifying and locating physical and human features in their own and nearby communities, in the United States, and in regions of the world (for example, rivers, mountains, regions, and countries)

1.2.3. Analyzing maps people make from memory of the same place to determine similarities and differences.

1.3. Students know how to analyze the dynamic spatial organization of people, places, and environments. What students know and are able to do includes:

1.3.1. Analyzing geographic information using a variety of scales--local, national, international (for example, growth issues in Limon, New York City, and Southeast Asia)

1.3.2. Analyzing patterns of distribution and arrangement of settlements

1.3.3. Analyzing patterns and processes of the diffusion of human activities.

CO.2. Geography: Students know the physical and human characteristics of places, and use this knowledge to define and study regions and their patterns of change.

2.1. Students know the physical and human characteristics of places. What students know and are able to do includes:

2.1.1. Analyzing the human and physical characteristics that give a place meaning and significance

2.1.2. Describing the changing human and physical characteristics of places.

2.2. Students know how and why people define regions. What students know and are able to do includes:

2.2.1. Applying the concept of region to organize the study of a geographic issue using multiple criteria

2.2.2. Analyzing changes in regions and recognizing the patterns of those changes (for example, the Caribbean Basin's transition from a major sugarcane producer to a center for tourism).

2.3. Students know how culture and experience influence people's perceptions of places and regions. What students know and are able to do includes:

2.3.1. Analyzing why places and regions are important to human identity

2.3.2. Comparing and contrasting how and why different groups in society view places and regions differently

2.3.3. Analyzing the ways places and regions reflect cultural change (for example, old mining towns become tourist centers).

CO.3. Geography: Students understand how physical processes shape Earth's surface patterns and systems.

3.1. Students know the physical processes that shape Earth's surface patterns. What students know and are able to do includes:

3.1.1. Identifying the dynamics of the four basic components of Earth's physical systems: the atmosphere, biosphere, lithosphere, and hydrosphere

3.1.2. Explaining the interaction of Earth's physical systems (for example, the interaction of climate and ocean water as exemplified by El Nino)

3.1.3. Explaining the variation in the effects of physical processes across Earth's surface (for example, the effects of wind variations in shaping landforms).

3.2. Students know the characteristics and distributions of physical systems of land, air, water, plants, and animals. What students know and are able to do includes:

3.2.1. Explaining the factors that affect the distribution and characteristics of ecosystems

3.2.2. Explaining the importance of ecosystems in understanding the environment

3.2.3. Analyzing the diversity and productivity of ecosystems.

CO.4. Geography: Students understand how economic, political, cultural, and social processes interact to shape patterns of human populations, interdependence, cooperation, and conflict.

4.1. Students know the characteristics, location, distribution, and migration of human populations. What students know and are able to do includes:

4.1.1. Evaluating trends and effects of world population numbers and patterns

4.1.2. Analyzing the physical and cultural impact of human migration.

4.2. Students know the nature and spatial distribution of cultural patterns. What students know and are able to do includes:

4.2.1. Analyzing how cultures shape the character of a region

4.2.2. Describing the processes of cultural diffusion

4.2.3. Describing the effect of technology on the development and change of cultures.

4.3. Students know the patterns and networks of economic interdependence. What students know and are able to do includes:

4.3.1. Comparing and contrasting the characteristics and distribution of economic systems

4.3.2. Explaining how places of various size function as centers of economic activity

4.3.3. Analyzing factors influencing economic interdependence of countries, including world trade

4.3.4. Analyzing connections among local, regional, and world economies (for example, transportation routes, movement patterns, and market areas)

4.3.5. Analyzing how and why levels of economic development vary among places.

4.4. Students know the processes, patterns, and functions of human settlement. What students know and are able to do includes:

4.4.1. Analyzing the size, arrangement, structure, and function of urban areas

4.4.2. Comparing and contrasting the differing characteristics of settlement in developing and developed countries

4.4.3. Examining how and why large cities grow together.

4.5. Students know how cooperation and conflict among people influence the division and control of Earth's surface. What students know and are able to do includes:

4.5.1. Analyzing why and how cooperation and conflict are involved in shaping the distribution of social, political, and economic spaces on Earth at different scales (local, national, and international)

4.5.2. Analyzing how differing points of view and self-interests play a role in conflict over territory and resources.

CO.5. Geography: Students understand the effects of interactions between human and physical systems and the changes in meaning, use, distribution, and importance of resources.

5.1. Students know how human actions modify the physical environment. What students know and are able to do includes:

5.1.1. Analyzing ways the humans depend upon, adapt to, and affect the physical environment

5.1.2. Evaluating ways in which technology has expanded human capacity to modify the physical environment

5.1.3. Explaining the possible global effects of human modification of the physical environment.

5.2. Students know how physical systems affect human systems. What students know and are able to do includes:

5.2.1. Comparing and contrasting how changes in the physical environment can increase or diminish its capacity to support human activity

5.2.2. Identifying and evaluating alternative strategies to respond to constraints placed on human systems by the physical environment (for example, the use of irrigation in arid environments)

5.2.3. Analyzing how humans perceive and react to natural hazards.

5.3. Students know the changes that occur in the meaning, use, location, distribution, and importance of resources. What students know and are able to do includes:

5.3.1. Analyzing how the changing distribution of resources affects the patterns of settlement

5.3.2. Evaluating policies and programs for resource use and management

5.3.3. Analyzing the effects of economic activity in modifying and transforming resources.

CO.6. Geography: Students apply knowledge of people, places, and environments to understand the past and present and to plan for the future.

6.1. Students know how to apply geography to understand the past. What students know and are able to do includes:

6.1.1. Analyzing how changing perceptions of places and environments affect the behavior of people

6.1.2. Analyzing the fundamental role that places and environments have played in history (for example, the Russian winter played an important part in the defeat of Napoleon's army).

6.2. Students know how to apply geography to understand the present and plan for the future. What students know and are able to do includes:

6.2.1. Evaluating a contemporary issue using geography knowledge, skills, and perspectives

6.2.2. Comparing and contrasting how different viewpoints influence the development of policies designed to use and manage Earth's resources.

CO.1. History: Students understand the chronological organization of history and know how to organize events and people into major eras to identify and explain historical relationships.

1.1. Students know the general chronological order of events and people in history. What students know and are able to do includes:

1.1.1. Identifying events and people that characterize each of the major eras in United States and world history.

1.2. Students use chronology to organize historical events and people. What students know and are able to do includes:

1.2.1. Reconstructing the time structure and identifying connections found in historical narratives

1.2.2. Using timelines to organize large quantities of historical information, compare different time periods and places, and answer historical questions

1.2.3. Describing how history can be organized, using various criteria (for example, thematically, chronologically, geographically) to group people and events.

1.3. Students use chronology to examine and explain historical relationships. What students know and are able to do includes:

1.3.1. Distinguishing between cause-and-effect relationships and events that happen or occur concurrently or sequentially

1.3.2. Analyzing and explaining cause-and-effect relationships using historical information that is organized chronologically

1.3.3. Using both chronological order and the duration of events to detect and analyze patterns of historical continuity and change.

CO.2. History: Students know how to use the processes and resources of historical inquiry.

2.1. Students know how to formulate questions and hypotheses regarding what happened in the past and to obtain and analyze historical data to answer questions and test hypotheses. What students know and are able to do includes:

2.1.1. Formulating historical hypotheses from multiple, historically objective perspectives, using multiple sources

2.1.2. Gathering, analyzing, and reconciling historical information, including contradictory data, from primary and secondary sources to support or reject hypotheses.

2.2. Students know how to interpret and evaluate primary and secondary sources of historical information. What students know and are able to do includes:

2.2.1. Explaining how historical descriptions, arguments, and judgments can reflect the bias of the author and/or the prevailing ideas of the culture and time period

2.2.2. Interpreting oral traditions and legends as 'histories'

2.2.3. Evaluating data within the social, political, and economic context in which it was created, testing its credibility, and evaluating its bias

2.2.4. Comparing and contrasting the reliability of information received from multiple sources.

2.3. Students apply knowledge of the past to analyze present-day issues and events from multiple, historically objective perspectives. What students know and are able to do includes:

2.3.1. Identifying historical contexts of contemporary issues

2.3.2. Identifying how print and electronic media can affect perspectives regarding historical events

2.3.3. Using historical information to interpret and evaluate decisions or policies regarding contemporary issues.

CO.3. History: Students understand that societies are diverse and have changed over time.

3.1. Students know how various societies were affected by contacts and exchanges among diverse peoples. What students know and are able to do includes:

3.1.1. Describing the interactions and contributions of the various peoples and cultures that have lived in or migrated, immigrated, or were brought to the area that is now the United States, including African, Asian, European, Latino, and Native American

3.1.2. Describing and explaining the circumstances under which past and current societies have interacted and changed, resulting in cultural diffusion (for example, trade, war, exploration, imperialism, social disruptions, improvements in communication, and transportation)

3.1.3. Explaining the reasons for major periods of immigration to the United States and describing how different segments of U.S. society reacted and changed

3.1.4. Describing the demographic changes resulting from major migrations in history (for example, migration of Chinese south; Islamic nomads into Northern India; Germanic migrations into the Roman Empire; Bantu migrations south; Amer-Indian migrations into Central America; trans-Pacific migration).

3.2. Students understand the history of social organization in various societies. What students know and are able to do includes:

3.2.1. Explaining how societies are maintained when individuals see benefits and fulfill obligations of membership

3.2.2. Analyzing how forces of tradition and change have influenced, altered, and maintained social roles and the social organization of societies throughout history

3.2.3. Explaining how, throughout history, social organization has been related to distributions of privilege and power

3.2.4. Describing how societies have become increasingly complex in responding to the fundamental issues of social organization.

CO.4. History: Students understand how science, technology, and economic activity have developed, changed, and affected societies throughout history.

4.1. Students understand the impact of scientific and technological developments on individuals and societies. What students know and are able to do includes:

4.1.1. Analyzing the major technological turning points in history (for example, agricultural revolution, revolutions in transportation, industrial revolution)

4.1.2. Explaining how the scientific revolution affected how people lived in and viewed the world

4.1.3. Describing and explaining the social and economic changes that resulted from industrialization

4.1.4. Analyzing the impact of rapid developments in areas such as transportation, technology, and telecommunications on individuals and the world today.

4.2. Students understand how economic factors have influenced historical events. What students know and are able to do includes:

4.2.1. Describing how systems of exchange and other economic developments influenced the growth and history of civilizations

4.2.2. Explaining how economic changes led to the growth of towns, cities, and eventually, the modern nation-state

4.2.3. Analyzing the relationship between economic factors and social and political policies throughout United States history

4.2.4. Explaining how the rise and expansion of trade have connected and affected the history of regions of the world

4.2.5. Describing modern historical developments in economic interdependence (for example, the emergence of the Pacific Rim, NAFTA, the European Union), and their impact on individuals and societies.

4.3. Students understand the historical development and know the characteristics of various economic systems. What students know and are able to do includes:

4.3.1. Explaining the historical development of the economic system of the United States

4.3.2. Analyzing the history of the relationship between economics systems and the role of governments throughout history

4.3.3. Describing characteristics of specific economic systems and how these systems have existed in different ways at different times throughout history (for example, manorialism, mercantilism, capitalism, socialism, communism)

4.3.4. Tracing the historical factors that lead to the transition from local and regional economies to a globally interdependent economy.

CO.5. History: Students understand political institutions and theories that have developed and changed over time.

5.1. Students understand how democratic ideas and institutions in the United States have developed, changed, and/or been maintained. What students know and are able to do includes:

5.1.1. Identifying and explaining the role of the ideas expressed in the documents that influenced the development of constitutional democracy (for example, Magna Carta, English Bill of Rights, Mayflower Compact)

5.1.2. Analyzing how the ideas set forth in the Declaration of Independence, Constitution and Bill of Rights, Federalist Papers, and landmark Supreme Court cases affect and operate in the contemporary United States

5.1.3. Identifying and analyzing how historical events have affected the organization of the political system of the United States (for example, the American Revolution, the Civil War, the Mexican War, the Populist and Progressive Movements)

5.1.4. Analyzing how the United States' political system has dealt with various constitutional crises (for example, the Civil War, Alien-Sedition Acts, assassinations, Watergate).

5.2. Students know how various systems of government have developed and functioned throughout history. What students know and are able to do includes:

5.2.1. Comparing and contrasting the characteristics and effects of the various political systems that developed throughout history (for example, republics, representative and direct democracy , feudalism, centralized monarchy, absolutism, principalities, imperial dynasties, tribal kingdoms)

5.2.2. Comparing and contrasting the political traditions of Western Hemisphere nations

5.2.3. Describing the characteristics and ideas of various modern political systems, and giving examples of nations that have used them (for example, democracy, fascism, and communism)

5.2.4. Explaining why nation-states developed throughout the world and became the dominant form of contemporary political organization.

5.3. Students know how political power has been acquired, maintained, used, and/or lost throughout history. What students know and are able to do includes:

5.3.1. Explaining how military conquest and invasion have been used to assume, maintain, and extend political power throughout history

5.3.2. Analyzing the impact of major revolutions on the realignment of political power throughout the modern world

5.3.3. Analyzing how genocide has been used to acquire or maintain political power

5.3.4. Describing how the development, expansion, and collapse of empires throughout history has affected the extension of political power

5.3.5. Describing and analyzing the major events in the expansion of the political power of the United States (for example, the American Revolution, the Louisiana Purchase, the Mexican War)

5.3.6. Analyzing the causes and events of major wars of the contemporary era and the resulting changes in the distribution of political power (for example, World War I, World War II, War in Vietnam, the Russian Invasion of Afghanistan)

5.3.7. Giving examples of former colonies and dependent states throughout the world that have gained independence in the 20th century, and explaining how they have addressed the political issues related to independence.

5.4. Students know the history of relationships among different political powers and the development of international relations. What students know and are able to do includes:

5.4.1. Describing the characteristics of relationships among political entities in the past (for example, monarchies, empires, principalities, city-states, federations)

5.4.2. Explaining how the growth of nationalism affected the relationships among political powers

5.4.3. Describing the eras of United States diplomacy from the Revolution through the modern period (for example, the Monroe Doctrine, the domino theory, detente)

5.4.4. Explaining how the foreign policy of the United States and other nations continues to develop and change

5.4.5. Analyzing the development of and issues associated with worldwide movements and organizations such as the League of Nations, the United Nations, and Amnesty International.

CO.6. History: Students know that religious and philosophical ideas have been powerful forces throughout history.

6.1. Students know the historical development of religions and philosophies. What students know and are able to do includes:

6.1.1. Describing basic tenets of world religions that have acted as major forces throughout history including, but not limited to, Buddhism, Christianity, Hinduism, Islam, and Judaism

6.1.2. Tracing the history of how principal world religions and belief systems developed and spread

6.1.3. Explaining how, throughout history, conflicts among peoples have arisen because of different ways of knowing and believing

6.1.4. Describing basic ideas of various schools of philosophy that have affected societies throughout history (for example, rationalism, idealism, liberalism, conservatism).

6.2. Students know how societies have been affected by religions and philosophies. What students know and are able to do includes:

6.2.1. Giving examples of how religion and philosophical beliefs have influenced various aspects of society throughout history

6.2.2. Explaining how, throughout history, the power of the state has been both derived from religious authority and/or in conflict with religious authority

6.2.3. Explaining how the focus on individualism and reason expressed in Western philosophy has affected the history of Western culture, including the history of the United States

6.2.4. Explaining how the beliefs expressed in Eastern philosophy and religion have affected the history of Eastern cultures.

6.3. Students know how various forms of expression reflect religious beliefs and philosophical ideas. What students know and are able to do includes:

6.3.1. Explaining from an historical context why artistic and literary expression have often resulted in controversy

6.3.2. Giving examples of the visual arts, dance, music, theater, and architecture of the major periods of history and explaining what they indicate about the values and beliefs of various societies.

CO.1. Civics: Students understand the purposes of government, and the basic constitutional principles of the United States republican form of government.

1.1. Students know and understand what government is and what purpose it serves. What students know and are able to do includes:

1.1.1. Explaining how purposes of government impact the individual and society

1.1.2. Analyzing how different forms of government execute the purposes of government

1.1.3. Analyzing and knowing how different forms of government impact the individual (for example, personal freedom and political liberty).

1.2. Students know the essential characteristics of limited and unlimited government. What students know and are able to do includes:

1.2.1. Comparing and contrasting limited and unlimited government (for example, constitutional republic, authoritarian, and totalitarian government)

1.2.2. Comparing how constitutions promote the principles of a political system and provide the basis for government

1.2.3. Describing how constitutions and the rule of law may limit government

1.3. Students understand the principles of the United States constitutional government. What students know and are able to do includes:

1.3.1. Analyzing the political thought that influenced the development of the United States Constitution (for example, social contract theory, the major ideas of republicanism, natural rights philosophy)

1.3.2. Evaluating the Federalist and Anti-Federalist positions in the context of contemporary United States society

1.3.3. Explaining how the United States Constitution is a vehicle for continuity and preserving liberty, yet allows for change

1.3.4. Explaining the conditions which are necessary for the United States constitutional government to operate effectively (for example, the acceptance of or commitment to common constitutional principles).

1.4. Students know the distinctive characteristics of the political culture of the United States. What students know and are able to do includes:

1.4.1. Analyzing how amendments, laws, and landmark decisions have helped fulfill the promise of the Constitution

1.4.2. Analyzing the relationship between the Constitution and the political culture in which it exists

1.4.3. Developing, evaluating, and defending positions about the importance of adhering to constitutional principles in managing conflicts over diverse viewpoints (for example, taxation, civil rights, and balance of power)

1.4.4. Developing, evaluating, and defending positions on the effectiveness of the Constitution and Bill of Rights in protecting the rights of all citizens

1.5. Students know the fundamental democratic principles inherent in the United States concept of a constitutional democratic republic. What students know and are able to do includes:

1.5.1. Developing and defending positions on issues in which traditional principles of representative government are in conflict, using historical and contemporary examples (for example, conflicts between liberty and equality, between individual rights and the common good)

1.5.2. Developing, evaluating, and defending positions about historical and contemporary efforts to act according to constitutional principles (for example, abolition movement, desegregation of schools, civil rights movements)

1.5.3. Developing, evaluating, and defending positions on contemporary issues on the balance between individual rights and the common good.

CO.2. Civics: Students know the structure and function of local, state, and national government and how citizen involvement shapes public policy.

2.1. Students know the organization and functions of local, state, and national governments. What students know and are able to do includes:

2.1.1. Analyzing how the organization of the local, state, and national governments influences the formulation and implementation of policy (for example, weak versus strong mayoral system, unicameral versus bicameral legislature, legislative approval of presidential appointments)

2.1.2. Explaining why states have their own constitutions and the relationship of state constitutions to the federal constitution (for example, the 'roots' of colonial assemblies, strong state governments)

2.1.3. Evaluating the tension between citizens' desire for government services and benefits, and the costs associated with providing those

2.1.4. Describing major provisions of the Colorado Constitution.

2.2. Students know how power, authority, and responsibility are distributed, shared, and limited through federalism as established by the United States Constitution. What students know and are able to do includes:

2.2.1. Analyzing how the design of the United States Constitution balances and checks to prevent the abuse of power (for example, Marbury v. Madison, Supreme Court packing under New Deal, Watergate)

2.2.2. Developing, evaluating, and defending positions on historical and contemporary conflicts over the respective roles, balance of power, and responsibility between local, state, and federal government.

2.3. Students know and understand the place of law in the Colorado and United States constitutional systems. What students know and are able to do includes:

2.3.1. Explaining the significance of historical and contemporary events to illustrate the central place of the rule of law (for example, United States Supreme Court cases such as United States v. Nixon, Mapp v. Ohio, Gideon v. Wainwright)

2.3.2. Analyzing, using historical and contemporary examples, the meaning and significance of the idea of equal protection of laws for all persons (for example, Brown v. Board of Education, University of California v. Bakke)

2.3.3. Explaining how the state and federal courts' power of judicial review reflects the United States constitutional government (for example, Marbury v. Madison)

2.3.4. Developing, evaluating and defending positions on current issues regarding judicial protection of individual rights (for example, explaining the basic concept of due process protections, including presumption of innocence, speedy and public trials, right to counsel, trial by jury, right of appeal).

2.4. Students know how public policy is developed at the local, state, and national levels. What students know and are able to do includes:

2.4.1. Evaluating the contemporary roles of voters, political parties, associations, and groups in local, state, and national politics (for example, political action committees, interest groups, think tanks, unions, professional organizations)

2.4.2. Analyzing a current public policy issue at local, state, or national levels and evaluating the alternative positions (for example, welfare reform)

2.4.3. Explaining why conflicts within traditional principles of representative government may make agreement on issues of public policy difficult (for example, affirmative action, gun control, environmental protection, capital punishment, growth, welfare reform)

2.4.4. Developing, evaluating, and defending positions about the role of media and public opinion in United States politics (for example, ways that government and media influence public opinion and the behavior of public officials).

CO.3. Civics: Students know the political relationship of the United States and its citizens to other nations and to world affairs.

3.1. Students know how and why governments and nongovernmental agencies around the world interact politically. What students know and are able to do includes:

3.1.1. Identifying and analyzing the effectiveness of solutions used to resolve an international problem or concern by governmental and nongovernmental agencies (for example, United Nations attempts to resolve political conflicts, attempts to deal with world-wide refugee problems, terrorism, attempts to protect the world's environment).

3.2. Students understand how the United States government develops foreign policy. What students know and are able to do includes:

3.2.1. Analyzing how and why domestic politics may impose constraints or obligations on the ways in which the United States acts in the world, giving current political examples (for example, understanding treaties and their relationship to the Constitution)

3.2.2. Identifying and analyzing issues concerning the national interests of the United States.

3.3. Students understand the domestic and foreign policy influence the United States has on other nations and how the actions of other nations influence politics and society of the United States. What students know and are able to do includes:

3.3.1. Evaluating the impact of significant international developments on the United States and other nations (for example, impact of land mines)

3.3.2. Describing the impact abroad of the principles of the Declaration of Independence and the United States Constitution

3.3.3. Giving examples of how foreign policy decisions made by foreign countries affect the United States

3.3.4. Giving examples of diplomatic strategies used by the United States government when interacting on significant international issues (for example, humanitarian and development aid, economic sanctions)

3.3.5. Evaluating current international issues in which the foreign policy of the United States has played a significant role (for example, world trade negotiations - GATT agreements)

3.3.6. Identifying opportunities for citizens of the United States to participate in the resolution of international problems and concerns (for example, citizens pressure to release the remains of POWs from Vietnam).

CO.4. Civics: Students understand how citizens exercise the roles, rights and responsibilities of participation in civic life at all levels - local, state, and national.

4.1. Students know what citizenship is. What students know and are able to do includes:

4.1.1. Explaining the rights and obligations of United States citizens

4.1.2. Comparing and analyzing the rights and responsibilities of citizens and non-citizens in the United States

4.1.3. Evaluating the usefulness of the following characteristics of an effective citizen to participate effectively in public life (for example, civic virtue, common courtesy, respect for person and property, civic and personal responsibility, and honest and fair dealings).

4.2. Students know how citizens can fulfill their responsibilities for preserving the constitutional republic. What students know and are able to do includes:

4.2.1. Evaluating whether and when their obligations as citizens require that their personal desires and interests be balanced with the public good

4.2.2. Evaluating what to do when individual beliefs or constitutional principles are in conflict

4.2.3. Identifying and evaluating how the characteristics of an effective citizen promote the preservation of the republic.

4.3. Students know how citizens can exercise their rights. What students know and are able to do includes:

4.3.1. Identifying the scope and limits of rights (for example, all rights have limits)

4.3.2. Explaining considerations and criteria commonly used in determining what limits should be placed on specific rights (for example, clear and present danger, national security, public safety)

4.3.3. Evaluating different positions on contemporary issues that involve rights of citizens (for example, restricted membership in organizations, sexual harassment, school prayer, refusal of medical care)

4.3.4. Describing and evaluating historical or current examples of citizen movements to ensure rights of all citizens.

4.4. Students know how citizens can participate in civic life. What students know and are able to do includes:

4.4.1. Evaluating the effectiveness of various forms of political participation (for example, voting, attending political and governmental meetings, contacting public officials)

4.4.2. Describing various ways one can exercise leadership and participate in public affairs (for example, campaigning)

4.4.3. Demonstrating understanding of strategies for monitoring and influencing current public policy (for example, writing to a public official, writing letters to the editor, working with advocacy groups, working on a political campaign or using technology to monitor and influence legislation)

4.4.4. Describing the role of civil disobedience.

CO.1. Economics: Students understand that because of the condition of scarcity, decisions must be made about the use of scarce resources.

1.1. Students know that economic choices are made because resources are scarce and that the act of making economic choices imposes opportunity costs. What students know and are able to do includes:

1.1.1. Explaining how economic choices made by individuals, households, businesses, governments, and societies impose opportunity costs on societies as a whole

1.1.2. Analyzing the relationship between economic goals and the allocation of scarce resources.

1.2. Students understand that economic incentives influence the use of scarce human, capital, and natural resources. What students know and are able to do includes:

1.2.1. Analyzing how economic incentives influence the economic choices made by individuals, households, businesses, governments, and societies to use scarce human, capital, and natural resources more efficiently to meet their economic goals.

1.3. Students understand that resources can be used in many ways and understand the costs of alternative uses. What students know and are able to do includes:

1.3.1. Explaining how changes in the investment of resources and specialization by individual, households, businesses, governments, and societies affect productivity (for example, a firm's investment in training enables its individual workers to produce more.)

1.3.2. Analyzing the costs of alternative uses of resources with respect to present and future productivity

1.3.3. Analyzing how the use of technology and the investment in human and physical capital can affect long-range productivity

1.3.4. Identifying personal investment strategies for different economic goals, such as retirement, a child's education, or saving for a new house (students should be familiar with the risk-reward level of various types of investments, how risk is matched with the time horizon of the need for the funds invested, and how mutual funds work).

CO.2. Economics: Students understand how different economic systems impact decisions about the use of resources and the production and distribution of goods and services.

2.1. Students understand that different economic systems employ different means to produce, distribute, and exchange goods and services. What students know and are able to do includes:

2.1.1. Comparing and contrasting economic systems in terms of their ability to achieve economic goals

2.1.2. Explaining the benefits of the United States economic system.

2.2. Students understand the fundamental characteristics of the United States economic system. What students know and are able to do includes:

2.2.1. Explaining how businesses, including sole proprietorships, partnerships, corporations, and franchises, are organized and financed in the U.S. economy

2.2.2. Describing how changes in income, tastes, and preferences, and the prices of substitutes and complements can cause changes in demand

2.2.3. Describing how changes in the number of producers, production costs, or the prices of substitute and complementary products cause changes in supply

2.2.4. Comparing and contrasting the characteristics of different market structures, including pure competition, oligopoly, monopoly, and monopolistic competition.

2.3. Students understand that government actions and policies, including taxes, spending, and regulations influence the operation of economies. What students know and are able to do includes:

2.3.1. Interpreting measurements of inflation rates and unemployment rates and relating these to the general economic 'health' of the national economy

2.3.2. Explaining the impact of government taxing and spending decisions on specific individuals, households, businesses, governments, and societies (for example, social security and Small Business Administration, national debt)

2.3.3. Comparing and contrasting different types of taxes, including progressive, regressive, and proportional taxes

2.3.4. Describing the economic roles of government, such as establishing fiscal policy, providing public goods and services, maintaining competition, generating and using revenues, promoting employment, stabilizing prices, and sustaining reasonable rates of economic growth (for example, Medicaid, and public education)

2.3.5. Describing the effects of specific government regulations on different groups, including consumers, employees, and businesses (for example, unfunded mandates)

2.3.6. Contrasting the concept of customer and consumer.

CO.3. Economics: Students understand the results of trade, exchange, and interdependence among individuals, households, businesses, governments, and societies.

3.1. Students understand that the exchange of goods and services creates economic interdependence and change. What students know and are able to do includes:

3.1.1. Giving examples of international differences in resources, productivity, and prices that provide a basis for international trade

3.1.2. Describing the factors that lead to a nation having a comparative advantage in trade

3.1.3. Explaining effects of domestic policies on international trade

3.1.4. Explaining why nations often restrict trade by using quotas, tariffs, and non-tariff barriers to trade (for example, cars entering the U.S. must have a catalytic converter)

3.1.5. Comparing and contrasting the characteristics of free trade and restricted trade (Example: Embargo).

3.2. Students understand how a country's monetary system facilitates the exchange of resources. What students know and are able to do includes:

3.2.1. Explaining the costs and benefits of the use of credit

3.2.2. Describing the use of monetary and fiscal policies

3.2.3. Describing how fiscal or monetary policies can affect exchange rates and international trade.

CO.1. Geography: Students know how to use and construct maps, globes, and other geographic tools to locate and derive information about people, places, and environments.

1.1. Students know how to use maps, globes, and other geographic tools to acquire, process, and report information from a spatial perspective. What students know and are able to do includes:

1.1.1. Selecting appropriate maps, map projections, and other graphic representations to analyze geographic problems

1.1.2. Constructing maps using fundamental cartographic principles including translating narratives about places and events into graphic representations

1.1.3. Interpreting maps and other geographic tools, through the analysis of case studies and using data

1.1.4. Using geographic tools to represent and interpret Earth's physical and human systems.

1.2. Students develop knowledge of Earth to locate people, places, and environments. What students know and are able to do includes:

1.2.1. Drawing a complex and accurate map from memory to answer questions about the location of human and physical features

1.2.2. Identifying and locating physical and human features in their own and nearby communities, in the United States, and in regions of the world (for example, rivers, mountains, regions, and countries)

1.2.3. Analyzing maps people make from memory of the same place to determine similarities and differences.

1.3. Students know how to analyze the dynamic spatial organization of people, places, and environments. What students know and are able to do includes:

1.3.1. Analyzing geographic information using a variety of scales--local, national, international (for example, growth issues in Limon, New York City, and Southeast Asia)

1.3.2. Analyzing patterns of distribution and arrangement of settlements

1.3.3. Analyzing patterns and processes of the diffusion of human activities.

CO.2. Geography: Students know the physical and human characteristics of places, and use this knowledge to define and study regions and their patterns of change.

2.1. Students know the physical and human characteristics of places. What students know and are able to do includes:

2.1.1. Analyzing the human and physical characteristics that give a place meaning and significance

2.1.2. Describing the changing human and physical characteristics of places.

2.2. Students know how and why people define regions. What students know and are able to do includes:

2.2.1. Applying the concept of region to organize the study of a geographic issue using multiple criteria

2.2.2. Analyzing changes in regions and recognizing the patterns of those changes (for example, the Caribbean Basin's transition from a major sugarcane producer to a center for tourism).

2.3. Students know how culture and experience influence people's perceptions of places and regions. What students know and are able to do includes:

2.3.1. Analyzing why places and regions are important to human identity

2.3.2. Comparing and contrasting how and why different groups in society view places and regions differently

2.3.3. Analyzing the ways places and regions reflect cultural change (for example, old mining towns become tourist centers).

CO.3. Geography: Students understand how physical processes shape Earth's surface patterns and systems.

3.1. Students know the physical processes that shape Earth's surface patterns. What students know and are able to do includes:

3.1.1. Identifying the dynamics of the four basic components of Earth's physical systems: the atmosphere, biosphere, lithosphere, and hydrosphere

3.1.2. Explaining the interaction of Earth's physical systems (for example, the interaction of climate and ocean water as exemplified by El Nino)

3.1.3. Explaining the variation in the effects of physical processes across Earth's surface (for example, the effects of wind variations in shaping landforms).

3.2. Students know the characteristics and distributions of physical systems of land, air, water, plants, and animals. What students know and are able to do includes:

3.2.1. Explaining the factors that affect the distribution and characteristics of ecosystems

3.2.2. Explaining the importance of ecosystems in understanding the environment

3.2.3. Analyzing the diversity and productivity of ecosystems.

CO.4. Geography: Students understand how economic, political, cultural, and social processes interact to shape patterns of human populations, interdependence, cooperation, and conflict.

4.1. Students know the characteristics, location, distribution, and migration of human populations. What students know and are able to do includes:

4.1.1. Evaluating trends and effects of world population numbers and patterns

4.1.2. Analyzing the physical and cultural impact of human migration.

4.2. Students know the nature and spatial distribution of cultural patterns. What students know and are able to do includes:

4.2.1. Analyzing how cultures shape the character of a region

4.2.2. Describing the processes of cultural diffusion

4.2.3. Describing the effect of technology on the development and change of cultures.

4.3. Students know the patterns and networks of economic interdependence. What students know and are able to do includes:

4.3.1. Comparing and contrasting the characteristics and distribution of economic systems

4.3.2. Explaining how places of various size function as centers of economic activity

4.3.3. Analyzing factors influencing economic interdependence of countries, including world trade

4.3.4. Analyzing connections among local, regional, and world economies (for example, transportation routes, movement patterns, and market areas)

4.3.5. Analyzing how and why levels of economic development vary among places.

4.4. Students know the processes, patterns, and functions of human settlement. What students know and are able to do includes:

4.4.1. Analyzing the size, arrangement, structure, and function of urban areas

4.4.2. Comparing and contrasting the differing characteristics of settlement in developing and developed countries

4.4.3. Examining how and why large cities grow together.

4.5. Students know how cooperation and conflict among people influence the division and control of Earth's surface. What students know and are able to do includes:

4.5.1. Analyzing why and how cooperation and conflict are involved in shaping the distribution of social, political, and economic spaces on Earth at different scales (local, national, and international)

4.5.2. Analyzing how differing points of view and self-interests play a role in conflict over territory and resources.

CO.5. Geography: Students understand the effects of interactions between human and physical systems and the changes in meaning, use, distribution, and importance of resources.

5.1. Students know how human actions modify the physical environment. What students know and are able to do includes:

5.1.1. Analyzing ways the humans depend upon, adapt to, and affect the physical environment

5.1.2. Evaluating ways in which technology has expanded human capacity to modify the physical environment

5.1.3. Explaining the possible global effects of human modification of the physical environment.

5.2. Students know how physical systems affect human systems. What students know and are able to do includes:

5.2.1. Comparing and contrasting how changes in the physical environment can increase or diminish its capacity to support human activity

5.2.2. Identifying and evaluating alternative strategies to respond to constraints placed on human systems by the physical environment (for example, the use of irrigation in arid environments)

5.2.3. Analyzing how humans perceive and react to natural hazards.

5.3. Students know the changes that occur in the meaning, use, location, distribution, and importance of resources. What students know and are able to do includes:

5.3.1. Analyzing how the changing distribution of resources affects the patterns of settlement

5.3.2. Evaluating policies and programs for resource use and management

5.3.3. Analyzing the effects of economic activity in modifying and transforming resources.

CO.6. Geography: Students apply knowledge of people, places, and environments to understand the past and present and to plan for the future.

6.1. Students know how to apply geography to understand the past. What students know and are able to do includes:

6.1.1. Analyzing how changing perceptions of places and environments affect the behavior of people

6.1.2. Analyzing the fundamental role that places and environments have played in history (for example, the Russian winter played an important part in the defeat of Napoleon's army).

6.2. Students know how to apply geography to understand the present and plan for the future. What students know and are able to do includes:

6.2.1. Evaluating a contemporary issue using geography knowledge, skills, and perspectives

6.2.2. Comparing and contrasting how different viewpoints influence the development of policies designed to use and manage Earth's resources.

CO.1. History: Students understand the chronological organization of history and know how to organize events and people into major eras to identify and explain historical relationships.

1.1. Students know the general chronological order of events and people in history. What students know and are able to do includes:

1.1.1. Identifying events and people that characterize each of the major eras in United States and world history.

1.2. Students use chronology to organize historical events and people. What students know and are able to do includes:

1.2.1. Reconstructing the time structure and identifying connections found in historical narratives

1.2.2. Using timelines to organize large quantities of historical information, compare different time periods and places, and answer historical questions

1.2.3. Describing how history can be organized, using various criteria (for example, thematically, chronologically, geographically) to group people and events.

1.3. Students use chronology to examine and explain historical relationships. What students know and are able to do includes:

1.3.1. Distinguishing between cause-and-effect relationships and events that happen or occur concurrently or sequentially

1.3.2. Analyzing and explaining cause-and-effect relationships using historical information that is organized chronologically

1.3.3. Using both chronological order and the duration of events to detect and analyze patterns of historical continuity and change.

CO.2. History: Students know how to use the processes and resources of historical inquiry.

2.1. Students know how to formulate questions and hypotheses regarding what happened in the past and to obtain and analyze historical data to answer questions and test hypotheses. What students know and are able to do includes:

2.1.1. Formulating historical hypotheses from multiple, historically objective perspectives, using multiple sources

2.1.2. Gathering, analyzing, and reconciling historical information, including contradictory data, from primary and secondary sources to support or reject hypotheses.

2.2. Students know how to interpret and evaluate primary and secondary sources of historical information. What students know and are able to do includes:

2.2.1. Explaining how historical descriptions, arguments, and judgments can reflect the bias of the author and/or the prevailing ideas of the culture and time period

2.2.2. Interpreting oral traditions and legends as 'histories'

2.2.3. Evaluating data within the social, political, and economic context in which it was created, testing its credibility, and evaluating its bias

2.2.4. Comparing and contrasting the reliability of information received from multiple sources.

2.3. Students apply knowledge of the past to analyze present-day issues and events from multiple, historically objective perspectives. What students know and are able to do includes:

2.3.1. Identifying historical contexts of contemporary issues

2.3.2. Identifying how print and electronic media can affect perspectives regarding historical events

2.3.3. Using historical information to interpret and evaluate decisions or policies regarding contemporary issues.

CO.3. History: Students understand that societies are diverse and have changed over time.

3.1. Students know how various societies were affected by contacts and exchanges among diverse peoples. What students know and are able to do includes:

3.1.1. Describing the interactions and contributions of the various peoples and cultures that have lived in or migrated, immigrated, or were brought to the area that is now the United States, including African, Asian, European, Latino, and Native American

3.1.2. Describing and explaining the circumstances under which past and current societies have interacted and changed, resulting in cultural diffusion (for example, trade, war, exploration, imperialism, social disruptions, improvements in communication, and transportation)

3.1.3. Explaining the reasons for major periods of immigration to the United States and describing how different segments of U.S. society reacted and changed

3.1.4. Describing the demographic changes resulting from major migrations in history (for example, migration of Chinese south; Islamic nomads into Northern India; Germanic migrations into the Roman Empire; Bantu migrations south; Amer-Indian migrations into Central America; trans-Pacific migration).

3.2. Students understand the history of social organization in various societies. What students know and are able to do includes:

3.2.1. Explaining how societies are maintained when individuals see benefits and fulfill obligations of membership

3.2.2. Analyzing how forces of tradition and change have influenced, altered, and maintained social roles and the social organization of societies throughout history

3.2.3. Explaining how, throughout history, social organization has been related to distributions of privilege and power

3.2.4. Describing how societies have become increasingly complex in responding to the fundamental issues of social organization.

CO.4. History: Students understand how science, technology, and economic activity have developed, changed, and affected societies throughout history.

4.1. Students understand the impact of scientific and technological developments on individuals and societies. What students know and are able to do includes:

4.1.1. Analyzing the major technological turning points in history (for example, agricultural revolution, revolutions in transportation, industrial revolution)

4.1.2. Explaining how the scientific revolution affected how people lived in and viewed the world

4.1.3. Describing and explaining the social and economic changes that resulted from industrialization

4.1.4. Analyzing the impact of rapid developments in areas such as transportation, technology, and telecommunications on individuals and the world today.

4.2. Students understand how economic factors have influenced historical events. What students know and are able to do includes:

4.2.1. Describing how systems of exchange and other economic developments influenced the growth and history of civilizations

4.2.2. Explaining how economic changes led to the growth of towns, cities, and eventually, the modern nation-state

4.2.3. Analyzing the relationship between economic factors and social and political policies throughout United States history

4.2.4. Explaining how the rise and expansion of trade have connected and affected the history of regions of the world

4.2.5. Describing modern historical developments in economic interdependence (for example, the emergence of the Pacific Rim, NAFTA, the European Union), and their impact on individuals and societies.

4.3. Students understand the historical development and know the characteristics of various economic systems. What students know and are able to do includes:

4.3.1. Explaining the historical development of the economic system of the United States

4.3.2. Analyzing the history of the relationship between economics systems and the role of governments throughout history

4.3.3. Describing characteristics of specific economic systems and how these systems have existed in different ways at different times throughout history (for example, manorialism, mercantilism, capitalism, socialism, communism)

4.3.4. Tracing the historical factors that lead to the transition from local and regional economies to a globally interdependent economy.

CO.5. History: Students understand political institutions and theories that have developed and changed over time.

5.1. Students understand how democratic ideas and institutions in the United States have developed, changed, and/or been maintained. What students know and are able to do includes:

5.1.1. Identifying and explaining the role of the ideas expressed in the documents that influenced the development of constitutional democracy (for example, Magna Carta, English Bill of Rights, Mayflower Compact)

5.1.2. Analyzing how the ideas set forth in the Declaration of Independence, Constitution and Bill of Rights, Federalist Papers, and landmark Supreme Court cases affect and operate in the contemporary United States

5.1.3. Identifying and analyzing how historical events have affected the organization of the political system of the United States (for example, the American Revolution, the Civil War, the Mexican War, the Populist and Progressive Movements)

5.1.4. Analyzing how the United States' political system has dealt with various constitutional crises (for example, the Civil War, Alien-Sedition Acts, assassinations, Watergate).

5.2. Students know how various systems of government have developed and functioned throughout history. What students know and are able to do includes:

5.2.1. Comparing and contrasting the characteristics and effects of the various political systems that developed throughout history (for example, republics, representative and direct democracy , feudalism, centralized monarchy, absolutism, principalities, imperial dynasties, tribal kingdoms)

5.2.2. Comparing and contrasting the political traditions of Western Hemisphere nations

5.2.3. Describing the characteristics and ideas of various modern political systems, and giving examples of nations that have used them (for example, democracy, fascism, and communism)

5.2.4. Explaining why nation-states developed throughout the world and became the dominant form of contemporary political organization.

5.3. Students know how political power has been acquired, maintained, used, and/or lost throughout history. What students know and are able to do includes:

5.3.1. Explaining how military conquest and invasion have been used to assume, maintain, and extend political power throughout history

5.3.2. Analyzing the impact of major revolutions on the realignment of political power throughout the modern world

5.3.3. Analyzing how genocide has been used to acquire or maintain political power

5.3.4. Describing how the development, expansion, and collapse of empires throughout history has affected the extension of political power

5.3.5. Describing and analyzing the major events in the expansion of the political power of the United States (for example, the American Revolution, the Louisiana Purchase, the Mexican War)

5.3.6. Analyzing the causes and events of major wars of the contemporary era and the resulting changes in the distribution of political power (for example, World War I, World War II, War in Vietnam, the Russian Invasion of Afghanistan)

5.3.7. Giving examples of former colonies and dependent states throughout the world that have gained independence in the 20th century, and explaining how they have addressed the political issues related to independence.

5.4. Students know the history of relationships among different political powers and the development of international relations. What students know and are able to do includes:

5.4.1. Describing the characteristics of relationships among political entities in the past (for example, monarchies, empires, principalities, city-states, federations)

5.4.2. Explaining how the growth of nationalism affected the relationships among political powers

5.4.3. Describing the eras of United States diplomacy from the Revolution through the modern period (for example, the Monroe Doctrine, the domino theory, detente)

5.4.4. Explaining how the foreign policy of the United States and other nations continues to develop and change

5.4.5. Analyzing the development of and issues associated with worldwide movements and organizations such as the League of Nations, the United Nations, and Amnesty International.

CO.6. History: Students know that religious and philosophical ideas have been powerful forces throughout history.

6.1. Students know the historical development of religions and philosophies. What students know and are able to do includes:

6.1.1. Describing basic tenets of world religions that have acted as major forces throughout history including, but not limited to, Buddhism, Christianity, Hinduism, Islam, and Judaism

6.1.2. Tracing the history of how principal world religions and belief systems developed and spread

6.1.3. Explaining how, throughout history, conflicts among peoples have arisen because of different ways of knowing and believing

6.1.4. Describing basic ideas of various schools of philosophy that have affected societies throughout history (for example, rationalism, idealism, liberalism, conservatism).

6.2. Students know how societies have been affected by religions and philosophies. What students know and are able to do includes:

6.2.1. Giving examples of how religion and philosophical beliefs have influenced various aspects of society throughout history

6.2.2. Explaining how, throughout history, the power of the state has been both derived from religious authority and/or in conflict with religious authority

6.2.3. Explaining how the focus on individualism and reason expressed in Western philosophy has affected the history of Western culture, including the history of the United States

6.2.4. Explaining how the beliefs expressed in Eastern philosophy and religion have affected the history of Eastern cultures.

6.3. Students know how various forms of expression reflect religious beliefs and philosophical ideas. What students know and are able to do includes:

6.3.1. Explaining from an historical context why artistic and literary expression have often resulted in controversy

6.3.2. Giving examples of the visual arts, dance, music, theater, and architecture of the major periods of history and explaining what they indicate about the values and beliefs of various societies.

CO.1. Civics: Students understand the purposes of government, and the basic constitutional principles of the United States republican form of government.

1.1. Students know and understand what government is and what purpose it serves. What students know and are able to do includes:

1.1.1. Explaining how purposes of government impact the individual and society

1.1.2. Analyzing how different forms of government execute the purposes of government

1.1.3. Analyzing and knowing how different forms of government impact the individual (for example, personal freedom and political liberty).

1.2. Students know the essential characteristics of limited and unlimited government. What students know and are able to do includes:

1.2.1. Comparing and contrasting limited and unlimited government (for example, constitutional republic, authoritarian, and totalitarian government)

1.2.2. Comparing how constitutions promote the principles of a political system and provide the basis for government

1.2.3. Describing how constitutions and the rule of law may limit government

1.3. Students understand the principles of the United States constitutional government. What students know and are able to do includes:

1.3.1. Analyzing the political thought that influenced the development of the United States Constitution (for example, social contract theory, the major ideas of republicanism, natural rights philosophy)

1.3.2. Evaluating the Federalist and Anti-Federalist positions in the context of contemporary United States society

1.3.3. Explaining how the United States Constitution is a vehicle for continuity and preserving liberty, yet allows for change

1.3.4. Explaining the conditions which are necessary for the United States constitutional government to operate effectively (for example, the acceptance of or commitment to common constitutional principles).

1.4. Students know the distinctive characteristics of the political culture of the United States. What students know and are able to do includes:

1.4.1. Analyzing how amendments, laws, and landmark decisions have helped fulfill the promise of the Constitution

1.4.2. Analyzing the relationship between the Constitution and the political culture in which it exists

1.4.3. Developing, evaluating, and defending positions about the importance of adhering to constitutional principles in managing conflicts over diverse viewpoints (for example, taxation, civil rights, and balance of power)

1.4.4. Developing, evaluating, and defending positions on the effectiveness of the Constitution and Bill of Rights in protecting the rights of all citizens

1.5. Students know the fundamental democratic principles inherent in the United States concept of a constitutional democratic republic. What students know and are able to do includes:

1.5.1. Developing and defending positions on issues in which traditional principles of representative government are in conflict, using historical and contemporary examples (for example, conflicts between liberty and equality, between individual rights and the common good)

1.5.2. Developing, evaluating, and defending positions about historical and contemporary efforts to act according to constitutional principles (for example, abolition movement, desegregation of schools, civil rights movements)

1.5.3. Developing, evaluating, and defending positions on contemporary issues on the balance between individual rights and the common good.

CO.2. Civics: Students know the structure and function of local, state, and national government and how citizen involvement shapes public policy.

2.1. Students know the organization and functions of local, state, and national governments. What students know and are able to do includes:

2.1.1. Analyzing how the organization of the local, state, and national governments influences the formulation and implementation of policy (for example, weak versus strong mayoral system, unicameral versus bicameral legislature, legislative approval of presidential appointments)

2.1.2. Explaining why states have their own constitutions and the relationship of state constitutions to the federal constitution (for example, the 'roots' of colonial assemblies, strong state governments)

2.1.3. Evaluating the tension between citizens' desire for government services and benefits, and the costs associated with providing those

2.1.4. Describing major provisions of the Colorado Constitution.

2.2. Students know how power, authority, and responsibility are distributed, shared, and limited through federalism as established by the United States Constitution. What students know and are able to do includes:

2.2.1. Analyzing how the design of the United States Constitution balances and checks to prevent the abuse of power (for example, Marbury v. Madison, Supreme Court packing under New Deal, Watergate)

2.2.2. Developing, evaluating, and defending positions on historical and contemporary conflicts over the respective roles, balance of power, and responsibility between local, state, and federal government.

2.3. Students know and understand the place of law in the Colorado and United States constitutional systems. What students know and are able to do includes:

2.3.1. Explaining the significance of historical and contemporary events to illustrate the central place of the rule of law (for example, United States Supreme Court cases such as United States v. Nixon, Mapp v. Ohio, Gideon v. Wainwright)

2.3.2. Analyzing, using historical and contemporary examples, the meaning and significance of the idea of equal protection of laws for all persons (for example, Brown v. Board of Education, University of California v. Bakke)

2.3.3. Explaining how the state and federal courts' power of judicial review reflects the United States constitutional government (for example, Marbury v. Madison)

2.3.4. Developing, evaluating and defending positions on current issues regarding judicial protection of individual rights (for example, explaining the basic concept of due process protections, including presumption of innocence, speedy and public trials, right to counsel, trial by jury, right of appeal).

2.4. Students know how public policy is developed at the local, state, and national levels. What students know and are able to do includes:

2.4.1. Evaluating the contemporary roles of voters, political parties, associations, and groups in local, state, and national politics (for example, political action committees, interest groups, think tanks, unions, professional organizations)

2.4.2. Analyzing a current public policy issue at local, state, or national levels and evaluating the alternative positions (for example, welfare reform)

2.4.3. Explaining why conflicts within traditional principles of representative government may make agreement on issues of public policy difficult (for example, affirmative action, gun control, environmental protection, capital punishment, growth, welfare reform)

2.4.4. Developing, evaluating, and defending positions about the role of media and public opinion in United States politics (for example, ways that government and media influence public opinion and the behavior of public officials).

CO.3. Civics: Students know the political relationship of the United States and its citizens to other nations and to world affairs.

3.1. Students know how and why governments and nongovernmental agencies around the world interact politically. What students know and are able to do includes:

3.1.1. Identifying and analyzing the effectiveness of solutions used to resolve an international problem or concern by governmental and nongovernmental agencies (for example, United Nations attempts to resolve political conflicts, attempts to deal with world-wide refugee problems, terrorism, attempts to protect the world's environment).

3.2. Students understand how the United States government develops foreign policy. What students know and are able to do includes:

3.2.1. Analyzing how and why domestic politics may impose constraints or obligations on the ways in which the United States acts in the world, giving current political examples (for example, understanding treaties and their relationship to the Constitution)

3.2.2. Identifying and analyzing issues concerning the national interests of the United States.

3.3. Students understand the domestic and foreign policy influence the United States has on other nations and how the actions of other nations influence politics and society of the United States. What students know and are able to do includes:

3.3.1. Evaluating the impact of significant international developments on the United States and other nations (for example, impact of land mines)

3.3.2. Describing the impact abroad of the principles of the Declaration of Independence and the United States Constitution

3.3.3. Giving examples of how foreign policy decisions made by foreign countries affect the United States

3.3.4. Giving examples of diplomatic strategies used by the United States government when interacting on significant international issues (for example, humanitarian and development aid, economic sanctions)

3.3.5. Evaluating current international issues in which the foreign policy of the United States has played a significant role (for example, world trade negotiations - GATT agreements)

3.3.6. Identifying opportunities for citizens of the United States to participate in the resolution of international problems and concerns (for example, citizens pressure to release the remains of POWs from Vietnam).

CO.4. Civics: Students understand how citizens exercise the roles, rights and responsibilities of participation in civic life at all levels - local, state, and national.

4.1. Students know what citizenship is. What students know and are able to do includes:

4.1.1. Explaining the rights and obligations of United States citizens

4.1.2. Comparing and analyzing the rights and responsibilities of citizens and non-citizens in the United States

4.1.3. Evaluating the usefulness of the following characteristics of an effective citizen to participate effectively in public life (for example, civic virtue, common courtesy, respect for person and property, civic and personal responsibility, and honest and fair dealings).

4.2. Students know how citizens can fulfill their responsibilities for preserving the constitutional republic. What students know and are able to do includes:

4.2.1. Evaluating whether and when their obligations as citizens require that their personal desires and interests be balanced with the public good

4.2.2. Evaluating what to do when individual beliefs or constitutional principles are in conflict

4.2.3. Identifying and evaluating how the characteristics of an effective citizen promote the preservation of the republic.

4.3. Students know how citizens can exercise their rights. What students know and are able to do includes:

4.3.1. Identifying the scope and limits of rights (for example, all rights have limits)

4.3.2. Explaining considerations and criteria commonly used in determining what limits should be placed on specific rights (for example, clear and present danger, national security, public safety)

4.3.3. Evaluating different positions on contemporary issues that involve rights of citizens (for example, restricted membership in organizations, sexual harassment, school prayer, refusal of medical care)

4.3.4. Describing and evaluating historical or current examples of citizen movements to ensure rights of all citizens.

4.4. Students know how citizens can participate in civic life. What students know and are able to do includes:

4.4.1. Evaluating the effectiveness of various forms of political participation (for example, voting, attending political and governmental meetings, contacting public officials)

4.4.2. Describing various ways one can exercise leadership and participate in public affairs (for example, campaigning)

4.4.3. Demonstrating understanding of strategies for monitoring and influencing current public policy (for example, writing to a public official, writing letters to the editor, working with advocacy groups, working on a political campaign or using technology to monitor and influence legislation)

4.4.4. Describing the role of civil disobedience.

CO.1. Economics: Students understand that because of the condition of scarcity, decisions must be made about the use of scarce resources.

1.1. Students know that economic choices are made because resources are scarce and that the act of making economic choices imposes opportunity costs. What students know and are able to do includes:

1.1.1. Explaining how economic choices made by individuals, households, businesses, governments, and societies impose opportunity costs on societies as a whole

1.1.2. Analyzing the relationship between economic goals and the allocation of scarce resources.

1.2. Students understand that economic incentives influence the use of scarce human, capital, and natural resources. What students know and are able to do includes:

1.2.1. Analyzing how economic incentives influence the economic choices made by individuals, households, businesses, governments, and societies to use scarce human, capital, and natural resources more efficiently to meet their economic goals.

1.3. Students understand that resources can be used in many ways and understand the costs of alternative uses. What students know and are able to do includes:

1.3.1. Explaining how changes in the investment of resources and specialization by individual, households, businesses, governments, and societies affect productivity (for example, a firm's investment in training enables its individual workers to produce more.)

1.3.2. Analyzing the costs of alternative uses of resources with respect to present and future productivity

1.3.3. Analyzing how the use of technology and the investment in human and physical capital can affect long-range productivity

1.3.4. Identifying personal investment strategies for different economic goals, such as retirement, a child's education, or saving for a new house (students should be familiar with the risk-reward level of various types of investments, how risk is matched with the time horizon of the need for the funds invested, and how mutual funds work).

CO.2. Economics: Students understand how different economic systems impact decisions about the use of resources and the production and distribution of goods and services.

2.1. Students understand that different economic systems employ different means to produce, distribute, and exchange goods and services. What students know and are able to do includes:

2.1.1. Comparing and contrasting economic systems in terms of their ability to achieve economic goals

2.1.2. Explaining the benefits of the United States economic system.

2.2. Students understand the fundamental characteristics of the United States economic system. What students know and are able to do includes:

2.2.1. Explaining how businesses, including sole proprietorships, partnerships, corporations, and franchises, are organized and financed in the U.S. economy

2.2.2. Describing how changes in income, tastes, and preferences, and the prices of substitutes and complements can cause changes in demand

2.2.3. Describing how changes in the number of producers, production costs, or the prices of substitute and complementary products cause changes in supply

2.2.4. Comparing and contrasting the characteristics of different market structures, including pure competition, oligopoly, monopoly, and monopolistic competition.

2.3. Students understand that government actions and policies, including taxes, spending, and regulations influence the operation of economies. What students know and are able to do includes:

2.3.1. Interpreting measurements of inflation rates and unemployment rates and relating these to the general economic 'health' of the national economy

2.3.2. Explaining the impact of government taxing and spending decisions on specific individuals, households, businesses, governments, and societies (for example, social security and Small Business Administration, national debt)

2.3.3. Comparing and contrasting different types of taxes, including progressive, regressive, and proportional taxes

2.3.4. Describing the economic roles of government, such as establishing fiscal policy, providing public goods and services, maintaining competition, generating and using revenues, promoting employment, stabilizing prices, and sustaining reasonable rates of economic growth (for example, Medicaid, and public education)

2.3.5. Describing the effects of specific government regulations on different groups, including consumers, employees, and businesses (for example, unfunded mandates)

2.3.6. Contrasting the concept of customer and consumer.

CO.3. Economics: Students understand the results of trade, exchange, and interdependence among individuals, households, businesses, governments, and societies.

3.1. Students understand that the exchange of goods and services creates economic interdependence and change. What students know and are able to do includes:

3.1.1. Giving examples of international differences in resources, productivity, and prices that provide a basis for international trade

3.1.2. Describing the factors that lead to a nation having a comparative advantage in trade

3.1.3. Explaining effects of domestic policies on international trade

3.1.4. Explaining why nations often restrict trade by using quotas, tariffs, and non-tariff barriers to trade (for example, cars entering the U.S. must have a catalytic converter)

3.1.5. Comparing and contrasting the characteristics of free trade and restricted trade (Example: Embargo).

3.2. Students understand how a country's monetary system facilitates the exchange of resources. What students know and are able to do includes:

3.2.1. Explaining the costs and benefits of the use of credit

3.2.2. Describing the use of monetary and fiscal policies

3.2.3. Describing how fiscal or monetary policies can affect exchange rates and international trade.

CO.1. Geography: Students know how to use and construct maps, globes, and other geographic tools to locate and derive information about people, places, and environments.

1.1. Students know how to use maps, globes, and other geographic tools to acquire, process, and report information from a spatial perspective. What students know and are able to do includes:

1.1.1. Selecting appropriate maps, map projections, and other graphic representations to analyze geographic problems

1.1.2. Constructing maps using fundamental cartographic principles including translating narratives about places and events into graphic representations

1.1.3. Interpreting maps and other geographic tools, through the analysis of case studies and using data

1.1.4. Using geographic tools to represent and interpret Earth's physical and human systems.

1.2. Students develop knowledge of Earth to locate people, places, and environments. What students know and are able to do includes:

1.2.1. Drawing a complex and accurate map from memory to answer questions about the location of human and physical features

1.2.2. Identifying and locating physical and human features in their own and nearby communities, in the United States, and in regions of the world (for example, rivers, mountains, regions, and countries)

1.2.3. Analyzing maps people make from memory of the same place to determine similarities and differences.

1.3. Students know how to analyze the dynamic spatial organization of people, places, and environments. What students know and are able to do includes:

1.3.1. Analyzing geographic information using a variety of scales--local, national, international (for example, growth issues in Limon, New York City, and Southeast Asia)

1.3.2. Analyzing patterns of distribution and arrangement of settlements

1.3.3. Analyzing patterns and processes of the diffusion of human activities.

CO.2. Geography: Students know the physical and human characteristics of places, and use this knowledge to define and study regions and their patterns of change.

2.1. Students know the physical and human characteristics of places. What students know and are able to do includes:

2.1.1. Analyzing the human and physical characteristics that give a place meaning and significance

2.1.2. Describing the changing human and physical characteristics of places.

2.2. Students know how and why people define regions. What students know and are able to do includes:

2.2.1. Applying the concept of region to organize the study of a geographic issue using multiple criteria

2.2.2. Analyzing changes in regions and recognizing the patterns of those changes (for example, the Caribbean Basin's transition from a major sugarcane producer to a center for tourism).

2.3. Students know how culture and experience influence people's perceptions of places and regions. What students know and are able to do includes:

2.3.1. Analyzing why places and regions are important to human identity

2.3.2. Comparing and contrasting how and why different groups in society view places and regions differently

2.3.3. Analyzing the ways places and regions reflect cultural change (for example, old mining towns become tourist centers).

CO.3. Geography: Students understand how physical processes shape Earth's surface patterns and systems.

3.1. Students know the physical processes that shape Earth's surface patterns. What students know and are able to do includes:

3.1.1. Identifying the dynamics of the four basic components of Earth's physical systems: the atmosphere, biosphere, lithosphere, and hydrosphere

3.1.2. Explaining the interaction of Earth's physical systems (for example, the interaction of climate and ocean water as exemplified by El Nino)

3.1.3. Explaining the variation in the effects of physical processes across Earth's surface (for example, the effects of wind variations in shaping landforms).

3.2. Students know the characteristics and distributions of physical systems of land, air, water, plants, and animals. What students know and are able to do includes:

3.2.1. Explaining the factors that affect the distribution and characteristics of ecosystems

3.2.2. Explaining the importance of ecosystems in understanding the environment

3.2.3. Analyzing the diversity and productivity of ecosystems.

CO.4. Geography: Students understand how economic, political, cultural, and social processes interact to shape patterns of human populations, interdependence, cooperation, and conflict.

4.1. Students know the characteristics, location, distribution, and migration of human populations. What students know and are able to do includes:

4.1.1. Evaluating trends and effects of world population numbers and patterns

4.1.2. Analyzing the physical and cultural impact of human migration.

4.2. Students know the nature and spatial distribution of cultural patterns. What students know and are able to do includes:

4.2.1. Analyzing how cultures shape the character of a region

4.2.2. Describing the processes of cultural diffusion

4.2.3. Describing the effect of technology on the development and change of cultures.

4.3. Students know the patterns and networks of economic interdependence. What students know and are able to do includes:

4.3.1. Comparing and contrasting the characteristics and distribution of economic systems

4.3.2. Explaining how places of various size function as centers of economic activity

4.3.3. Analyzing factors influencing economic interdependence of countries, including world trade

4.3.4. Analyzing connections among local, regional, and world economies (for example, transportation routes, movement patterns, and market areas)

4.3.5. Analyzing how and why levels of economic development vary among places.

4.4. Students know the processes, patterns, and functions of human settlement. What students know and are able to do includes:

4.4.1. Analyzing the size, arrangement, structure, and function of urban areas

4.4.2. Comparing and contrasting the differing characteristics of settlement in developing and developed countries

4.4.3. Examining how and why large cities grow together.

4.5. Students know how cooperation and conflict among people influence the division and control of Earth's surface. What students know and are able to do includes:

4.5.1. Analyzing why and how cooperation and conflict are involved in shaping the distribution of social, political, and economic spaces on Earth at different scales (local, national, and international)

4.5.2. Analyzing how differing points of view and self-interests play a role in conflict over territory and resources.

CO.5. Geography: Students understand the effects of interactions between human and physical systems and the changes in meaning, use, distribution, and importance of resources.

5.1. Students know how human actions modify the physical environment. What students know and are able to do includes:

5.1.1. Analyzing ways the humans depend upon, adapt to, and affect the physical environment

5.1.2. Evaluating ways in which technology has expanded human capacity to modify the physical environment

5.1.3. Explaining the possible global effects of human modification of the physical environment.

5.2. Students know how physical systems affect human systems. What students know and are able to do includes:

5.2.1. Comparing and contrasting how changes in the physical environment can increase or diminish its capacity to support human activity

5.2.2. Identifying and evaluating alternative strategies to respond to constraints placed on human systems by the physical environment (for example, the use of irrigation in arid environments)

5.2.3. Analyzing how humans perceive and react to natural hazards.

5.3. Students know the changes that occur in the meaning, use, location, distribution, and importance of resources. What students know and are able to do includes:

5.3.1. Analyzing how the changing distribution of resources affects the patterns of settlement

5.3.2. Evaluating policies and programs for resource use and management

5.3.3. Analyzing the effects of economic activity in modifying and transforming resources.

CO.6. Geography: Students apply knowledge of people, places, and environments to understand the past and present and to plan for the future.

6.1. Students know how to apply geography to understand the past. What students know and are able to do includes:

6.1.1. Analyzing how changing perceptions of places and environments affect the behavior of people

6.1.2. Analyzing the fundamental role that places and environments have played in history (for example, the Russian winter played an important part in the defeat of Napoleon's army).

6.2. Students know how to apply geography to understand the present and plan for the future. What students know and are able to do includes:

6.2.1. Evaluating a contemporary issue using geography knowledge, skills, and perspectives

6.2.2. Comparing and contrasting how different viewpoints influence the development of policies designed to use and manage Earth's resources.

CO.1. History: Students understand the chronological organization of history and know how to organize events and people into major eras to identify and explain historical relationships.

1.1. Students know the general chronological order of events and people in history. What students know and are able to do includes:

1.1.1. Identifying events and people that characterize each of the major eras in United States and world history.

1.2. Students use chronology to organize historical events and people. What students know and are able to do includes:

1.2.1. Reconstructing the time structure and identifying connections found in historical narratives

1.2.2. Using timelines to organize large quantities of historical information, compare different time periods and places, and answer historical questions

1.2.3. Describing how history can be organized, using various criteria (for example, thematically, chronologically, geographically) to group people and events.

1.3. Students use chronology to examine and explain historical relationships. What students know and are able to do includes:

1.3.1. Distinguishing between cause-and-effect relationships and events that happen or occur concurrently or sequentially

1.3.2. Analyzing and explaining cause-and-effect relationships using historical information that is organized chronologically

1.3.3. Using both chronological order and the duration of events to detect and analyze patterns of historical continuity and change.

CO.2. History: Students know how to use the processes and resources of historical inquiry.

2.1. Students know how to formulate questions and hypotheses regarding what happened in the past and to obtain and analyze historical data to answer questions and test hypotheses. What students know and are able to do includes:

2.1.1. Formulating historical hypotheses from multiple, historically objective perspectives, using multiple sources

2.1.2. Gathering, analyzing, and reconciling historical information, including contradictory data, from primary and secondary sources to support or reject hypotheses.

2.2. Students know how to interpret and evaluate primary and secondary sources of historical information. What students know and are able to do includes:

2.2.1. Explaining how historical descriptions, arguments, and judgments can reflect the bias of the author and/or the prevailing ideas of the culture and time period

2.2.2. Interpreting oral traditions and legends as 'histories'

2.2.3. Evaluating data within the social, political, and economic context in which it was created, testing its credibility, and evaluating its bias

2.2.4. Comparing and contrasting the reliability of information received from multiple sources.

2.3. Students apply knowledge of the past to analyze present-day issues and events from multiple, historically objective perspectives. What students know and are able to do includes:

2.3.1. Identifying historical contexts of contemporary issues

2.3.2. Identifying how print and electronic media can affect perspectives regarding historical events

2.3.3. Using historical information to interpret and evaluate decisions or policies regarding contemporary issues.

CO.3. History: Students understand that societies are diverse and have changed over time.

3.1. Students know how various societies were affected by contacts and exchanges among diverse peoples. What students know and are able to do includes:

3.1.1. Describing the interactions and contributions of the various peoples and cultures that have lived in or migrated, immigrated, or were brought to the area that is now the United States, including African, Asian, European, Latino, and Native American

3.1.2. Describing and explaining the circumstances under which past and current societies have interacted and changed, resulting in cultural diffusion (for example, trade, war, exploration, imperialism, social disruptions, improvements in communication, and transportation)

3.1.3. Explaining the reasons for major periods of immigration to the United States and describing how different segments of U.S. society reacted and changed

3.1.4. Describing the demographic changes resulting from major migrations in history (for example, migration of Chinese south; Islamic nomads into Northern India; Germanic migrations into the Roman Empire; Bantu migrations south; Amer-Indian migrations into Central America; trans-Pacific migration).

3.2. Students understand the history of social organization in various societies. What students know and are able to do includes:

3.2.1. Explaining how societies are maintained when individuals see benefits and fulfill obligations of membership

3.2.2. Analyzing how forces of tradition and change have influenced, altered, and maintained social roles and the social organization of societies throughout history

3.2.3. Explaining how, throughout history, social organization has been related to distributions of privilege and power

3.2.4. Describing how societies have become increasingly complex in responding to the fundamental issues of social organization.

CO.4. History: Students understand how science, technology, and economic activity have developed, changed, and affected societies throughout history.

4.1. Students understand the impact of scientific and technological developments on individuals and societies. What students know and are able to do includes:

4.1.1. Analyzing the major technological turning points in history (for example, agricultural revolution, revolutions in transportation, industrial revolution)

4.1.2. Explaining how the scientific revolution affected how people lived in and viewed the world

4.1.3. Describing and explaining the social and economic changes that resulted from industrialization

4.1.4. Analyzing the impact of rapid developments in areas such as transportation, technology, and telecommunications on individuals and the world today.

4.2. Students understand how economic factors have influenced historical events. What students know and are able to do includes:

4.2.1. Describing how systems of exchange and other economic developments influenced the growth and history of civilizations

4.2.2. Explaining how economic changes led to the growth of towns, cities, and eventually, the modern nation-state

4.2.3. Analyzing the relationship between economic factors and social and political policies throughout United States history

4.2.4. Explaining how the rise and expansion of trade have connected and affected the history of regions of the world

4.2.5. Describing modern historical developments in economic interdependence (for example, the emergence of the Pacific Rim, NAFTA, the European Union), and their impact on individuals and societies.

4.3. Students understand the historical development and know the characteristics of various economic systems. What students know and are able to do includes:

4.3.1. Explaining the historical development of the economic system of the United States

4.3.2. Analyzing the history of the relationship between economics systems and the role of governments throughout history

4.3.3. Describing characteristics of specific economic systems and how these systems have existed in different ways at different times throughout history (for example, manorialism, mercantilism, capitalism, socialism, communism)

4.3.4. Tracing the historical factors that lead to the transition from local and regional economies to a globally interdependent economy.

CO.5. History: Students understand political institutions and theories that have developed and changed over time.

5.1. Students understand how democratic ideas and institutions in the United States have developed, changed, and/or been maintained. What students know and are able to do includes:

5.1.1. Identifying and explaining the role of the ideas expressed in the documents that influenced the development of constitutional democracy (for example, Magna Carta, English Bill of Rights, Mayflower Compact)

5.1.2. Analyzing how the ideas set forth in the Declaration of Independence, Constitution and Bill of Rights, Federalist Papers, and landmark Supreme Court cases affect and operate in the contemporary United States

5.1.3. Identifying and analyzing how historical events have affected the organization of the political system of the United States (for example, the American Revolution, the Civil War, the Mexican War, the Populist and Progressive Movements)

5.1.4. Analyzing how the United States' political system has dealt with various constitutional crises (for example, the Civil War, Alien-Sedition Acts, assassinations, Watergate).

5.2. Students know how various systems of government have developed and functioned throughout history. What students know and are able to do includes:

5.2.1. Comparing and contrasting the characteristics and effects of the various political systems that developed throughout history (for example, republics, representative and direct democracy , feudalism, centralized monarchy, absolutism, principalities, imperial dynasties, tribal kingdoms)

5.2.2. Comparing and contrasting the political traditions of Western Hemisphere nations

5.2.3. Describing the characteristics and ideas of various modern political systems, and giving examples of nations that have used them (for example, democracy, fascism, and communism)

5.2.4. Explaining why nation-states developed throughout the world and became the dominant form of contemporary political organization.

5.3. Students know how political power has been acquired, maintained, used, and/or lost throughout history. What students know and are able to do includes:

5.3.1. Explaining how military conquest and invasion have been used to assume, maintain, and extend political power throughout history

5.3.2. Analyzing the impact of major revolutions on the realignment of political power throughout the modern world

5.3.3. Analyzing how genocide has been used to acquire or maintain political power

5.3.4. Describing how the development, expansion, and collapse of empires throughout history has affected the extension of political power

5.3.5. Describing and analyzing the major events in the expansion of the political power of the United States (for example, the American Revolution, the Louisiana Purchase, the Mexican War)

5.3.6. Analyzing the causes and events of major wars of the contemporary era and the resulting changes in the distribution of political power (for example, World War I, World War II, War in Vietnam, the Russian Invasion of Afghanistan)

5.3.7. Giving examples of former colonies and dependent states throughout the world that have gained independence in the 20th century, and explaining how they have addressed the political issues related to independence.

5.4. Students know the history of relationships among different political powers and the development of international relations. What students know and are able to do includes:

5.4.1. Describing the characteristics of relationships among political entities in the past (for example, monarchies, empires, principalities, city-states, federations)

5.4.2. Explaining how the growth of nationalism affected the relationships among political powers

5.4.3. Describing the eras of United States diplomacy from the Revolution through the modern period (for example, the Monroe Doctrine, the domino theory, detente)

5.4.4. Explaining how the foreign policy of the United States and other nations continues to develop and change

5.4.5. Analyzing the development of and issues associated with worldwide movements and organizations such as the League of Nations, the United Nations, and Amnesty International.

CO.6. History: Students know that religious and philosophical ideas have been powerful forces throughout history.

6.1. Students know the historical development of religions and philosophies. What students know and are able to do includes:

6.1.1. Describing basic tenets of world religions that have acted as major forces throughout history including, but not limited to, Buddhism, Christianity, Hinduism, Islam, and Judaism

6.1.2. Tracing the history of how principal world religions and belief systems developed and spread

6.1.3. Explaining how, throughout history, conflicts among peoples have arisen because of different ways of knowing and believing

6.1.4. Describing basic ideas of various schools of philosophy that have affected societies throughout history (for example, rationalism, idealism, liberalism, conservatism).

6.2. Students know how societies have been affected by religions and philosophies. What students know and are able to do includes:

6.2.1. Giving examples of how religion and philosophical beliefs have influenced various aspects of society throughout history

6.2.2. Explaining how, throughout history, the power of the state has been both derived from religious authority and/or in conflict with religious authority

6.2.3. Explaining how the focus on individualism and reason expressed in Western philosophy has affected the history of Western culture, including the history of the United States

6.2.4. Explaining how the beliefs expressed in Eastern philosophy and religion have affected the history of Eastern cultures.

6.3. Students know how various forms of expression reflect religious beliefs and philosophical ideas. What students know and are able to do includes:

6.3.1. Explaining from an historical context why artistic and literary expression have often resulted in controversy

6.3.2. Giving examples of the visual arts, dance, music, theater, and architecture of the major periods of history and explaining what they indicate about the values and beliefs of various societies.

CO.1. Civics: Students understand the purposes of government, and the basic constitutional principles of the United States republican form of government.

1.1. Students know and understand what government is and what purpose it serves. What students know and are able to do includes:

1.1.1. Explaining how purposes of government impact the individual and society

1.1.2. Analyzing how different forms of government execute the purposes of government

1.1.3. Analyzing and knowing how different forms of government impact the individual (for example, personal freedom and political liberty).

1.2. Students know the essential characteristics of limited and unlimited government. What students know and are able to do includes:

1.2.1. Comparing and contrasting limited and unlimited government (for example, constitutional republic, authoritarian, and totalitarian government)

1.2.2. Comparing how constitutions promote the principles of a political system and provide the basis for government

1.2.3. Describing how constitutions and the rule of law may limit government

1.3. Students understand the principles of the United States constitutional government. What students know and are able to do includes:

1.3.1. Analyzing the political thought that influenced the development of the United States Constitution (for example, social contract theory, the major ideas of republicanism, natural rights philosophy)

1.3.2. Evaluating the Federalist and Anti-Federalist positions in the context of contemporary United States society

1.3.3. Explaining how the United States Constitution is a vehicle for continuity and preserving liberty, yet allows for change

1.3.4. Explaining the conditions which are necessary for the United States constitutional government to operate effectively (for example, the acceptance of or commitment to common constitutional principles).

1.4. Students know the distinctive characteristics of the political culture of the United States. What students know and are able to do includes:

1.4.1. Analyzing how amendments, laws, and landmark decisions have helped fulfill the promise of the Constitution

1.4.2. Analyzing the relationship between the Constitution and the political culture in which it exists

1.4.3. Developing, evaluating, and defending positions about the importance of adhering to constitutional principles in managing conflicts over diverse viewpoints (for example, taxation, civil rights, and balance of power)

1.4.4. Developing, evaluating, and defending positions on the effectiveness of the Constitution and Bill of Rights in protecting the rights of all citizens

1.5. Students know the fundamental democratic principles inherent in the United States concept of a constitutional democratic republic. What students know and are able to do includes:

1.5.1. Developing and defending positions on issues in which traditional principles of representative government are in conflict, using historical and contemporary examples (for example, conflicts between liberty and equality, between individual rights and the common good)

1.5.2. Developing, evaluating, and defending positions about historical and contemporary efforts to act according to constitutional principles (for example, abolition movement, desegregation of schools, civil rights movements)

1.5.3. Developing, evaluating, and defending positions on contemporary issues on the balance between individual rights and the common good.

CO.2. Civics: Students know the structure and function of local, state, and national government and how citizen involvement shapes public policy.

2.1. Students know the organization and functions of local, state, and national governments. What students know and are able to do includes:

2.1.1. Analyzing how the organization of the local, state, and national governments influences the formulation and implementation of policy (for example, weak versus strong mayoral system, unicameral versus bicameral legislature, legislative approval of presidential appointments)

2.1.2. Explaining why states have their own constitutions and the relationship of state constitutions to the federal constitution (for example, the 'roots' of colonial assemblies, strong state governments)

2.1.3. Evaluating the tension between citizens' desire for government services and benefits, and the costs associated with providing those

2.1.4. Describing major provisions of the Colorado Constitution.

2.2. Students know how power, authority, and responsibility are distributed, shared, and limited through federalism as established by the United States Constitution. What students know and are able to do includes:

2.2.1. Analyzing how the design of the United States Constitution balances and checks to prevent the abuse of power (for example, Marbury v. Madison, Supreme Court packing under New Deal, Watergate)

2.2.2. Developing, evaluating, and defending positions on historical and contemporary conflicts over the respective roles, balance of power, and responsibility between local, state, and federal government.

2.3. Students know and understand the place of law in the Colorado and United States constitutional systems. What students know and are able to do includes:

2.3.1. Explaining the significance of historical and contemporary events to illustrate the central place of the rule of law (for example, United States Supreme Court cases such as United States v. Nixon, Mapp v. Ohio, Gideon v. Wainwright)

2.3.2. Analyzing, using historical and contemporary examples, the meaning and significance of the idea of equal protection of laws for all persons (for example, Brown v. Board of Education, University of California v. Bakke)

2.3.3. Explaining how the state and federal courts' power of judicial review reflects the United States constitutional government (for example, Marbury v. Madison)

2.3.4. Developing, evaluating and defending positions on current issues regarding judicial protection of individual rights (for example, explaining the basic concept of due process protections, including presumption of innocence, speedy and public trials, right to counsel, trial by jury, right of appeal).

2.4. Students know how public policy is developed at the local, state, and national levels. What students know and are able to do includes:

2.4.1. Evaluating the contemporary roles of voters, political parties, associations, and groups in local, state, and national politics (for example, political action committees, interest groups, think tanks, unions, professional organizations)

2.4.2. Analyzing a current public policy issue at local, state, or national levels and evaluating the alternative positions (for example, welfare reform)

2.4.3. Explaining why conflicts within traditional principles of representative government may make agreement on issues of public policy difficult (for example, affirmative action, gun control, environmental protection, capital punishment, growth, welfare reform)

2.4.4. Developing, evaluating, and defending positions about the role of media and public opinion in United States politics (for example, ways that government and media influence public opinion and the behavior of public officials).

CO.3. Civics: Students know the political relationship of the United States and its citizens to other nations and to world affairs.

3.1. Students know how and why governments and nongovernmental agencies around the world interact politically. What students know and are able to do includes:

3.1.1. Identifying and analyzing the effectiveness of solutions used to resolve an international problem or concern by governmental and nongovernmental agencies (for example, United Nations attempts to resolve political conflicts, attempts to deal with world-wide refugee problems, terrorism, attempts to protect the world's environment).

3.2. Students understand how the United States government develops foreign policy. What students know and are able to do includes:

3.2.1. Analyzing how and why domestic politics may impose constraints or obligations on the ways in which the United States acts in the world, giving current political examples (for example, understanding treaties and their relationship to the Constitution)

3.2.2. Identifying and analyzing issues concerning the national interests of the United States.

3.3. Students understand the domestic and foreign policy influence the United States has on other nations and how the actions of other nations influence politics and society of the United States. What students know and are able to do includes:

3.3.1. Evaluating the impact of significant international developments on the United States and other nations (for example, impact of land mines)

3.3.2. Describing the impact abroad of the principles of the Declaration of Independence and the United States Constitution

3.3.3. Giving examples of how foreign policy decisions made by foreign countries affect the United States

3.3.4. Giving examples of diplomatic strategies used by the United States government when interacting on significant international issues (for example, humanitarian and development aid, economic sanctions)

3.3.5. Evaluating current international issues in which the foreign policy of the United States has played a significant role (for example, world trade negotiations - GATT agreements)

3.3.6. Identifying opportunities for citizens of the United States to participate in the resolution of international problems and concerns (for example, citizens pressure to release the remains of POWs from Vietnam).

CO.4. Civics: Students understand how citizens exercise the roles, rights and responsibilities of participation in civic life at all levels - local, state, and national.

4.1. Students know what citizenship is. What students know and are able to do includes:

4.1.1. Explaining the rights and obligations of United States citizens

4.1.2. Comparing and analyzing the rights and responsibilities of citizens and non-citizens in the United States

4.1.3. Evaluating the usefulness of the following characteristics of an effective citizen to participate effectively in public life (for example, civic virtue, common courtesy, respect for person and property, civic and personal responsibility, and honest and fair dealings).

4.2. Students know how citizens can fulfill their responsibilities for preserving the constitutional republic. What students know and are able to do includes:

4.2.1. Evaluating whether and when their obligations as citizens require that their personal desires and interests be balanced with the public good

4.2.2. Evaluating what to do when individual beliefs or constitutional principles are in conflict

4.2.3. Identifying and evaluating how the characteristics of an effective citizen promote the preservation of the republic.

4.3. Students know how citizens can exercise their rights. What students know and are able to do includes:

4.3.1. Identifying the scope and limits of rights (for example, all rights have limits)

4.3.2. Explaining considerations and criteria commonly used in determining what limits should be placed on specific rights (for example, clear and present danger, national security, public safety)

4.3.3. Evaluating different positions on contemporary issues that involve rights of citizens (for example, restricted membership in organizations, sexual harassment, school prayer, refusal of medical care)

4.3.4. Describing and evaluating historical or current examples of citizen movements to ensure rights of all citizens.

4.4. Students know how citizens can participate in civic life. What students know and are able to do includes:

4.4.1. Evaluating the effectiveness of various forms of political participation (for example, voting, attending political and governmental meetings, contacting public officials)

4.4.2. Describing various ways one can exercise leadership and participate in public affairs (for example, campaigning)

4.4.3. Demonstrating understanding of strategies for monitoring and influencing current public policy (for example, writing to a public official, writing letters to the editor, working with advocacy groups, working on a political campaign or using technology to monitor and influence legislation)

4.4.4. Describing the role of civil disobedience.

CO.1. Economics: Students understand that because of the condition of scarcity, decisions must be made about the use of scarce resources.

1.1. Students know that economic choices are made because resources are scarce and that the act of making economic choices imposes opportunity costs. What students know and are able to do includes:

1.1.1. Explaining how economic choices made by individuals, households, businesses, governments, and societies impose opportunity costs on societies as a whole

1.1.2. Analyzing the relationship between economic goals and the allocation of scarce resources.

1.2. Students understand that economic incentives influence the use of scarce human, capital, and natural resources. What students know and are able to do includes:

1.2.1. Analyzing how economic incentives influence the economic choices made by individuals, households, businesses, governments, and societies to use scarce human, capital, and natural resources more efficiently to meet their economic goals.

1.3. Students understand that resources can be used in many ways and understand the costs of alternative uses. What students know and are able to do includes:

1.3.1. Explaining how changes in the investment of resources and specialization by individual, households, businesses, governments, and societies affect productivity (for example, a firm's investment in training enables its individual workers to produce more.)

1.3.2. Analyzing the costs of alternative uses of resources with respect to present and future productivity

1.3.3. Analyzing how the use of technology and the investment in human and physical capital can affect long-range productivity

1.3.4. Identifying personal investment strategies for different economic goals, such as retirement, a child's education, or saving for a new house (students should be familiar with the risk-reward level of various types of investments, how risk is matched with the time horizon of the need for the funds invested, and how mutual funds work).

CO.2. Economics: Students understand how different economic systems impact decisions about the use of resources and the production and distribution of goods and services.

2.1. Students understand that different economic systems employ different means to produce, distribute, and exchange goods and services. What students know and are able to do includes:

2.1.1. Comparing and contrasting economic systems in terms of their ability to achieve economic goals

2.1.2. Explaining the benefits of the United States economic system.

2.2. Students understand the fundamental characteristics of the United States economic system. What students know and are able to do includes:

2.2.1. Explaining how businesses, including sole proprietorships, partnerships, corporations, and franchises, are organized and financed in the U.S. economy

2.2.2. Describing how changes in income, tastes, and preferences, and the prices of substitutes and complements can cause changes in demand

2.2.3. Describing how changes in the number of producers, production costs, or the prices of substitute and complementary products cause changes in supply

2.2.4. Comparing and contrasting the characteristics of different market structures, including pure competition, oligopoly, monopoly, and monopolistic competition.

2.3. Students understand that government actions and policies, including taxes, spending, and regulations influence the operation of economies. What students know and are able to do includes:

2.3.1. Interpreting measurements of inflation rates and unemployment rates and relating these to the general economic 'health' of the national economy

2.3.2. Explaining the impact of government taxing and spending decisions on specific individuals, households, businesses, governments, and societies (for example, social security and Small Business Administration, national debt)

2.3.3. Comparing and contrasting different types of taxes, including progressive, regressive, and proportional taxes

2.3.4. Describing the economic roles of government, such as establishing fiscal policy, providing public goods and services, maintaining competition, generating and using revenues, promoting employment, stabilizing prices, and sustaining reasonable rates of economic growth (for example, Medicaid, and public education)

2.3.5. Describing the effects of specific government regulations on different groups, including consumers, employees, and businesses (for example, unfunded mandates)

2.3.6. Contrasting the concept of customer and consumer.

CO.3. Economics: Students understand the results of trade, exchange, and interdependence among individuals, households, businesses, governments, and societies.

3.1. Students understand that the exchange of goods and services creates economic interdependence and change. What students know and are able to do includes:

3.1.1. Giving examples of international differences in resources, productivity, and prices that provide a basis for international trade

3.1.2. Describing the factors that lead to a nation having a comparative advantage in trade

3.1.3. Explaining effects of domestic policies on international trade

3.1.4. Explaining why nations often restrict trade by using quotas, tariffs, and non-tariff barriers to trade (for example, cars entering the U.S. must have a catalytic converter)

3.1.5. Comparing and contrasting the characteristics of free trade and restricted trade (Example: Embargo).

3.2. Students understand how a country's monetary system facilitates the exchange of resources. What students know and are able to do includes:

3.2.1. Explaining the costs and benefits of the use of credit

3.2.2. Describing the use of monetary and fiscal policies

3.2.3. Describing how fiscal or monetary policies can affect exchange rates and international trade.

CO.1. Geography: Students know how to use and construct maps, globes, and other geographic tools to locate and derive information about people, places, and environments.

1.1. Students know how to use maps, globes, and other geographic tools to acquire, process, and report information from a spatial perspective. What students know and are able to do includes:

1.1.1. Selecting appropriate maps, map projections, and other graphic representations to analyze geographic problems

1.1.2. Constructing maps using fundamental cartographic principles including translating narratives about places and events into graphic representations

1.1.3. Interpreting maps and other geographic tools, through the analysis of case studies and using data

1.1.4. Using geographic tools to represent and interpret Earth's physical and human systems.

1.2. Students develop knowledge of Earth to locate people, places, and environments. What students know and are able to do includes:

1.2.1. Drawing a complex and accurate map from memory to answer questions about the location of human and physical features

1.2.2. Identifying and locating physical and human features in their own and nearby communities, in the United States, and in regions of the world (for example, rivers, mountains, regions, and countries)

1.2.3. Analyzing maps people make from memory of the same place to determine similarities and differences.

1.3. Students know how to analyze the dynamic spatial organization of people, places, and environments. What students know and are able to do includes:

1.3.1. Analyzing geographic information using a variety of scales--local, national, international (for example, growth issues in Limon, New York City, and Southeast Asia)

1.3.2. Analyzing patterns of distribution and arrangement of settlements

1.3.3. Analyzing patterns and processes of the diffusion of human activities.

CO.2. Geography: Students know the physical and human characteristics of places, and use this knowledge to define and study regions and their patterns of change.

2.1. Students know the physical and human characteristics of places. What students know and are able to do includes:

2.1.1. Analyzing the human and physical characteristics that give a place meaning and significance

2.1.2. Describing the changing human and physical characteristics of places.

2.2. Students know how and why people define regions. What students know and are able to do includes:

2.2.1. Applying the concept of region to organize the study of a geographic issue using multiple criteria

2.2.2. Analyzing changes in regions and recognizing the patterns of those changes (for example, the Caribbean Basin's transition from a major sugarcane producer to a center for tourism).

2.3. Students know how culture and experience influence people's perceptions of places and regions. What students know and are able to do includes:

2.3.1. Analyzing why places and regions are important to human identity

2.3.2. Comparing and contrasting how and why different groups in society view places and regions differently

2.3.3. Analyzing the ways places and regions reflect cultural change (for example, old mining towns become tourist centers).

CO.3. Geography: Students understand how physical processes shape Earth's surface patterns and systems.

3.1. Students know the physical processes that shape Earth's surface patterns. What students know and are able to do includes:

3.1.1. Identifying the dynamics of the four basic components of Earth's physical systems: the atmosphere, biosphere, lithosphere, and hydrosphere

3.1.2. Explaining the interaction of Earth's physical systems (for example, the interaction of climate and ocean water as exemplified by El Nino)

3.1.3. Explaining the variation in the effects of physical processes across Earth's surface (for example, the effects of wind variations in shaping landforms).

3.2. Students know the characteristics and distributions of physical systems of land, air, water, plants, and animals. What students know and are able to do includes:

3.2.1. Explaining the factors that affect the distribution and characteristics of ecosystems

3.2.2. Explaining the importance of ecosystems in understanding the environment

3.2.3. Analyzing the diversity and productivity of ecosystems.

CO.4. Geography: Students understand how economic, political, cultural, and social processes interact to shape patterns of human populations, interdependence, cooperation, and conflict.

4.1. Students know the characteristics, location, distribution, and migration of human populations. What students know and are able to do includes:

4.1.1. Evaluating trends and effects of world population numbers and patterns

4.1.2. Analyzing the physical and cultural impact of human migration.

4.2. Students know the nature and spatial distribution of cultural patterns. What students know and are able to do includes:

4.2.1. Analyzing how cultures shape the character of a region

4.2.2. Describing the processes of cultural diffusion

4.2.3. Describing the effect of technology on the development and change of cultures.

4.3. Students know the patterns and networks of economic interdependence. What students know and are able to do includes:

4.3.1. Comparing and contrasting the characteristics and distribution of economic systems

4.3.2. Explaining how places of various size function as centers of economic activity

4.3.3. Analyzing factors influencing economic interdependence of countries, including world trade

4.3.4. Analyzing connections among local, regional, and world economies (for example, transportation routes, movement patterns, and market areas)

4.3.5. Analyzing how and why levels of economic development vary among places.

4.4. Students know the processes, patterns, and functions of human settlement. What students know and are able to do includes:

4.4.1. Analyzing the size, arrangement, structure, and function of urban areas

4.4.2. Comparing and contrasting the differing characteristics of settlement in developing and developed countries

4.4.3. Examining how and why large cities grow together.

4.5. Students know how cooperation and conflict among people influence the division and control of Earth's surface. What students know and are able to do includes:

4.5.1. Analyzing why and how cooperation and conflict are involved in shaping the distribution of social, political, and economic spaces on Earth at different scales (local, national, and international)

4.5.2. Analyzing how differing points of view and self-interests play a role in conflict over territory and resources.

CO.5. Geography: Students understand the effects of interactions between human and physical systems and the changes in meaning, use, distribution, and importance of resources.

5.1. Students know how human actions modify the physical environment. What students know and are able to do includes:

5.1.1. Analyzing ways the humans depend upon, adapt to, and affect the physical environment

5.1.2. Evaluating ways in which technology has expanded human capacity to modify the physical environment

5.1.3. Explaining the possible global effects of human modification of the physical environment.

5.2. Students know how physical systems affect human systems. What students know and are able to do includes:

5.2.1. Comparing and contrasting how changes in the physical environment can increase or diminish its capacity to support human activity

5.2.2. Identifying and evaluating alternative strategies to respond to constraints placed on human systems by the physical environment (for example, the use of irrigation in arid environments)

5.2.3. Analyzing how humans perceive and react to natural hazards.

5.3. Students know the changes that occur in the meaning, use, location, distribution, and importance of resources. What students know and are able to do includes:

5.3.1. Analyzing how the changing distribution of resources affects the patterns of settlement

5.3.2. Evaluating policies and programs for resource use and management

5.3.3. Analyzing the effects of economic activity in modifying and transforming resources.

CO.6. Geography: Students apply knowledge of people, places, and environments to understand the past and present and to plan for the future.

6.1. Students know how to apply geography to understand the past. What students know and are able to do includes:

6.1.1. Analyzing how changing perceptions of places and environments affect the behavior of people

6.1.2. Analyzing the fundamental role that places and environments have played in history (for example, the Russian winter played an important part in the defeat of Napoleon's army).

6.2. Students know how to apply geography to understand the present and plan for the future. What students know and are able to do includes:

6.2.1. Evaluating a contemporary issue using geography knowledge, skills, and perspectives

6.2.2. Comparing and contrasting how different viewpoints influence the development of policies designed to use and manage Earth's resources.

CO.1. History: Students understand the chronological organization of history and know how to organize events and people into major eras to identify and explain historical relationships.

1.1. Students know the general chronological order of events and people in history. What students know and are able to do includes:

1.1.1. Identifying events and people that characterize each of the major eras in United States and world history.

1.2. Students use chronology to organize historical events and people. What students know and are able to do includes:

1.2.1. Reconstructing the time structure and identifying connections found in historical narratives

1.2.2. Using timelines to organize large quantities of historical information, compare different time periods and places, and answer historical questions

1.2.3. Describing how history can be organized, using various criteria (for example, thematically, chronologically, geographically) to group people and events.

1.3. Students use chronology to examine and explain historical relationships. What students know and are able to do includes:

1.3.1. Distinguishing between cause-and-effect relationships and events that happen or occur concurrently or sequentially

1.3.2. Analyzing and explaining cause-and-effect relationships using historical information that is organized chronologically

1.3.3. Using both chronological order and the duration of events to detect and analyze patterns of historical continuity and change.

CO.2. History: Students know how to use the processes and resources of historical inquiry.

2.1. Students know how to formulate questions and hypotheses regarding what happened in the past and to obtain and analyze historical data to answer questions and test hypotheses. What students know and are able to do includes:

2.1.1. Formulating historical hypotheses from multiple, historically objective perspectives, using multiple sources

2.1.2. Gathering, analyzing, and reconciling historical information, including contradictory data, from primary and secondary sources to support or reject hypotheses.

2.2. Students know how to interpret and evaluate primary and secondary sources of historical information. What students know and are able to do includes:

2.2.1. Explaining how historical descriptions, arguments, and judgments can reflect the bias of the author and/or the prevailing ideas of the culture and time period

2.2.2. Interpreting oral traditions and legends as 'histories'

2.2.3. Evaluating data within the social, political, and economic context in which it was created, testing its credibility, and evaluating its bias

2.2.4. Comparing and contrasting the reliability of information received from multiple sources.

2.3. Students apply knowledge of the past to analyze present-day issues and events from multiple, historically objective perspectives. What students know and are able to do includes:

2.3.1. Identifying historical contexts of contemporary issues

2.3.2. Identifying how print and electronic media can affect perspectives regarding historical events

2.3.3. Using historical information to interpret and evaluate decisions or policies regarding contemporary issues.

CO.3. History: Students understand that societies are diverse and have changed over time.

3.1. Students know how various societies were affected by contacts and exchanges among diverse peoples. What students know and are able to do includes:

3.1.1. Describing the interactions and contributions of the various peoples and cultures that have lived in or migrated, immigrated, or were brought to the area that is now the United States, including African, Asian, European, Latino, and Native American

3.1.2. Describing and explaining the circumstances under which past and current societies have interacted and changed, resulting in cultural diffusion (for example, trade, war, exploration, imperialism, social disruptions, improvements in communication, and transportation)

3.1.3. Explaining the reasons for major periods of immigration to the United States and describing how different segments of U.S. society reacted and changed

3.1.4. Describing the demographic changes resulting from major migrations in history (for example, migration of Chinese south; Islamic nomads into Northern India; Germanic migrations into the Roman Empire; Bantu migrations south; Amer-Indian migrations into Central America; trans-Pacific migration).

3.2. Students understand the history of social organization in various societies. What students know and are able to do includes:

3.2.1. Explaining how societies are maintained when individuals see benefits and fulfill obligations of membership

3.2.2. Analyzing how forces of tradition and change have influenced, altered, and maintained social roles and the social organization of societies throughout history

3.2.3. Explaining how, throughout history, social organization has been related to distributions of privilege and power

3.2.4. Describing how societies have become increasingly complex in responding to the fundamental issues of social organization.

CO.4. History: Students understand how science, technology, and economic activity have developed, changed, and affected societies throughout history.

4.1. Students understand the impact of scientific and technological developments on individuals and societies. What students know and are able to do includes:

4.1.1. Analyzing the major technological turning points in history (for example, agricultural revolution, revolutions in transportation, industrial revolution)

4.1.2. Explaining how the scientific revolution affected how people lived in and viewed the world

4.1.3. Describing and explaining the social and economic changes that resulted from industrialization

4.1.4. Analyzing the impact of rapid developments in areas such as transportation, technology, and telecommunications on individuals and the world today.

4.2. Students understand how economic factors have influenced historical events. What students know and are able to do includes:

4.2.1. Describing how systems of exchange and other economic developments influenced the growth and history of civilizations

4.2.2. Explaining how economic changes led to the growth of towns, cities, and eventually, the modern nation-state

4.2.3. Analyzing the relationship between economic factors and social and political policies throughout United States history

4.2.4. Explaining how the rise and expansion of trade have connected and affected the history of regions of the world

4.2.5. Describing modern historical developments in economic interdependence (for example, the emergence of the Pacific Rim, NAFTA, the European Union), and their impact on individuals and societies.

4.3. Students understand the historical development and know the characteristics of various economic systems. What students know and are able to do includes:

4.3.1. Explaining the historical development of the economic system of the United States

4.3.2. Analyzing the history of the relationship between economics systems and the role of governments throughout history

4.3.3. Describing characteristics of specific economic systems and how these systems have existed in different ways at different times throughout history (for example, manorialism, mercantilism, capitalism, socialism, communism)

4.3.4. Tracing the historical factors that lead to the transition from local and regional economies to a globally interdependent economy.

CO.5. History: Students understand political institutions and theories that have developed and changed over time.

5.1. Students understand how democratic ideas and institutions in the United States have developed, changed, and/or been maintained. What students know and are able to do includes:

5.1.1. Identifying and explaining the role of the ideas expressed in the documents that influenced the development of constitutional democracy (for example, Magna Carta, English Bill of Rights, Mayflower Compact)

5.1.2. Analyzing how the ideas set forth in the Declaration of Independence, Constitution and Bill of Rights, Federalist Papers, and landmark Supreme Court cases affect and operate in the contemporary United States

5.1.3. Identifying and analyzing how historical events have affected the organization of the political system of the United States (for example, the American Revolution, the Civil War, the Mexican War, the Populist and Progressive Movements)

5.1.4. Analyzing how the United States' political system has dealt with various constitutional crises (for example, the Civil War, Alien-Sedition Acts, assassinations, Watergate).

5.2. Students know how various systems of government have developed and functioned throughout history. What students know and are able to do includes:

5.2.1. Comparing and contrasting the characteristics and effects of the various political systems that developed throughout history (for example, republics, representative and direct democracy , feudalism, centralized monarchy, absolutism, principalities, imperial dynasties, tribal kingdoms)

5.2.2. Comparing and contrasting the political traditions of Western Hemisphere nations

5.2.3. Describing the characteristics and ideas of various modern political systems, and giving examples of nations that have used them (for example, democracy, fascism, and communism)

5.2.4. Explaining why nation-states developed throughout the world and became the dominant form of contemporary political organization.

5.3. Students know how political power has been acquired, maintained, used, and/or lost throughout history. What students know and are able to do includes:

5.3.1. Explaining how military conquest and invasion have been used to assume, maintain, and extend political power throughout history

5.3.2. Analyzing the impact of major revolutions on the realignment of political power throughout the modern world

5.3.3. Analyzing how genocide has been used to acquire or maintain political power

5.3.4. Describing how the development, expansion, and collapse of empires throughout history has affected the extension of political power

5.3.5. Describing and analyzing the major events in the expansion of the political power of the United States (for example, the American Revolution, the Louisiana Purchase, the Mexican War)

5.3.6. Analyzing the causes and events of major wars of the contemporary era and the resulting changes in the distribution of political power (for example, World War I, World War II, War in Vietnam, the Russian Invasion of Afghanistan)

5.3.7. Giving examples of former colonies and dependent states throughout the world that have gained independence in the 20th century, and explaining how they have addressed the political issues related to independence.

5.4. Students know the history of relationships among different political powers and the development of international relations. What students know and are able to do includes:

5.4.1. Describing the characteristics of relationships among political entities in the past (for example, monarchies, empires, principalities, city-states, federations)

5.4.2. Explaining how the growth of nationalism affected the relationships among political powers

5.4.3. Describing the eras of United States diplomacy from the Revolution through the modern period (for example, the Monroe Doctrine, the domino theory, detente)

5.4.4. Explaining how the foreign policy of the United States and other nations continues to develop and change

5.4.5. Analyzing the development of and issues associated with worldwide movements and organizations such as the League of Nations, the United Nations, and Amnesty International.

CO.6. History: Students know that religious and philosophical ideas have been powerful forces throughout history.

6.1. Students know the historical development of religions and philosophies. What students know and are able to do includes:

6.1.1. Describing basic tenets of world religions that have acted as major forces throughout history including, but not limited to, Buddhism, Christianity, Hinduism, Islam, and Judaism

6.1.2. Tracing the history of how principal world religions and belief systems developed and spread

6.1.3. Explaining how, throughout history, conflicts among peoples have arisen because of different ways of knowing and believing

6.1.4. Describing basic ideas of various schools of philosophy that have affected societies throughout history (for example, rationalism, idealism, liberalism, conservatism).

6.2. Students know how societies have been affected by religions and philosophies. What students know and are able to do includes:

6.2.1. Giving examples of how religion and philosophical beliefs have influenced various aspects of society throughout history

6.2.2. Explaining how, throughout history, the power of the state has been both derived from religious authority and/or in conflict with religious authority

6.2.3. Explaining how the focus on individualism and reason expressed in Western philosophy has affected the history of Western culture, including the history of the United States

6.2.4. Explaining how the beliefs expressed in Eastern philosophy and religion have affected the history of Eastern cultures.

6.3. Students know how various forms of expression reflect religious beliefs and philosophical ideas. What students know and are able to do includes:

6.3.1. Explaining from an historical context why artistic and literary expression have often resulted in controversy

6.3.2. Giving examples of the visual arts, dance, music, theater, and architecture of the major periods of history and explaining what they indicate about the values and beliefs of various societies.