Pennsylvania State Standards for Social Studies: Grade 8

PA.5.1.9. Civics and Government: Principles and Documents of Government: Pennsylvania's public schools shall teach, challenge and support every student to realize his or her maximum potential and to acquire the knowledge and skills needed to:

5.1.9.A. Identify and explain the major arguments advanced for the necessity of government. 42
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 5.1.9.A.

5.1.9.B. Describe historical examples of the importance of the rule of law. (Sources, Purposes, Functions) 67
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 5.1.9.B.

5.1.9.C. Analyze the principles and ideals that shape government. (Constitutional government, Liberal democracy, Classical republicanism, Federalism) 112
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 5.1.9.C.

5.1.9.D. Interpret significant changes in the basic documents shaping the government of Pennsylvania. (The Great Law of 1682, Constitution of 1776, Constitution of 1790, Constitution of 1838, Constitution of 1874, Constitution of 1968) 37
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 5.1.9.D.

5.1.9.E. Analyze the basic documents shaping the government of the United States. (Magna Carta, English Bill of Rights, Mayflower Compact, Articles of Confederation, Declaration of Independence, Federalist papers, Anti-federalist writings, United States Constitution) 27
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 5.1.9.E.

5.1.9.F. Contrast the individual rights created by the Pennsylvania Constitution and those created by the Constitution of the United States. 21
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 5.1.9.F.

5.1.9.G. Describe the procedures for proper uses, display and respect for the United States Flag as per the National Flag Code. 1
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 5.1.9.G.

5.1.9.H. Explain and interpret the roles of framers of basic documents of government from a national and Pennsylvania perspective. 14
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 5.1.9.H.

5.1.9.I. Explain the essential characteristics of limited and unlimited governments and explain the advantages and disadvantages of systems of government. (Confederal, Federal, Unitary) 15
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 5.1.9.I.

5.1.9.J. Explain how law protects individual rights and the common good. 40
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 5.1.9.J.

5.1.9.K. Explain why symbols and holidays were created and the ideals they commemorate. 6
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 5.1.9.K.

5.1.9.L. Interpret Pennsylvania and United States court decisions that have impacted the principles and ideals of government. 67
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 5.1.9.L.

5.1.9.M. Interpret the impact of famous speeches and writings on civic life (e.g., The Gospel of Wealth, Declaration of Sentiments). 6
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 5.1.9.M.

PA.5.2.9. Civics and Government: Rights and Responsibilities of Citizenship: Pennsylvania's public schools shall teach, challenge and support every student to realize his or her maximum potential and to acquire the knowledge and skills needed to:

5.2.9.A. Contrast the essential rights and responsibilities of citizens in systems of government. (Autocracy, Democracy, Oligarchy, Republic) 19
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 5.2.9.A.

5.2.9.B. Analyze citizens' rights and responsibilities in local, state and national government. 23
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 5.2.9.B.

5.2.9.C. Analyze skills used to resolve conflicts in society and government. 14
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 5.2.9.C.

5.2.9.D. Analyze political leadership and public service in a republican form of government. 36
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 5.2.9.D.

5.2.9.E. Explain the importance of the political process to competent and responsible participation in civic life. 18
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 5.2.9.E.

5.2.9.F. Analyze the consequences of violating laws of Pennsylvania compared to those of the United States. 35
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 5.2.9.F.

5.2.9.G. Analyze political and civic participation in government and society. 69
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 5.2.9.G.

PA.5.3.9. Civics and Government: How Government Works: Pennsylvania's public schools shall teach, challenge and support every student to realize his or her maximum potential and to acquire the knowledge and skills needed to:

5.3.9.A. Explain the structure, organization and operation of the local, state, and national governments including domestic and national policy-making. 30
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 5.3.9.A.

5.3.9.B. Compare the responsibilities and powers of the three branches within the national government. 64
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 5.3.9.B.

5.3.9.C. Explain how a bill becomes a law on a federal, state, and local level. 33
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 5.3.9.C.

5.3.9.D. Explain how independent government agencies create, amend and enforce regulatory policies. (Local (e.g., Zoning Board); State (e.g., Pennsylvania Public Utility Commission); National (e.g., Federal Communications Commission)) 29
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 5.3.9.D.

5.3.9.E. Explain how citizens participate in choosing their leaders through political parties, campaigns and elections. 31
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 5.3.9.E.

5.3.9.F. Explain the election process. (Voter registration, Primary Elections, Caucuses, Political party conventions, General Elections, Electoral College) 31
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 5.3.9.F.

5.3.9.G. Explain how the government protects individual rights. (Equal protection, Habeas Corpus, Right Against Self Incrimination, Double Jeopardy, Right of Appeal, Due Process) 23
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 5.3.9.G.

5.3.9.H. Analyze how interest groups provide opportunities for citizens to participate in the political process. 2
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 5.3.9.H.

5.3.9.I. Analyze how and why government raises money to pay for its operation and services. 10
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 5.3.9.I.

5.3.9.J. Analyze the importance of freedom of the press. 10
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 5.3.9.J.

5.3.9.K. Identify and explain systems of government. (Autocracy, Democracy, Oligarchy, Republic) 61
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 5.3.9.K.

PA.5.4.9. Civics and Government: How International Relationships Function: Pennsylvania's public schools shall teach, challenge and support every student to realize his or her maximum potential and to acquire the knowledge and skills needed to:

5.4.9.A. Explain how the United States is affected by policies of nation-states, governmental and non-governmental organizations. 4
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 5.4.9.A.

5.4.9.B. Explain the role of the United States in world affairs. 39
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 5.4.9.B.

5.4.9.C. Explain the effects United States political ideas have had on other nations. 54
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 5.4.9.C.

5.4.9.D. Contrast how the three branches of federal government function in foreign policy. 100
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 5.4.9.D.

5.4.9.E. Explain the development and the role of the United Nations and other international organizations, both governmental and non-governmental. 19
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 5.4.9.E.

PA.6.1.9. Economics: Economic Systems: Pennsylvania's public schools shall teach, challenge and support every student to realize his or her maximum potential and to acquire the knowledge and skills needed to:

6.1.9.A. Analyze the similarities and differences in economic systems. 6
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 6.1.9.A.

6.1.9.B. Explain how traditional, command and market economies answer the basic economic questions. 12
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 6.1.9.B.

6.1.9.C. Explain how economic indicators reflect changes in the economy. (Consumer Price Index (CPI); Gross Domestic Product (GDP); Unemployment rate) 11
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 6.1.9.C.

6.1.9.D. Describe historical examples of expansion, recession and depression in the United States. 9
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 6.1.9.D.

PA.6.2.9. Economics: Markets and the Functions of Governments: Pennsylvania's public schools shall teach, challenge and support every student to realize his or her maximum potential and to acquire the knowledge and skills needed to:

6.2.9.A. Explain the flow of goods, services and resources in a mixed economy. 80
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 6.2.9.A.

6.2.9.B. Analyze how the number of consumers and producers affects the level of competition within a market. 10
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 6.2.9.B.

6.2.9.C. Explain the structure and purpose of the Federal Reserve System. 9
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 6.2.9.C.

6.2.9.D. Analyze the functions of economic institutions (e.g., corporations, not-for-profit institutions). 61
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 6.2.9.D.

6.2.9.E. Explain the laws of supply and demand and how these affect the prices of goods and services. 4
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 6.2.9.E.

6.2.9.F. Analyze how competition among producers and consumers affects price, costs, product quality, service, product design, variety and advertising. 7
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 6.2.9.F.

6.2.9.G. Contrast the largest sources of tax revenue with where most tax revenue is spent in Pennsylvania. 12
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 6.2.9.G.

6.2.9.H. Analyze the economic roles of governments in market economies. (Economic growth and stability, Legal frameworks, Other economic goals (e.g., environmental protection, competition)) 67
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 6.2.9.H.

6.2.9.I. Explain how government provides public goods. 6
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 6.2.9.I.

6.2.9.J. Contrast the taxation policies of the local, state and national governments in the economy. 12
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 6.2.9.J.

6.2.9.K. Interpret how media reports can influence perceptions of the costs and benefits of decisions. 3
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 6.2.9.K.

6.2.9.L. Explain how the price of one currency is related to the price of another currency (e.g., Japanese yen in American dollar, Canadian dollar in Mexican nuevo peso). 5
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 6.2.9.L.

PA.6.3.9. Economics: Scarcity and Choice: Pennsylvania's public schools shall teach, challenge and support every student to realize his or her maximum potential and to acquire the knowledge and skills needed to:

6.3.9.A. Describe ways to deal with scarcity. (Community, Pennsylvania, United States) 78
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 6.3.9.A.

6.3.9.B. Analyze how unlimited wants and limited resources affect decision- making. 4
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 6.3.9.B.

6.3.9.C. Explain how resources can be used in different ways to produce different goods and services. 78
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 6.3.9.C.

6.3.9.D. Explain marginal analysis and decision-making. 28
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 6.3.9.D.

6.3.9.E. Explain the opportunity cost of a public choice from different perspectives. 6
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 6.3.9.E.

6.3.9.F. Explain how incentives affect the behaviors of workers, savers, consumers and producers. 33
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 6.3.9.F.

PA.6.4.9. Economics: Economic Interdependence: Pennsylvania's public schools shall teach, challenge and support every student to realize his or her maximum potential and to acquire the knowledge and skills needed to:

6.4.9.A. Explain why specialization may lead to increased production and consumption. 152
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 6.4.9.A.

6.4.9.B. Explain how trade may improve a society's standard of living. 27
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 6.4.9.B.

6.4.9.C. Explain why governments sometimes restrict or subsidize trade. 20
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 6.4.9.C.

6.4.9.D. Explain how the location of resources, transportation and communication networks and technology have affected United States economic patterns. (Labor markets (e.g., migrant workers); Interstate highway system and sea and inland ports (e.g., movement of goods); Communication technologies (e.g., facsimile transmission, satellite-based communications)) 27
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 6.4.9.D.

6.4.9.E. Analyze how Pennsylvania consumers and producers participate in the global production and consumption of goods or services. 19
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 6.4.9.E.

6.4.9.F. Explain how opportunity cost can be used to determine the product for which a nation has a comparative advantage. 7
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 6.4.9.F.

6.4.9.G. Describe geographic patterns of economic activities in the United States. (Primary - extractive industries (i.e., farming, fishing, forestry, mining); Secondary - materials processing industries (i.e., manufacturing); Tertiary - service industries (e.g., retailing, wholesaling, finance, real estate, travel and tourism, transportation) 21
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 6.4.9.G.

PA.6.5.9. Economics: Work and Earnings: Pennsylvania's public schools shall teach, challenge and support every student to realize his or her maximum potential and to acquire the knowledge and skills needed to:

6.5.9.A. Define wages and explain how wages are determined by the supply of and demand for workers. 29
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 6.5.9.A.

6.5.9.B. Describe how productivity is measured and identify ways in which a person can improve his or her productivity. 29
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 6.5.9.B.

6.5.9.C. Identify and explain the characteristics of the three types of businesses. (Sole proprietorship, Partnership, Corporation) 49
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 6.5.9.C.

6.5.9.D. Analyze how risks influence business decision-making. 7
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 6.5.9.D.

6.5.9.E. Define wealth and describe its distribution within and among the political divisions of the United States. 18
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 6.5.9.E.

6.5.9.F. Identify leading entrepreneurs in Pennsylvania and the United States and describe the risks they took and the rewards they received. 26
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 6.5.9.F.

6.5.9.G. Explain the differences among stocks, bonds and mutual funds. 9
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 6.5.9.G.

6.5.9.H. Explain the impact of higher or lower interest rates for savers, borrowers, consumers and producers. 8
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 6.5.9.H.

PA.7.1.9. Geography: Basic Geographic Literacy: Pennsylvania's public schools shall teach, challenge and support every student to realize his or her maximum potential and to acquire the knowledge and skills needed to:

7.1.9.A. Explain geographic tools and their uses. 47
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 7.1.9.A.

7.1.9.A.1. Development and use of geographic tools: Geographic information systems [GIS]; Population pyramids; Cartograms; Satellite-produced images; Climate graphs; Access to computer-based geographic data (e.g., Internet, CD-ROMs). 47
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 7.1.9.A.1.

7.1.9.A.2. Construction of maps: Projections; Scale; Symbol systems; Level of generalization; Types and sources of data. 25
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 7.1.9.A.2.

7.1.9.A.3. Geographic representations to track spatial patterns: Weather; Migration; Environmental change (e.g., tropical forest reduction, sea-level changes). 30
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 7.1.9.A.3.

7.1.9.A.4. Mental maps to organize and understand the human and physical features of the United States. 30
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 7.1.9.A.4.

7.1.9.B. Explain and locate places and regions.

7.1.9.B.1. How regions are created to interpret Earth's complexity (i.e., the differences among formal regions, functional regions, perceptual regions). 5
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 7.1.9.B.1.

7.1.9.B.2. How characteristics contribute to regional changes (e.g., economic development, accessibility, demographic change). 180
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 7.1.9.B.2.

7.1.9.B.3. How culture and experience influence perceptions of places and regions. 48
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 7.1.9.B.3.

7.1.9.B.4. How structures and alliances impact regions. (Development (e.g., First vs. Third World, North vs. South);, Trade (e.g., NAFTA, the European Union); International treaties (e.g., NATO, OAS)). 50
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 7.1.9.B.4.

7.1.9.B.5. How regions are connected (e.g., watersheds and river systems, patterns of world trade, cultural ties, migration). 51
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 7.1.9.B.5.

PA.7.2.9. Geography: The Physical Characteristics of Places and Regions: Pennsylvania's public schools shall teach, challenge and support every student to realize his or her maximum potential and to acquire the knowledge and skills needed to:

7.2.9.A. Explain the physical characteristics of places and regions including spatial patterns of Earth's physical systems: Climate regions; Landform regions. 14
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 7.2.9.A.

7.2.9.B. Explain the dynamics of the fundamental processes that underlie the operation of Earth's physical systems: Wind systems; Water cycle; Erosion/deposition cycle; Plate tectonics; Ocean currents; Natural hazards. 57
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 7.2.9.B.

PA.7.3.9. Geography: The Human Characteristics of Places and Regions: Pennsylvania's public schools shall teach, challenge and support every student to realize his or her maximum potential and to acquire the knowledge and skills needed to:

7.3.9.A. Explain the human characteristics of places and regions by their population characteristics. 112
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 7.3.9.A.

7.3.9.A.1. Spatial distribution, size, density and demographic characteristics of population at the state and National level. 108
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 7.3.9.A.1.

7.3.9.A.2. Demographic structure of a population (e.g., life expectancy, fertility rate, mortality rate, infant mortality rate, population growth rate, the demographic transition model). 3
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 7.3.9.A.2.

7.3.9.A.3. Effects of different types and patterns of human movement: Mobility (e.g., travel for business); Migration (e.g., rural to urban, short term vs. long term, critical distance). 20
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 7.3.9.A.3.

7.3.9.B. Explain the human characteristics of places and regions by their cultural characteristics.

7.3.9.B.1. Ethnicity of people at national levels (e.g., customs, celebrations, languages, religions). 190
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 7.3.9.B.1.

7.3.9.B.2. Culture distribution (e.g., ethnic enclaves and neighborhoods). 167
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 7.3.9.B.2.

7.3.9.B.3. Cultural diffusion (e.g., acculturation and assimilation, cultural revivals of language). 167
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 7.3.9.B.3.

7.3.9.C. Explain the human characteristics of places and regions by their settlement characteristics.

7.3.9.C.1. Current and past settlement patterns in Pennsylvania and the United States. 2
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 7.3.9.C.1.

7.3.9.C.2. Forces that have re-shaped modern settlement patterns (e.g., central city decline, suburbanization, the development of transport systems). 40
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 7.3.9.C.2.

7.3.9.C.3. Internal structure of cities (e.g., manufacturing zones, inner and outer suburbs, the location of infrastructure). 17
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 7.3.9.C.3.

7.3.9.D. Explain the human characteristics of places and regions by their economic activities.

7.3.9.D.1. Spatial distribution of economic activities in Pennsylvania and the United States (e.g., patterns of agriculture, forestry, mining, retailing, manufacturing, services). 2
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 7.3.9.D.1.

7.3.9.D.2. Factors that shape spatial patterns of economic activity both Nationally and internationally (e.g., comparative advantage in location of economic activities; changes in resource trade; disruption of trade flows). 10
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 7.3.9.D.2.

7.3.9.D.3. Technological changes that affect the definitions of, access to, and use of natural resources (e.g., the role of exploration, extraction, use and depletion of resources). 35
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 7.3.9.D.3.

PA.7.4.9. Geography: The Interactions Between People and Places: Pennsylvania's public schools shall teach, challenge and support every student to realize his or her maximum potential and to acquire the knowledge and skills needed to:

7.4.9.A. Explain the impacts of physical systems on people. 10
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 7.4.9.A.

7.4.9.A.1. How people depend on, adjust to and modify physical systems on a National scale (e.g., soil conservation programs, projects of The Corps of Engineers). 80
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 7.4.9.A.1.

7.4.9.A.2. Ways in which people in hazard-prone areas adjust their ways of life (e.g., building design in earthquake areas, dry-farming techniques in drought-prone areas). 25
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 7.4.9.A.2.

7.4.9.B. Explain the impacts of people on physical systems.

7.4.9.B.1. Forces by which people modify the physical environment (e.g., increasing population; new agricultural techniques; industrial processes and pollution). 77
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 7.4.9.B.1.

7.4.9.B.2. Spatial effects of activities in one region on another region (e.g., scrubbers on power plants to clean air, transportation systems such as Trans-Siberian Railroad, potential effects of fallout from nuclear power plant accidents). 81
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 7.4.9.B.2.

PA.8.1.9. History: Historical Analysis and Skills Development: Pennsylvania's public schools shall teach, challenge and support every student to realize his or her maximum potential and to acquire the knowledge and skills needed to analyze cultural, economic, geographic, political and social relations to:

8.1.9.A. Analyze chronological thinking: Difference between past, present and future; Sequential order of historical narrative; Data presented in time lines; Continuity and change; Context for events. 25
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 8.1.9.A.

8.1.9.B. Analyze and interpret historical sources: Literal meaning of historical passages; Data in historical and contemporary maps, graphs, and tables; Different historical perspectives; Data from maps, graphs and tables; Visual data presented in historical evidence. 11
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 8.1.9.B.

8.1.9.C. Analyze the fundamentals of historical interpretation: Fact versus opinion; Reasons/causes for multiple points of view; Illustrations in historical documents and stories; Causes and results; Author or source used to develop historical narratives; Central issue. 30
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 8.1.9.C.

8.1.9.D. Analyze and interpret historical research: Historical event (time and place); Facts, folklore and fiction; Historical questions; Primary sources; Secondary sources; Conclusions (e.g., History Day projects, mock trials, speeches); Credibility of evidence. 33
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 8.1.9.D.

PA.8.2.9. History: Pennsylvania History: Pennsylvania's public schools shall teach, challenge and support every student to realize his or her maximum potential and to acquire the knowledge and skills needed to analyze cultural, economic, geographic, political and social relations to:

8.2.9.A. Analyze the political and cultural contributions of individuals and groups to Pennsylvania history from 1787 to 1914. 2
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 8.2.9.A.

8.2.9.A.1. Political Leaders (e.g., James Buchanan, Thaddeus Stevens, Andrew Curtin). 8
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 8.2.9.A.1.

8.2.9.A.2. Military Leaders (e.g., George Meade, George McClellan, John Hartranft). 2
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 8.2.9.A.2.

8.2.9.A.3. Cultural and Commercial Leaders (e.g., John J. Audubon, Rebecca Webb Lukens, Stephen Foster). 2
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 8.2.9.A.3.

8.2.9.A.4. Innovators and Reformers (e.g., George Westinghouse, Edwin Drake, Lucretia Mott). 2
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 8.2.9.A.4.

8.2.9.B. Identify and analyze primary documents, material artifacts and historic sites important in Pennsylvania history from 1787 to 1914.

8.2.9.B.1. Documents, Writings and Oral Traditions (e.g., Pennsylvania Constitutions of 1838 and 1874, The Gettysburg Address, The Pittsburgh Survey). 4
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 8.2.9.B.1.

8.2.9.B.2. Artifacts, Architecture and Historic Places (e.g., Gettysburg, Eckley Miners' Village, Drake's Well). 2
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 8.2.9.B.2.

8.2.9.C. Identify and analyze how continuity and change have influenced Pennsylvania history from the 1787 to 1914.

8.2.9.C.1. Belief Systems and Religions (e.g., Ephrata Cloister, Harmonists, Amish, immigrant influences). 2
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 8.2.9.C.1.

8.2.9.C.2. Commerce and Industry (e.g., mining coal, producing iron, harvesting timber). 2
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 8.2.9.C.2.

8.2.9.C.3. Innovations (e.g., John Roebling's steel cable, steel-tipped plow, improved techniques for making iron, steel and glass). 2
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 8.2.9.C.3.

8.2.9.C.4. Politics (e.g., Fugitive Slave Act reaction, canal system legislation, The Free School Act of 1834). 2
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 8.2.9.C.4.

8.2.9.C.5. Settlement Patterns (e.g., farms and growth of urban centers). 2
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 8.2.9.C.5.

8.2.9.C.6. Social Organization (e.g., the Philadelphia Centennial Exposition of 1876, prohibition of racial discrimination in schools). 2
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 8.2.9.C.6.

8.2.9.C.7. Transportation (e.g., canals, National Road, Thompson's Horseshoe Curve). 2
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 8.2.9.C.7.

8.2.9.C.8. Women's Movement (e.g., work of the Equal Rights League of Pennsylvania). 2
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 8.2.9.C.8.

8.2.9.D. Identify and analyze conflict and cooperation among social groups and organizations in Pennsylvania history from 1787 to 1914.

8.2.9.D.1. Domestic Instability (e.g., impact of war, 1889 Johnstown Flood). 2
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 8.2.9.D.1.

8.2.9.D.2. Ethnic and Racial Relations (e.g., Christiana riots, disenfranchisement and restoration of suffrage for African-Americans, Carlisle Indian School). 2
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 8.2.9.D.2.

8.2.9.D.3. Labor Relations (e.g., National Trade Union, the Molly Maguires, Homestead steel strike). 2
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 8.2.9.D.3.

8.2.9.D.4. Immigration (e.g., Anti-Irish Riot of 1844, new waves of immigrants). 2
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 8.2.9.D.4.

8.2.9.D.5. Military Conflicts (e.g., Battle of Lake Erie, the Mexican War, the Civil War). 2
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 8.2.9.D.5.

PA.8.3.9. History: United States History: Pennsylvania's public schools shall teach, challenge and support every student to realize his or her maximum potential and to acquire the knowledge and skills needed to analyze cultural, economic, geographic, political and social relations to:

8.3.9.A. Identify and analyze the political and cultural contributions of individuals and groups to United States history from 1787 to 1914.

8.3.9.A.1. Political Leaders (e.g., Daniel Webster, Abraham Lincoln, Andrew Johnson). 10
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 8.3.9.A.1.

8.3.9.A.2. Military Leaders (e.g., Andrew Jackson, Robert E. Lee, Ulysses S. Grant). 15
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 8.3.9.A.2.

8.3.9.A.3. Cultural and Commercial Leaders (e.g., Jane Addams, Jacob Riis, Booker T. Washington). 27
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 8.3.9.A.3.

8.3.9.A.4. Innovators and Reformers (e.g., Alexander G. Bell, Frances E. Willard, Frederick Douglass). 5
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 8.3.9.A.4.

8.3.9.B. Identify and analyze primary documents, material artifacts and historic sites important in United States history from 1787 to 1914.

8.3.9.B.1. Documents (e.g., Fugitive Slave Law, Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, Emancipation Proclamation). 32
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 8.3.9.B.1.

8.3.9.B.2. 19th Century Writings and Communications (e.g., Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin, Brown's 'Washed by Blood,' Key's 'Star Spangled Banner'). 21
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 8.3.9.B.2.

8.3.9.B.3. Historic Places (e.g., The Alamo, Underground Railroad sites, Erie Canal). 9
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 8.3.9.B.3.

8.3.9.C. Analyze how continuity and change has influenced United States history from 1787 to 1914.

8.3.9.C.1. Belief Systems and Religions (e.g., 19th century trends and movements). 68
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 8.3.9.C.1.

8.3.9.C.2. Commerce and Industry (e.g., growth of manufacturing industries, economic nationalism). 23
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 8.3.9.C.2.

8.3.9.C.3. Innovations (e.g., Brooklyn Bridge, refrigerated shipping, telephone). 6
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 8.3.9.C.3.

8.3.9.C.4. Politics (e.g., election of 1860, impeachment of Andrew Johnson, Jim Crow laws). 7
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 8.3.9.C.4.

8.3.9.C.5. Settlement Patterns and Expansion (e.g., Manifest Destiny, successive waves of immigrants, purchase of Alaska and Hawaii). 15
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 8.3.9.C.5.

8.3.9.C.6. Social Organization (e.g., social class differences, women's rights and antislavery movement, education reforms). 14
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 8.3.9.C.6.

8.3.9.C.7. Transportation and Trade (e.g., Pony Express, telegraph, Transcontinental Railroad). 10
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 8.3.9.C.7.

8.3.9.C.8. Women's Movement (e.g., roles in the Civil War, medical college for women, Seneca Falls Conference). 7
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 8.3.9.C.8.

8.3.9.D. Identify and analyze conflict and cooperation among social groups and organizations in United States history from 1787 to 1914.

8.3.9.D.1. Domestic Instability (e.g., wartime confiscation of private property, abolitionist movement, Reconstruction). 35
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 8.3.9.D.1.

8.3.9.D.2. Ethnic and Racial Relations (e.g., Cherokee Trail of Tears, slavery and the Underground Railroad, draft riots). 29
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 8.3.9.D.2.

8.3.9.D.3. Labor Relations (e.g., female and child labor, trade unionism, strike breakers). 11
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 8.3.9.D.3.

8.3.9.D.4. Immigration and Migration (e.g., Manifest Destiny, eastern and southern European immigration, Chinese Exclusion Act). 9
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 8.3.9.D.4.

8.3.9.D.5. Military Conflicts (e.g., Native American opposition to expansion and settlement, Civil War, Spanish-American War). 68
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 8.3.9.D.5.

PA.8.4.9. History: World History: Pennsylvania's public schools shall teach, challenge and support every student to realize his or her maximum potential and to acquire the knowledge and skills needed to analyze cultural, economic, geographic, political and social relations to:

8.4.9.A. Analyze the significance of individuals and groups who made major political and cultural contributions to world history before 1500.

8.4.9.A.1. Political and Military Leaders (e.g., King Ashoka, Montezuma I, Ghenghis Khan, William the Conqueror). 4
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 8.4.9.A.1.

8.4.9.A.2. Cultural and Commercial Leaders (e.g., Mansa Musa, Yak Pac, Cheng Ho, Marco Polo). 8
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 8.4.9.A.2.

8.4.9.A.3. Innovators and Reformers (e.g., Erastostenes, Tupac Inka Yupenqui, Johannes Gutenberg). 44
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 8.4.9.A.3.

8.4.9.B. Analyze historical documents, material artifacts and historic sites important to world history before 1500.

8.4.9.B.1. Documents, Writings and Oral Traditions (e.g., Rosetta Stone, Aztec glyph writing, Dead Sea Scrolls, Magna Carta). 40
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 8.4.9.B.1.

8.4.9.B.2. Artifacts, Architecture and Historic Places (e.g., Ethiopian rock churches, Mayan pyramids, Nok terra cotta figures, megaliths at Stonehenge). 40
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 8.4.9.B.2.

8.4.9.B.3. Historic districts (e.g., Memphis and its Necropolis, Sanctuary of Machu Picchu, Old City of Jerusalem and its Walls, Centre of Rome and the Holy See). 40
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 8.4.9.B.3.

8.4.9.C. Analyze how continuity and change throughout history has impacted belief systems and religions, commerce and industry, innovations, settlement patterns, social organization, transportation and roles of women before 1500: Africa; Americas; Asia; Europe. 40
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 8.4.9.C.

8.4.9.D. Analyze how conflict and cooperation among social groups and organizations impacted world history through 1500 in Africa, Americas, Asia and Europe: Domestic Instability; Ethnic and Racial Relations; Labor Relations; Immigration and Migration; Military Conflicts. 40
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 8.4.9.D.