Pennsylvania State Standards for Social Studies: Grade 4

PA.5.1.6. Civics and Government: Principles and Documents of Government: Pennsylvania's public schools shall teach, challenge and support every student to realize his or her maximum potential and to acquire the knowledge and skills needed to:

5.1.6.A. Explain the purpose of government. 9
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 5.1.6.A.

5.1.6.B. Explain the importance of the rule of law for the protection of individual rights and the common good in the community, state, nation and world. 5
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 5.1.6.B.

5.1.6.C. Describe the principles and ideals shaping government. (Equality, Majority rule/Minority rights, Popular sovereignty, Privacy, Checks and balances, Separation of powers) 5
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 5.1.6.C.

5.1.6.D. Explain the basic principles and ideals within documents of Pennsylvania government. (Charter of 1681, Charter of Privileges, Pennsylvania Constitution, Pennsylvania Declaration of Rights) 1
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 5.1.6.D.

5.1.6.E. Explain the basic principles and ideals within documents of United States government. 12
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 5.1.6.E.

5.1.6.F. Explain the meaning of the Preamble to the Constitution of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania and compare it to the Preamble of the Constitution of the United States. 4
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 5.1.6.F.

5.1.6.G. Describe the proper use, display and respect for the United States Flag and explain the significance of patriotic activities. (Reciting The Pledge of Allegiance, Standing for The National Anthem) 6
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 5.1.6.G.

5.1.6.H. Describe the roles played by the framers of the basic documents of governments of Pennsylvania and the United States. 14
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 5.1.6.H.

5.1.6.I. Describe and compare the making of rules by direct democracy and by a republican form of government. 5
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 5.1.6.I.

5.1.6.J. Describe how the government protects individual and property rights and promotes the common good. 10
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 5.1.6.J.

5.1.6.K. Describe the purpose of symbols and holidays. 19
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 5.1.6.K.

5.1.6.L. Explain the role of courts in resolving conflicts involving the principles and ideals of government. (Local, State, Federal) 5
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 5.1.6.L.

5.1.6.M. Explain the basic principles and ideals found in famous speeches and writings (e.g., 'Governments, like clocks, go from the motion people give them,' William Penn; 'A date that will live in infamy,' Franklin D. Roosevelt). 11
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 5.1.6.M.

PA.5.2.6. Civics and Government: Rights and Responsibilities of Citizenship: Pennsylvania's public schools shall teach, challenge and support every student to realize his or her maximum potential and to acquire the knowledge and skills needed to:

5.2.6.A. Compare rights and responsibilities of citizenship. (Political rights, Economic rights, Personal responsibilities of the individual and to society, Civic responsibilities of the individual and to society, Traits of character of individuals and to a republican form of government) 9
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 5.2.6.A.

5.2.6.B. Explain the relationship between rights and responsibilities. 7
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 5.2.6.B.

5.2.6.C. Explain ways citizens resolve conflicts in society and government. 6
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 5.2.6.C.

5.2.6.D. Describe the importance of political leadership and public service. 4
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 5.2.6.D.

5.2.6.E. Identify examples of the rights and responsibilities of citizenship. 7
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 5.2.6.E.

5.2.6.F. Describe the impact of the consequences of violating rules and laws in a civil society. 7
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 5.2.6.F.

5.2.6.G. Explain the importance of participating in government and civic life. 2
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 5.2.6.G.

PA.5.3.6. Civics and Government: How Government Works: Pennsylvania's public schools shall teach, challenge and support every student to realize his or her maximum potential and to acquire the knowledge and skills needed to:

5.3.6.A. Compare the structure, organization and operation of local, state and national governments. 12
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 5.3.6.A.

5.3.6.B. Describe the responsibilities and powers of the three branches of government. 9
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 5.3.6.B.

5.3.6.C. Explain how government actions affect citizens' daily lives. 16
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 5.3.6.C.

5.3.6.D. Describe how local, state and national governments implement their services. 9
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 5.3.6.D.

5.3.6.E. Identify major leaders of local, state and national governments, their primary duties and their political party affiliation. 5
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 5.3.6.E.

5.3.6.F. Describe the voting process. (Pennsylvania; United States) 6
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 5.3.6.F.

5.3.6.G. Describe how the government protects individual rights. (Presumption of Innocence, Right to Counsel, Trial by Jury, Bill of Rights) 6
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 5.3.6.G.

5.3.6.I. Describe why and how government raises money to pay for its operations and services. 3
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 5.3.6.I.

5.3.6.J. Describe the influence of media in reporting issues. 1
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 5.3.6.J.

5.3.6.K. Describe forms of government. (Limited, Unlimited) 17
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 5.3.6.K.

PA.5.4.6. Civics and Government: How International Relationships Function: Pennsylvania's public schools shall teach, challenge and support every student to realize his or her maximum potential and to acquire the knowledge and skills needed to:

5.4.6.A. Explain the concept of nation-states. 10
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 5.4.6.A.

5.4.6.B. Describe how nation-states coexist in the world community. 6
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 5.4.6.B.

5.4.6.C. Describe the governments of the countries bordering the United States and their relationships with the United States. 6
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 5.4.6.C.

5.4.6.D. Describe the processes that resulted in a treaty or agreement between the United States and another nation-state. 3
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 5.4.6.D.

5.4.6.E. Explain how nations work together on common environmental problems, natural disasters and trade. 28
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 5.4.6.E.

PA.6.1.6. Economics: Economic Systems: Pennsylvania's public schools shall teach, challenge and support every student to realize his or her maximum potential and to acquire the knowledge and skills needed to:

6.1.6.A. Describe and identify the characteristics of traditional, command and market systems. 4
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 6.1.6.A.

6.1.6.B. Explain the three basic questions that all economic systems attempt to answer. (What goods and services should be produced?; How will goods and services be produced?; Who will consume goods and services?) 9
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 6.1.6.B.

6.1.6.C. Define measures of economic activity and relate them to the health of the economy. (Prices, Employment, Output) 5
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 6.1.6.C.

6.1.6.D. Explain the importance of expansion and contraction on individual businesses (e.g., gourmet food shops, auto repair shops, ski resorts). 11
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 6.1.6.D.

PA.6.2.6. Economics: Markets and the Functions of Governments: Pennsylvania's public schools shall teach, challenge and support every student to realize his or her maximum potential and to acquire the knowledge and skills needed to:

6.2.6.A. Describe market transactions in terms of goods, services, consumers and producers. 6
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 6.2.6.A.

6.2.6.B. Describe the costs and benefits of competition to consumers in markets. 1
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 6.2.6.B.

6.2.6.C. Explain the function of money and its use in society. 8
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 6.2.6.C.

6.2.6.D. Define economic institutions (e.g., banks, labor unions). 2
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 6.2.6.D.

6.2.6.E. Explain how the interaction of buyers and sellers determines prices and quantities exchanged. 1
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 6.2.6.E.

6.2.6.F. Describe how prices influence both buyers and sellers and explain why prices may vary for similar products. 1
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 6.2.6.F.

6.2.6.G. Explain how taxes affect the price of goods and services. 3
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 6.2.6.G.

6.2.6.H. Describe the Pennsylvania and United States governments' roles in monitoring economic activities. 5
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 6.2.6.H.

6.2.6.I. Identify and describe public goods. 2
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 6.2.6.I.

6.2.6.J. Explain the cost and benefits of taxation. 3
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 6.2.6.J.

6.2.6.K. Explain how advertisements influence perceptions of the costs and benefits of economic decisions. 2
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 6.2.6.K.

6.2.6.L. Explain what an exchange rate is. 3
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 6.2.6.L.

PA.6.3.6. Economics: Scarcity and Choice: Pennsylvania's public schools shall teach, challenge and support every student to realize his or her maximum potential and to acquire the knowledge and skills needed to:

6.3.6.A. Explain how scarcity influences choices and behaviors. (Personal decision-making, Family decision-making, Community decision-making) 3
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 6.3.6.A.

6.3.6.B. Explain how limited resources and unlimited wants cause scarcity. 2
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 6.3.6.B.

6.3.6.C. Describe the natural, human and capital resources used to produce a specific good or service. 15
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 6.3.6.C.

6.3.6.D. Explain the costs and benefits of an economic decision. 3
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 6.3.6.D.

6.3.6.E. Define opportunity cost and describe the opportunity cost of a personal choice. 12
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 6.3.6.E.

6.3.6.F. Explain how negative and positive incentives affect choices. 12
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 6.3.6.F.

PA.6.4.6. Economics: Economic Interdependence: Pennsylvania's public schools shall teach, challenge and support every student to realize his or her maximum potential and to acquire the knowledge and skills needed to:

6.4.6.A. Explain the advantages and disadvantages of specialization and division of labor. 5
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 6.4.6.A.

6.4.6.B. Explain how specialization leads to more trade between people and nations. 2
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 6.4.6.B.

6.4.6.C. Identify and define imports, exports, inter-regional trade and international trade. 4
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 6.4.6.C.

6.4.6.D. Explain how the location of resources, transportation and communication networks and technology have affected Pennsylvania economic patterns. (Agriculture (e.g., farms); Forestry (e.g., logging); Mining and mineral extraction (e.g., coal fields); Manufacturing (e.g., steel mills); Wholesale and retail (e.g., super stores, internet)) 4
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 6.4.6.D.

6.4.6.E. Explain how specialization and trade lead to interdependence. 2
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 6.4.6.E.

6.4.6.F. Explain how opportunity costs influence where goods and services are produced locally and regionally. 4
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 6.4.6.F.

6.4.6.G. Describe geographic patterns of economic activities in Pennsylvania. (Agriculture, Travel and tourism, Mining and mineral extraction, Manufacturing, Wholesale and retail, Health services) 1
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 6.4.6.G.

PA.6.5.6. Economics: Work and Earnings: Pennsylvania's public schools shall teach, challenge and support every student to realize his or her maximum potential and to acquire the knowledge and skills needed to:

6.5.6.A. Recognize that the availability of goods and services is the result of work by members of the society. 10
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 6.5.6.A.

6.5.6.B. Explain the concept of labor productivity. 9
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 6.5.6.B.

6.5.6.C. Compare the number of employees at different businesses. 6
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 6.5.6.C.

6.5.6.D. Explain how profits and losses serve as incentives. 3
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 6.5.6.D.

6.5.6.E. Describe how people accumulate tangible and financial assets through income, saving and financial investment. 5
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 6.5.6.E.

6.5.6.F. Identify entrepreneurs in Pennsylvania. (Historical, Contemporary) 4
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 6.5.6.F.

6.5.6.G. Identify the costs and benefits of saving. (Piggy banks, Savings accounts, U.S. Savings Bonds) 3
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 6.5.6.G.

6.5.6.H. Describe why there is a difference between interest rates for saving and borrowing. 3
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 6.5.6.H.

PA.7.1.6. Geography: Basic Geographic Literacy: Pennsylvania's public schools shall teach, challenge and support every student to realize his or her maximum potential and to acquire the knowledge and skills needed to:

7.1.6.A. Describe geographic tools and their uses. 17
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 7.1.6.A.

7.1.6.A.1. Basis on which maps, graphs and diagrams are created: Aerial and other photographs; Reference works; Field observations; Surveys. 16
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 7.1.6.A.1.

7.1.6.A.2. Geographic representations to display spatial information: Absolute location; Relative location; Flows (e.g., goods, people, traffic); Topography; Historic events. 18
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 7.1.6.A.2.

7.1.6.A.3. Mental maps to organize an understanding of the human and physical features of Pennsylvania and the home county. 3
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 7.1.6.A.3.

7.1.6.A.4. Basic spatial elements for depicting the patterns of physical and human features: Point, line, area, location, distance, scale; Map grids; Alpha-numeric system; Cardinal and intermediate directions. 16
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 7.1.6.A.4.

7.1.6.B. Describe and locate places and regions. 18
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 7.1.6.B.

7.1.6.B.1. Coordinate systems (e.g., latitude and longitude, time zones). 14
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 7.1.6.B.1.

7.1.6.B.2. Physical features: In the United States (e.g., Great Lakes, Rocky Mountains, Great Plains); In Pennsylvania (e.g., Coastal Plain, Piedmont, Appalachians). 4
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 7.1.6.B.2.

7.1.6.B.3. Human features: Countries (e.g., United Kingdom, Argentina, Egypt); Provinces (e.g., Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia); Major human regions (e.g., Mid Atlantic, New England, Southwest); States (e.g., California, Massachusetts, Florida); Major cities (e.g., London, Los Angeles, Tokyo); Counties (e.g., Lancaster, Lackawanna, Jefferson); Townships (e.g., Dickinson, Lower Mifflin, Southampton). 107
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 7.1.6.B.3.

7.1.6.B.4. Ways in which different people view places and regions (e.g., places to visit or to avoid). 11
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 7.1.6.B.4.

7.1.6.B.5. Community connections to other places: Dependence and interdependence; Access and movement. 42
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 7.1.6.B.5.

PA.7.2.6. Geography: The Physical Characteristics of Places and Regions: Pennsylvania's public schools shall teach, challenge and support every student to realize his or her maximum potential and to acquire the knowledge and skills needed to:

7.2.6.A. Describe the physical characteristics of places and regions. 95
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 7.2.6.A.

7.2.6.A.1. Components of Earth's physical systems (e.g., clouds, storms, relief and elevation [topography], tides, biomes, tectonic plates). 29
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 7.2.6.A.1.

7.2.6.A.2. Comparison of the physical characteristics of different places and regions (e.g., soil, vegetation, climate, topography). 8
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 7.2.6.A.2.

7.2.6.A.3. Climate types (e.g., marine west coast, humid continental, tropical wet and dry). 45
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 7.2.6.A.3.

7.2.6.B. Describe the physical processes that shape patterns on Earth's surface. 31
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 7.2.6.B.

7.2.6.B.1. Earth-sun relationships (i.e., differences between equinoxes and solstices, reasons they occur and their relationship to latitude). 2
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 7.2.6.B.1.

7.2.6.B.2. Climate influences (e.g., elevation, latitude, nearby ocean currents). 46
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 7.2.6.B.2.

7.2.6.B.3. Climate change, (e.g., global warming/cooling, desertification, glaciations). 5
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 7.2.6.B.3.

7.2.6.B.4. Plate tectonics and Hydrologic cycle. 13
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 7.2.6.B.4.

PA.7.3.6. Geography: The Human Characteristics of Places and Regions: Pennsylvania's public schools shall teach, challenge and support every student to realize his or her maximum potential and to acquire the knowledge and skills needed to:

7.3.6.A. Describe the human characteristics of places and regions by their population characteristics. 5
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 7.3.6.A.

7.3.6.A.1. Spatial distribution, size, density and demographic characteristics of population at the county and state level. 11
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 7.3.6.A.1.

7.3.6.A.2. Causes of human movement: Mobility (e.g., shopping, commuting, recreation); Migration models (e.g., push/pull factors, barriers to migration). 2
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 7.3.6.A.2.

7.3.6.B. Describe the human characteristics of places and regions by their cultural characteristics. 59
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 7.3.6.B.

7.3.6.B.1. Ethnicity of people at the county and state levels (e.g., customs, celebrations, languages, religions). 1
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 7.3.6.B.1.

7.3.6.B.2. Spatial arrangement of cultures creates distinctive landscapes (e.g., cultural regions based on languages, customs, religion, building styles as in the Pennsylvania German region). 1
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 7.3.6.B.2.

7.3.6.C. Describe the human characteristics of places and regions by their settlement characteristics. 6
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 7.3.6.C.

7.3.6.C.1. Current and past settlement patterns in the local area. 1
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 7.3.6.C.1.

7.3.6.C.2. Factors that affect the growth and decline of settlements (e.g., immigration, transportation development, depletion of natural resources, site and situation). 1
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 7.3.6.C.2.

7.3.6.D. Describe the human characteristics of places and regions by their economic activities. 11
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 7.3.6.D.

7.3.6.D.1. Spatial distribution of economic activities in the local area (e.g., patterns of agriculture, forestry, mining, retailing, manufacturing, services). 1
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 7.3.6.D.1.

7.3.6.D.2. Factors that influence the location and spatial distribution of economic activities (e.g., market size for different types of business, accessibility, modes of transportation used to move people, goods and materials). 6
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 7.3.6.D.2.

7.3.6.D.3. Spatial distribution of resources and their relationship to population distribution: Historical settlement patterns and natural resource use (e.g., waterpower sites along the Fall Line); Natural resource-based industries (e.g., agriculture, mining, fishing, forestry). 10
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 7.3.6.D.3.

7.3.6.E. Describe the human characteristics of places and regions by their political activities. 7
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 7.3.6.E.

7.3.6.E.1. Spatial pattern of political units in Pennsylvania. 1
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 7.3.6.E.1.

7.3.6.E.2. Functions of political units (e.g., counties, municipalities, townships, school districts, PA General Assembly districts (House and Senate), U.S. Congressional districts, states). 10
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 7.3.6.E.2.

PA.7.4.6. Geography: The Interactions Between People and Places: Pennsylvania's public schools shall teach, challenge and support every student to realize his or her maximum potential and to acquire the knowledge and skills needed to:

7.4.6.A. Describe the impacts of physical systems on people.

7.4.6.A.1. How people depend on, adjust to and modify physical systems on a regional scale (e.g., coastal industries, development of coastal communities, flood control). 38
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 7.4.6.A.1.

7.4.6.A.2. Ways in which people adjust to life in hazard-prone areas (e.g., California and earthquakes, Florida and hurricanes, Oklahoma and tornadoes). 24
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 7.4.6.A.2.

7.4.6.B. Describe the impacts of people on physical systems.

7.4.6.B.1. Changing spatial patterns on Earth's surface that result from human activities (e.g., lake desiccation as in the Aral Sea, construction of dikes, dams and storm surge barriers in the Netherlands, designation of state parks and forests throughout Pennsylvania). 42
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 7.4.6.B.1.

7.4.6.B.2. Ways humans adjust their impact on the habitat (e.g., Endangered Species Act, replacement of wetlands, logging and replanting trees). 41
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 7.4.6.B.2.

PA.8.1.6. History: Historical Analysis and Skills Development: Pennsylvania's public schools shall teach, challenge and support every student to realize his or her maximum potential and to acquire the knowledge and skills needed to analyze cultural, economic, geographic, political and social relations to:

8.1.6.A. Understand chronological thinking and distinguish between past, present and future time: Calendar time; Time lines; People and events in time; Patterns of continuity and change; Sequential order; Context for events. 18
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 8.1.6.A.

8.1.6.B. Explain and analyze historical sources: Literal meaning of a historical passage; Data in historical and contemporary maps, graphs and tables; Author or historical source; Multiple historical perspectives; Visual evidence; Mathematical data from graphs and tables. 19
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 8.1.6.B.

8.1.6.C. Explain the fundamentals of historical interpretation: Difference between fact and opinion; Multiple points of view; Illustrations in historical stories; Causes and results; Author or source of historical narratives. 25
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 8.1.6.C.

8.1.6.D. Describe and explain historical research: Historical events (time and place); Facts, folklore and fiction; Historical questions; Primary sources; Secondary sources; Conclusions (e.g., simulations, group projects, skits and plays). 36
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 8.1.6.D.

PA.8.2.6. History: Pennsylvania History: Pennsylvania's public schools shall teach, challenge and support every student to realize his or her maximum potential and to acquire the knowledge and skills needed to analyze cultural, economic, geographic, political and social relations to:

8.2.6.A. Identify and explain the political and cultural contributions of individuals and groups to Pennsylvania history from Beginnings to 1824. 1
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 8.2.6.A.

8.2.6.A.1. Inhabitants (e.g., Native Americans, Europeans, Africans). 7
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 8.2.6.A.1.

8.2.6.A.2. Military Leaders (e.g., Anthony Wayne, Oliver H. Perry, John Muhlenberg). 1
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 8.2.6.A.2.

8.2.6.A.3. Political Leaders (e.g., William Penn, Hannah Penn, Benjamin Franklin). 3
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 8.2.6.A.3.

8.2.6.A.4. Cultural and Commercial Leaders (e.g., Robert Morris, John Bartram, Albert Gallatin). 1
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 8.2.6.A.4.

8.2.6.A.5. Innovators and Reformers (e.g., Society of Friends, Richard Allen, Sybilla Masters). 1
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 8.2.6.A.5.

8.2.6.B. Identify and explain primary documents, material artifacts and historic sites important in Pennsylvania history from Beginnings to 1824. 1
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 8.2.6.B.

8.2.6.B.1. Documents, Writings and Oral Traditions (e.g., Charter of Privileges, The Gradual Abolition of Slavery Act of 1780, Letters from a Pennsylvania Farmer). 3
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 8.2.6.B.1.

8.2.6.B.2. Artifacts, Architecture and Historic Places (e.g., Conestoga Wagon, Pennsylvania rifle, Brig Niagara). 5
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 8.2.6.B.2.

8.2.6.C. Identify and explain how continuity and change have influenced Pennsylvania history from the Beginnings to 1824. 1
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 8.2.6.C.

8.2.6.C.1. Belief Systems and Religions (e.g., Native Americans, Quakers). 9
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 8.2.6.C.1.

8.2.6.C.2. Commerce and Industry (e.g., iron production, sailing, fur trade). 1
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 8.2.6.C.2.

8.2.6.C.3. Innovations (e.g., steam boat, Conestoga Wagon). 6
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 8.2.6.C.3.

8.2.6.C.4. Politics (e.g., The Mason-Dixon Line, Pennsylvania's acquisition and detachment of the lower three counties, movements of State capital). 1
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 8.2.6.C.4.

8.2.6.C.5. Settlement Patterns (e.g., native settlements, Westward expansion, development of towns). 11
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 8.2.6.C.5.

8.2.6.C.6. Social Organization (e.g., trade and development of cash economy, African Methodist Episcopal Church founded, schools in the colony). 1
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 8.2.6.C.6.

8.2.6.C.7. Transportation (e.g., trade routes, turnpikes, post roads). 23
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 8.2.6.C.7.

8.2.6.C.8. Women's Movement (e.g., voting qualifications, role models). 6
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 8.2.6.C.8.

8.2.6.D. Identify and explain conflict and cooperation among social groups and organizations in Pennsylvania history from Beginnings to 1824. 2
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 8.2.6.D.

8.2.6.D.1. Domestic Instability (e.g., religious diversity, toleration and conflicts, incursion of the Iroquois). 1
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 8.2.6.D.1.

8.2.6.D.2. Ethnic and Racial Relations (e.g., Penn's Treaties with Indians, the Underground Railroad, the abolition of slavery). 2
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 8.2.6.D.2.

8.2.6.D.3. Labor Relations (e.g., indentured servants, working conditions). 2
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 8.2.6.D.3.

8.2.6.D.4. Immigration (e.g., Germans, Irish). 2
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 8.2.6.D.4.

8.2.6.D.5. Military Conflicts (e.g., Dutch, Swedish and English struggle for control of land, Wyoming Massacre, The Whiskey Rebellion). 4
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 8.2.6.D.5.

PA.8.3.6. History: United States History: Pennsylvania's public schools shall teach, challenge and support every student to realize his or her maximum potential and to acquire the knowledge and skills needed to analyze cultural, economic, geographic, political and social relations to:

8.3.6.A. Identify and explain the political and cultural contributions of individuals and groups to United States history from Beginnings to 1824.

8.3.6.A.1. Native Americans, Africans and Europeans. 4
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 8.3.6.A.1.

8.3.6.A.2. Political Leaders (e.g., John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, John Marshall). 2
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 8.3.6.A.2.

8.3.6.A.3. Military Leaders (e.g. George Washington, Meriwether Lewis, Henry Knox). 11
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 8.3.6.A.3.

8.3.6.A.4. Cultural and Commercial Leaders (e.g., Paul Revere, Phyllis Wheatley, John Rolfe). 12
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 8.3.6.A.4.

8.3.6.A.5. Innovators and Reformers (e.g., Ann Hutchinson, Roger Williams, Junipero Serra). 1
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 8.3.6.A.5.

8.3.6.B. Identify and explain primary documents, material artifacts and historic sites important in United States history from Beginnings to 1824.

8.3.6.B.1. Documents (e.g., Mayflower Compact, Northwest Ordinance, Washington's Farewell Address). 3
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 8.3.6.B.1.

8.3.6.B.2. 18th Century Writings and Communications (e.g., Paine's Common Sense; Franklin's 'Join, or DIE,' Henry's 'Give me liberty or give me death'). 8
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 8.3.6.B.2.

8.3.6.B.3. Historic Places (e.g., Cahokia Mounds, Spanish Missions, Jamestown). 4
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 8.3.6.B.3.

8.3.6.C. Explain how continuity and change has influenced United States history from Beginnings to 1824.

8.3.6.C.1. Belief Systems and Religions (e.g., impact on daily life, government established religions, communal sects). 1
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 8.3.6.C.1.

8.3.6.C.2. Commerce and Industry (e.g., fur trade, development of cash crops). 3
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 8.3.6.C.2.

8.3.6.C.3. Innovations (e.g., cotton gin, Whitney; wooden clock, Banneker; stove, Franklin). 3
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 8.3.6.C.3.

8.3.6.C.4. Politics (e.g., Hamilton's defense of John Peter Zenger, The Great Compromise, Marbury v. Madison). 8
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 8.3.6.C.4.

8.3.6.C.5. Settlement Patterns (e.g., frontier settlements, slave plantation society, growth of cities). 8
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 8.3.6.C.5.

8.3.6.C.6. Social Organization (e.g., community structure on the frontier, cultural and language barriers). 10
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 8.3.6.C.6.

8.3.6.C.7. Transportation and Trade (e.g., methods of overland travel, water transportation, National Road). 6
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 8.3.6.C.7.

8.3.6.C.8. Women's Movement (e.g., roles and changing status of women, Margaret Brent's vote, soldier Deborah Sampson). 4
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 8.3.6.C.8.

8.3.6.D. Identify and explain conflict and cooperation among social groups and organizations in United States history from Beginnings to 1824.

8.3.6.D.1. Domestic Instability (e.g., Salem Witch Trials, Shays Rebellion, religious persecution). 2
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 8.3.6.D.1.

8.3.6.D.2. Ethnic and Racial Relations (e.g., cooperation between and among Native Americans and European settlers, slave uprisings, 'Colored' troops in the Revolution). 8
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 8.3.6.D.2.

8.3.6.D.3. Labor Relations (e.g., early union efforts, 10-hour day, women's role). 9
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 8.3.6.D.3.

8.3.6.D.4. Immigration and Migration (e.g., western settlements, Louisiana Purchase, European immigration). 3
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 8.3.6.D.4.

8.3.6.D.5. Military Conflicts (e.g., French and Indian War, American Revolutionary War, War of 1812). 18
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 8.3.6.D.5.

PA.8.4.6. History: World History: Pennsylvania's public schools shall teach, challenge and support every student to realize his or her maximum potential and to acquire the knowledge and skills needed to analyze cultural, economic, geographic, political and social relations to:

8.4.6.A. Identify and explain how individuals and groups made significant political and cultural contributions to world history.

8.4.6.A.1. Africa (e.g., Nelson Mandela, Desmond Tutu, F. W. de Klerk, Pieter Botha, African National Congress). 3
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 8.4.6.A.1.

8.4.6.A.2. Americas (e.g., Pizarro, Atahualpa, Aztecs, Incas, Montezuma, Cortez). 13
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 8.4.6.A.2.

8.4.6.A.3. Asia (e.g., Tokugawa Ieyasu, Toyotomi clan, shogun Iemitsu, Commodore Perry, daimyo). 6
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 8.4.6.A.3.

8.4.6.A.4. Europe (e.g., Pope Leo X, John Calvin, John Wesley, Martin Luther, Ignatius of Loyola). 4
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 8.4.6.A.4.

8.4.6.B. Identify and explain important documents, material artifacts and historic sites in world history.

8.4.6.B.1. Africa (e.g., Prohibition of Marriages Act, prison on Robben Island). 7
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 8.4.6.B.1.

8.4.6.B.2. Americas (e.g., Tenochtitlan, Aztec masks). 5
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 8.4.6.B.2.

8.4.6.B.3. Asia (e.g., samurai sword, Commodore Perry's Black Ships). 3
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 8.4.6.B.3.

8.4.6.B.4. Europe (e.g., Luther's Ninety-Five Theses, Wittenberg Castle Church). 1
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 8.4.6.B.4.

8.4.6.C. Identify and explain how continuity and change has affected belief systems, commerce and industry, innovations, settlement patterns, social organizations, transportation and women's roles in world history.

8.4.6.C.1. Africa (e.g., Apartheid). 7
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 8.4.6.C.1.

8.4.6.C.2. Americas (e.g., European conquest). 29
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 8.4.6.C.2.

8.4.6.C.3. Asia (e.g., Japanese society prior to the Meiji Restoration). 3
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 8.4.6.C.3.

8.4.6.C.4. Europe (e.g., Impact of the Great Schism and Reformation). 1
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 8.4.6.C.4.

8.4.6.D. Explain how conflict and cooperation among social groups and organizations affected world history.

8.4.6.D.1. Africa (e.g., imperialism). 7
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 8.4.6.D.1.

8.4.6.D.2. Americas (e.g., European diseases). 6
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 8.4.6.D.2.

8.4.6.D.3. Asia (e.g., trade routes). 3
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 8.4.6.D.3.

8.4.6.D.4. Europe (e.g., Counter reformation). 5
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Social Studies State Standard 8.4.6.D.4.