Pennsylvania State Standards for Science: Grade 8

PA.3.1.10. Science and Technology: Unifying Themes: Pennsylvania's public schools shall teach, challenge and support every student to realize his or her maximum potential and to acquire the knowledge and skills needed to:

3.1.10.A. Discriminate among the concepts of systems, subsystems, feedback and control in solving technological problems.

3.1.10.A.1. Identify the function of subsystems within a larger system (e.g., role of thermostat in an engine, pressure switch). 5
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 3.1.10.A.1.

3.1.10.A.2. Describe the interrelationships among inputs, processes, outputs, feedback and control in specific systems. 33
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 3.1.10.A.2.

3.1.10.A.3. Explain the concept of system redesign and apply it to improve technological systems. 33
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 3.1.10.A.3.

3.1.10.A.4. Apply the universal systems model to illustrate specific solutions and troubleshoot specific problems. 33
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 3.1.10.A.4.

3.1.10.A.5. Analyze and describe the effectiveness of systems to solve specific problems. 33
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 3.1.10.A.5.

3.1.10.B. Describe concepts of models as a way to predict and understand science and technology.

3.1.10.B.1. Distinguish between different types of models and modeling techniques and apply their appropriate use in specific applications (e.g., kinetic gas theory, DNA). 28
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 3.1.10.B.1.

3.1.10.B.2. Examine the advantages of using models to demonstrate processes and outcomes (e.g., blue print analysis, structural stability). 3
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 3.1.10.B.2.

3.1.10.B.3. Apply mathematical models to science and technology. 3
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 3.1.10.B.3.

3.1.10.C. Apply patterns as repeated processes or recurring elements in science and technology.

3.1.10.C.1. Examine and describe recurring patterns that form the basis of biological classification, chemical periodicity, geological order and astronomical order. 62
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 3.1.10.C.1.

3.1.10.C.2. Examine and describe stationary physical patterns. 11
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 3.1.10.C.2.

3.1.10.C.3. Examine and describe physical patterns in motion. 9
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 3.1.10.C.3.

3.1.10.D. Apply scale as a way of relating concepts and ideas to one another by some measure.

3.1.10.D.1. Apply dimensional analysis and scale as a ratio. 11
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 3.1.10.D.1.

3.1.10.D.2. Convert one scale to another. 2
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 3.1.10.D.2.

3.1.10.E. Describe patterns of change in nature, physical and man made systems.

3.1.10.E.1. Describe how fundamental science and technology concepts are used to solve practical problems (e.g., momentum, Newton's laws of universal gravitation, tectonics, conservation of mass and energy, cell theory, theory of evolution, atomic theory, theory of relativity, Pasteur's germ theory, relativity, heliocentric theory, gas laws, feedback systems). 10
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 3.1.10.E.1.

3.1.10.E.2. Recognize that stable systems often involve underlying dynamic changes (e.g., a chemical reaction at equilibrium has molecules reforming continuously). 10
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 3.1.10.E.2.

3.1.10.E.3. Describe the effects of error in measurements. 3
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 3.1.10.E.3.

3.1.10.E.4. Describe changes to matter caused by heat, cold, light or chemicals using a rate function. 8
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 3.1.10.E.4.

PA.3.2.10. Science and Technology: Inquiry and Design: Pennsylvania's public schools shall teach, challenge and support every student to realize his or her maximum potential and to acquire the knowledge and skills needed to:

3.2.10.A. Apply knowledge and understanding about the nature of scientific and technological knowledge.

3.2.10.A.1. Compare and contrast scientific theories and beliefs. 9
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 3.2.10.A.1.

3.2.10.A.2. Know that science uses both direct and indirect observation means to study the world and the universe. 3
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 3.2.10.A.2.

3.2.10.A.3. Integrate new information into existing theories and explain implied results. 9
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 3.2.10.A.3.

3.2.10.B. Apply process knowledge and organize scientific and technological phenomena in varied ways.

3.2.10.B.1. Describe materials using precise quantitative and qualitative skills based on observations. 10
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 3.2.10.B.1.

3.2.10.B.2. Develop appropriate scientific experiments: raising questions, formulating hypotheses, testing, controlled experiments, recognizing variables, manipulating variables, interpreting data, and producing solutions. 3
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 3.2.10.B.2.

3.2.10.B.3. Use process skills to make inferences and predictions using collected information and to communicate, using space / time relationships, defining operationally. 3
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 3.2.10.B.3.

3.2.10.C. Apply the elements of scientific inquiry to solve problems.

3.2.10.C.1. Generate questions about objects, organisms and/or events that can be answered through scientific investigations. 3
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 3.2.10.C.1.

3.2.10.C.2. Evaluate the appropriateness of questions. 3
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 3.2.10.C.2.

3.2.10.C.3. Design an investigation with adequate control and limited variables to investigate a question. 3
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 3.2.10.C.3.

3.2.10.C.4. Conduct a multiple step experiment. 3
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 3.2.10.C.4.

3.2.10.C.5. Organize experimental information using a variety of analytic methods. 3
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 3.2.10.C.5.

3.2.10.C.6. Judge the significance of experimental information in answering the question. 3
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 3.2.10.C.6.

3.2.10.C.7. Suggest additional steps that might be done experimentally. 3
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 3.2.10.C.7.

3.2.10.D. Identify and apply the technological design process to solve problems.

3.2.10.D.1. Examine the problem, rank all necessary information and all questions that must be answered. 3
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 3.2.10.D.1.

3.2.10.D.2. Propose and analyze a solution. 3
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 3.2.10.D.2.

3.2.10.D.3. Implement the solution. 3
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 3.2.10.D.3.

3.2.10.D.4. Evaluate the solution, test, redesign and improve as necessary. 3
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 3.2.10.D.4.

3.2.10.D.5. Communicate the process and evaluate and present the impacts of the solution. 3
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 3.2.10.D.5.

PA.3.3.10. Science and Technology: Biological Sciences: Pennsylvania's public schools shall teach, challenge and support every student to realize his or her maximum potential and to acquire the knowledge and skills needed to:

3.3.10.A. Explain the structural and functional similarities and differences found among living things.

3.3.10.A.1. Identify and characterize major life forms according to their placement in existing classification groups. 41
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 3.3.10.A.1.

3.3.10.A.2. Explain the relationship between structure and function at the molecular and cellular levels. 22
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 3.3.10.A.2.

3.3.10.A.3. Describe organizing schemes of classification keys. 6
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 3.3.10.A.3.

3.3.10.A.4. Identify and characterize major life forms by kingdom, phyla, class and order. 103
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 3.3.10.A.4.

3.3.10.B. Describe and explain the chemical and structural basis of living organisms.

3.3.10.B.1. Describe the relationship between the structure of organic molecules and the function they serve in living organisms. 12
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 3.3.10.B.1.

3.3.10.B.2. Identify the specialized structures and regions of the cell and the functions of each. 12
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 3.3.10.B.2.

3.3.10.B.3. Explain how cells store and use information to guide their functions. 12
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 3.3.10.B.3.

3.3.10.B.4. Explain cell functions and processes in terms of chemical reactions and energy changes. 12
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 3.3.10.B.4.

3.3.10.C. Describe how genetic information is inherited and expressed.

3.3.10.C.1. Compare and contrast the function of mitosis and meiosis. 28
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 3.3.10.C.1.

3.3.10.C.2. Describe mutations' effects on a trait's expression. 28
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 3.3.10.C.2.

3.3.10.C.3. Distinguish different reproductive patterns in living things (e.g., budding, spores, fission). 28
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 3.3.10.C.3.

3.3.10.C.4. Compare random and selective breeding practices and their results (e.g., antibiotic resistant bacteria). 120
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 3.3.10.C.4.

3.3.10.C.5. Explain the relationship among DNA, genes and chromosomes. 28
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 3.3.10.C.5.

3.3.10.C.6. Explain different types of inheritance (e.g., multiple allele, sex-influenced traits). 109
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 3.3.10.C.6.

3.3.10.C.7. Describe the role of DNA in protein synthesis as it relates to gene expression. 28
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 3.3.10.C.7.

3.3.10.D. Explain the mechanisms of the theory of evolution.

3.3.10.D.1. Analyze data from fossil records, similarities in anatomy and physiology, embryological studies and DNA studies that are relevant to the theory of evolution. 20
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 3.3.10.D.1.

3.3.10.D.2. Explain the role of mutations and gene recombination in changing a population of organisms. 20
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 3.3.10.D.2.

3.3.10.D.3. Compare modern day descendants of extinct species and propose possible scientific accounts for their present appearance. 20
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 3.3.10.D.3.

3.3.10.D.4. Describe the factors (e.g., isolation, differential reproduction) affecting gene frequency in a population over time and their consequences. 20
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 3.3.10.D.4.

3.3.10.D.5. Describe and differentiate between the roles of natural selection and genetic drift. 20
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 3.3.10.D.5.

3.3.10.D.6. Describe changes that illustrate major events in the earth's development based on a time line. 20
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 3.3.10.D.6.

3.3.10.D.7. Explain why natural selection can act only on inherited traits. 20
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 3.3.10.D.7.

3.3.10.D.8. Apply the concept of natural selection to illustrate and account for a species' survival, extinction or change over time. 20
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 3.3.10.D.8.

PA.3.4.10. Science and Technology: Physical Science, Chemistry and Physics: Pennsylvania's public schools shall teach, challenge and support every student to realize his or her maximum potential and to acquire the knowledge and skills needed to:

3.4.10.A. Explain concepts about the structure and properties of matter.

3.4.10.A.1. Know that atoms are composed of even smaller sub-atomic structures whose properties are measurable. 8
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 3.4.10.A.1.

3.4.10.A.2. Explain the repeating pattern of chemical properties by using the repeating patterns of atomic structure within the periodic table. 11
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 3.4.10.A.2.

3.4.10.A.3. Predict the behavior of gases through the use of Boyle's, Charles' or the ideal gas law, in everyday situations. 55
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 3.4.10.A.3.

3.4.10.A.4. Describe phases of matter according to the Kinetic Molecular Theory. 2
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 3.4.10.A.4.

3.4.10.A.5. Explain the formation of compounds and their resulting properties using bonding theories (ionic and covalent). 54
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 3.4.10.A.5.

3.4.10.A.6. Recognize formulas for simple inorganic compounds. 54
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 3.4.10.A.6.

3.4.10.A.7. Describe various types of chemical reactions by applying the laws of conservation of mass and energy. 54
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 3.4.10.A.7.

3.4.10.A.8. Apply knowledge of mixtures to appropriate separation techniques. 54
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 3.4.10.A.8.

3.4.10.A.9. Understand that carbon can form several types of compounds. 37
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 3.4.10.A.9.

3.4.10.B. Analyze energy sources and transfers of heat.

3.4.10.B.1. Determine the efficiency of chemical systems by applying mathematical formulas. 37
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 3.4.10.B.1.

3.4.10.B.2. Use knowledge of chemical reactions to generate an electrical current. 4
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 3.4.10.B.2.

3.4.10.B.3. Evaluate energy changes in chemical reactions. 38
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 3.4.10.B.3.

3.4.10.B.4. Use knowledge of conservation of energy and momentum to explain common phenomena (e.g., refrigeration system, rocket propulsion). 1
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 3.4.10.B.4.

3.4.10.B.5. Explain resistance, current and electro-motive force (Ohm's Law). 4
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 3.4.10.B.5.

3.4.10.C. Distinguish among the principles of force and motion.

3.4.10.C.1. Identify the relationship of electricity and magnetism as two aspects of a single electromagnetic force. 4
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 3.4.10.C.1.

3.4.10.C.2. Identify elements of simple machines in compound machines. 8
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 3.4.10.C.2.

3.4.10.C.3. Explain fluid power systems through the design and construction of appropriate models. 51
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 3.4.10.C.3.

3.4.10.C.4. Describe sound effects (e.g., Doppler effect, amplitude, frequency, reflection, refraction, absorption, sonar, seismic). 4
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 3.4.10.C.4.

3.4.10.C.5. Describe light effects (e.g., Doppler effect, dispersion, absorption, emission spectra, polarization, interference). 3
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 3.4.10.C.5.

3.4.10.C.6. Describe and measure the motion of sound, light and other objects. 3
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 3.4.10.C.6.

3.4.10.C.7. Know Newton's laws of motion (including inertia, action and reaction) and gravity and apply them to solve problems related to forces and mass. 10
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 3.4.10.C.7.

3.4.10.C.8. Determine the efficiency of mechanical systems by applying mathematical formulas. 9
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 3.4.10.C.8.

3.4.10.D. Explain essential ideas about the composition and structure of the universe.

3.4.10.D.1. Compare the basic structures of the universe (e.g., galaxy types, nova, black holes, neutron stars). 15
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 3.4.10.D.1.

3.4.10.D.2. Describe the structure and life cycle of star, using the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram. 13
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 3.4.10.D.2.

3.4.10.D.3. Describe the nuclear processes involved in energy production in a star. 13
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 3.4.10.D.3.

3.4.10.D.4. Explain the 'red-shift' and Hubble's use of it to determine stellar distance and movement. 13
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 3.4.10.D.4.

3.4.10.D.5. Compare absolute versus apparent star magnitude and their relation to stellar distance. 13
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 3.4.10.D.5.

3.4.10.D.6. Explain the impact of the Copernican and Newtonian thinking on man's view of the universe. 4
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 3.4.10.D.6.

3.4.10.D.7. Identify and analyze the findings of several space instruments in regard to the extent and composition of the solar system and universe. 15
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 3.4.10.D.7.

PA.3.5.10. Science and Technology: Earth Sciences: Pennsylvania's public schools shall teach, challenge and support every student to realize his or her maximum potential and to acquire the knowledge and skills needed to:

3.5.10.A. Relate earth features and processes that change the earth.

3.5.10.A.1. Illustrate and explain plate tectonics as the mechanism of continental movement and sea floor changes. 1
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 3.5.10.A.1.

3.5.10.A.2. Compare examples of change to the earth's surface over time as they related to continental movement and ocean basin formation (e.g., Delaware, Susquehanna, Ohio Rivers system formations, dynamics). 1
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 3.5.10.A.2.

3.5.10.A.3. Interpret topographic maps to identify and describe significant geologic history/structures in Pennsylvania. 5
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 3.5.10.A.3.

3.5.10.A.4. Evaluate and interpret geologic history using geologic maps. 3
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 3.5.10.A.4.

3.5.10.A.5. Explain several methods of dating earth materials and structures. 1
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 3.5.10.A.5.

3.5.10.A.6. Correlate rock units with general geologic time periods in the history of the earth. 4
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 3.5.10.A.6.

3.5.10.A.7. Describe and identify major types of rocks and minerals. 1
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 3.5.10.A.7.

3.5.10.B. Explain sources and uses of earth resources.

3.5.10.B.1. Compare the locations of strategic minerals and earth resources in the world with their geologic history using maps and global information systems. 4
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 3.5.10.B.1.

3.5.10.B.2. Demonstrate the effects of sedimentation and erosion before and after a conservation plan is implemented. 1
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 3.5.10.B.2.

3.5.10.B.3. Evaluate the impact of geologic activities/hazards (e.g., earthquakes, sinkholes, landslides). 12
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 3.5.10.B.3.

3.5.10.B.4. Evaluate land use (e.g., agricultural, recreational, residential, commercial) in Pennsylvania based upon soil characteristics. 3
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 3.5.10.B.4.

3.5.10.C. Interpret meteorological data.

3.5.10.C.1. Analyze information from meteorological instruments and online sources to predict weather patterns. 31
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 3.5.10.C.1.

3.5.10.C.2. Describe weather and climate patterns on global levels. 31
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 3.5.10.C.2.

3.5.10.C.3. Evaluate specific adaptations plants and animals have made that enable them to survive in different climates. 31
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 3.5.10.C.3.

3.5.10.D. Assess the value of water as a resource.

3.5.10.D.1. Compare specific sources of potable water (e.g., wells, public systems, rivers) used by people in Pennsylvania. 26
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 3.5.10.D.1.

3.5.10.D.2. Identify the components of a municipal/agricultural water supply system and a wastewater treatment system. 26
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 3.5.10.D.2.

3.5.10.D.3. Relate aquatic life to water conditions (e.g., turbidity, temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, nitrogen levels, pressure). 13
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 3.5.10.D.3.

3.5.10.D.4. Compare commercially important aquatic species in or near Pennsylvania. 17
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 3.5.10.D.4.

3.5.10.D.5. Identify economic resources found in marine areas. 17
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 3.5.10.D.5.

3.5.10.D.6. Assess the natural and man-made factors that affect the availability of clean water (e.g., rock and mineral deposits, man-made pollution). 68
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 3.5.10.D.6.

PA.3.6.10. Science and Technology: Technology Education: Pennsylvania's public schools shall teach, challenge and support every student to realize his or her maximum potential and to acquire the knowledge and skills needed to:

3.6.10.A. Apply biotechnologies that relate to propagating, growing, maintaining, adapting, treating and converting.

3.6.10.A.1. Apply knowledge of plant and animal production processes in designing an improvement to existing processes. 18
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 3.6.10.A.1.

3.6.10.A.2. Apply knowledge of biomedical technology applications in designing a solution to a simple medical problem (e.g., wheel chair design, artificial arteries). 11
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 3.6.10.A.2.

3.6.10.A.3. Apply knowledge of how biomedical technology affects waste products in designing a solution that will result in reduced waste. 11
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 3.6.10.A.3.

3.6.10.A.4. Apply ergonomic engineering factors when devising a solution to a specific problem. 3
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 3.6.10.A.4.

3.6.10.A.5. Describe various methods of biochemical conversion. 6
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 3.6.10.A.5.

3.6.10.A.6. Describe specific examples that reflect the impact that agricultural science has had on biotechnology. 8
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 3.6.10.A.6.

3.6.10.B. Apply knowledge of information technologies of encoding, transmitting, receiving, storing, retrieving and decoding.

3.6.10.B.1. Describe the proper use of graphic and electronic communication systems. 28
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 3.6.10.B.1.

3.6.10.B.2. Apply a variety of advanced mechanical and electronic drafting methods to communicate a solution to a specific problem. 3
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 3.6.10.B.2.

3.6.10.B.3. Apply and analyze advanced communication techniques to produce an image that effectively conveys a message (e.g., desktop publishing, audio and/or video production). 8
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 3.6.10.B.3.

3.6.10.B.4. Illustrate an understanding of a computer network system by modeling, constructing or assembling its components. 8
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 3.6.10.B.4.

3.6.10.C. Apply physical technologies of structural design, analysis and engineering, personnel relations, financial affairs, structural production, marketing, research and design to real world problems.

3.6.10.C.1. Describe and classify common construction by their characteristics and composition. 7
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 3.6.10.C.1.

3.6.10.C.2. Compare and contrast specific construction systems that depend on each other in order to complete a project.

3.6.10.C.3. Evaluate material failure common to specific applications.

3.6.10.C.4. Demonstrate knowledge of various construction systems by building or interpreting models.

3.6.10.C.5. Select and apply the necessary resources to successfully conduct a manufacturing enterprise. 4
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 3.6.10.C.5.

3.6.10.C.6. Apply concepts of design engineering and production engineering in the organization and application of a manufacturing activity. 2
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 3.6.10.C.6.

3.6.10.C.7. Apply the concepts of manufacturing by redesigning an enterprise to improve productivity or reduce or eliminate waste and/or pollution. 14
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 3.6.10.C.7.

3.6.10.C.8. Evaluate the interrelationship of various transportation systems in the community. 10
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 3.6.10.C.8.

3.6.10.C.9. Analyze the impacts that transportation systems have on a community. 12
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 3.6.10.C.9.

PA.3.7.10. Science and Technology: Technological Devices: Pennsylvania's public schools shall teach, challenge and support every student to realize his or her maximum potential and to acquire the knowledge and skills needed to:

3.7.10.A. Identify and safely use a variety of tools, basic machines, materials and techniques to solve problems and answer questions.

3.7.10.A.1. Select and safely apply appropriate tools, materials and processes necessary to solve complex problems. 3
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 3.7.10.A.1.

3.7.10.A.2. Apply advanced tool and equipment manipulation techniques to solve problems. 3
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 3.7.10.A.2.

3.7.10.B. Apply appropriate instruments and apparatus to examine a variety of objects and processes.

3.7.10.B.1. Describe and use appropriate instruments to gather and analyze data. 3
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 3.7.10.B.1.

3.7.10.B.2. Compare and contrast different scientific measurement systems; select the best measurement system for a specific situation. 4
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 3.7.10.B.2.

3.7.10.B.3. Explain the need to estimate measurements within error of various instruments. 1
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 3.7.10.B.3.

3.7.10.B.4. Apply accurate measurement knowledge to solve everyday problems. 1
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 3.7.10.B.4.

3.7.10.B.5. Describe and demonstrate the operation and use of advanced instrumentation in evaluating material and chemical properties (e.g., scanning electron microscope, nuclear magnetic resonance machines). 4
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 3.7.10.B.5.

3.7.10.C. Apply basic computer operations and concepts.

3.7.10.C.1. Identify solutions to basic hardware and software problems. 6
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 3.7.10.C.1.

3.7.10.C.2. Apply knowledge of advanced input devices. 6
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 3.7.10.C.2.

3.7.10.C.3. Apply knowledge of hardware setup. 6
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 3.7.10.C.3.

3.7.10.C.4. Describe the process for basic software installation and demonstrate it. 6
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 3.7.10.C.4.

3.7.10.C.5. Analyze and solve basic operating systems problems. 6
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 3.7.10.C.5.

3.7.10.C.6. Apply touch keyboarding skills and techniques at expectable speed and accuracy. 6
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 3.7.10.C.6.

3.7.10.C.7. Demonstrate the ability to perform basic software installation. 6
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 3.7.10.C.7.

3.7.10.D. Utilize computer software to solve specific problems.

3.7.10.D.1. Identify legal restrictions in the use of software and the output of data. 6
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 3.7.10.D.1.

3.7.10.D.2. Apply advanced graphic manipulation and desktop publishing techniques. 7
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 3.7.10.D.2.

3.7.10.D.3. Apply basic multimedia applications. 6
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 3.7.10.D.3.

3.7.10.D.4. Apply advanced word processing, database and spreadsheet skills. 7
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 3.7.10.D.4.

3.7.10.D.5. Describe and demonstrate how two or more software applications can be used to produce an output. 7
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 3.7.10.D.5.

3.7.10.D.6. Select and apply software designed to meet specific needs. 7
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 3.7.10.D.6.

3.7.10.E. Apply basic computer communications systems.

3.7.10.E.1. Identify and explain various types of on-line services. 11
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 3.7.10.E.1.

3.7.10.E.2. Identify and explain the function of the parts of a basic network. 6
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 3.7.10.E.2.

3.7.10.E.3. Describe and apply the components of a web page and their function. 11
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 3.7.10.E.3.

3.7.10.E.4. Explain and demonstrate file transfer within and out side of a computer network. 2
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 3.7.10.E.4.

3.7.10.E.5. Identify, describe and complete advanced on-line research. 11
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 3.7.10.E.5.

PA.3.8.10. Science and Technology: Science, Technology and Human Endeavors: Pennsylvania's public schools shall teach, challenge and support every student to realize his or her maximum potential and to acquire the knowledge and skills needed to:

3.8.10.A. Analyze the relationship between societal demands and scientific and technological enterprises.

3.8.10.A.1. Identify past and current tradeoffs between increased production, environmental harm and social values (e.g., increased energy needs, power plants, automobiles). 134
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 3.8.10.A.1.

3.8.10.A.2. Compare technologies that are applied and accepted differently in various cultures (e.g., factory farming, nuclear power). 77
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 3.8.10.A.2.

3.8.10.A.3. Describe and evaluate social change as a result of technological developments. 35
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 3.8.10.A.3.

3.8.10.A.4. Assess the social impacts of a specific international environmental problem by designing a solution that applies the appropriate technologies and resources. 35
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 3.8.10.A.4.

3.8.10.B. Analyze how human ingenuity and technological resources satisfy specific human needs and improve the quality of life.

3.8.10.B.1. Identify several problems and opportunities that exist in your community, apply various problem-solving methods to design and evaluate possible solutions. 3
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 3.8.10.B.1.

3.8.10.B.2. Analyze a recently invented item, describing the human need that prompted its invention and the current and potential social impacts of the specific invention. 2
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 3.8.10.B.2.

3.8.10.B.3. Apply knowledge of oceanography, meteorology, geology and human anatomy to explain important considerations that need to be made for construction of homes, buildings and businesses in the United States. 26
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 3.8.10.B.3.

3.8.10.B.4. Assess the impacts that agricultural science has had on meeting human needs and improving the quality of life. 18
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 3.8.10.B.4.

3.8.10.C. Evaluate possibilities consequences and impacts of scientific and technological solutions.

3.8.10.C.1. Relate scientific and technological advancements in terms of cause and effect. 61
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 3.8.10.C.1.

3.8.10.C.2. Describe and evaluate the impacts that financial considerations have had on specific scientific and technological applications. 32
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 3.8.10.C.2.

3.8.10.C.3. Compare and contrast potential solutions to technological, social, economic and environmental problems. 27
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 3.8.10.C.3.

3.8.10.C.4. Analyze the impacts on society of accepting or rejecting scientific and technological advances. 5
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 3.8.10.C.4.

PA.4.1.10. Environment and Ecology: Watersheds and Wetlands: Pennsylvania's public schools shall teach, challenge and support every student to realize his or her maximum potential and to acquire the knowledge and skills needed to:

4.1.10.A. Describe changes that occur from a stream's origin to its final outflow.

4.1.10.A.1. Identify Pennsylvania's major watersheds and their related river systems. 2
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 4.1.10.A.1.

4.1.10.A.2. Describe changes by tracing a specific river's origin back to its headwaters including its major tributaries. 12
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 4.1.10.A.2.

4.1.10.B. Explain the relationship among landforms, vegetation and the amount and speed of water.

4.1.10.B.1. Analyze a stream's physical characteristics. 5
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 4.1.10.B.1.

4.1.10.B.2. Describe how topography influences streams. 5
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 4.1.10.B.2.

4.1.10.B.3. Explain the influence of mountains on precipitation. 20
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 4.1.10.B.3.

4.1.10.B.4. Explain how vegetation affects storm water runoff. 5
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 4.1.10.B.4.

4.1.10.B.5. Delineate the boundaries of a watershed. 10
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 4.1.10.B.5.

4.1.10.B.6. Describe factors that affect the quality of groundwater. 6
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 4.1.10.B.6.

4.1.10.B.7. Explain how the speed of water and vegetation cover relates to erosion. 5
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 4.1.10.B.7.

4.1.10.C. Describe the physical characteristics of a stream and determine the types of organisms found in aquatic environments.

4.1.10.C.1. Describe and explain the physical factors that affect a stream and the organisms living there. 5
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 4.1.10.C.1.

4.1.10.C.2. Identify terrestrial and aquatic organisms that live in a watershed. 10
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 4.1.10.C.2.

4.1.10.C.3. Categorize aquatic organisms found in a watershed continuum from headwater to mouth (e.g., shredder, predator, decomposer). 10
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 4.1.10.C.3.

4.1.10.C.4. Identify the types of organisms that would live in a stream based on the stream's physical characteristics. 20
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 4.1.10.C.4.

4.1.10.C.5. Explain the habitat needs of specific aquatic organisms. 10
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 4.1.10.C.5.

4.1.10.D. Describe the multiple functions of wetlands.

4.1.10.D.1. Describe wetlands in terms of their effects (e.g., habitat, flood, buffer zones, prevention areas, nurseries, food production areas). 3
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 4.1.10.D.1.

4.1.10.D.2. Explain how a wetland influences water quality, wildlife and water retention. 3
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 4.1.10.D.2.

4.1.10.D.3. Analyze wetlands through their indicators (e.g., soils, plants, hydrology). 3
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 4.1.10.D.3.

4.1.10.E. Identify and describe natural and human events on watersheds and wetlands.

4.1.10.E.1. Describe how natural events affect a watershed (e.g., drought, floods). 30
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 4.1.10.E.1.

4.1.10.E.2. Identify the effects of humans and human events on watersheds. 7
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 4.1.10.E.2.

PA.4.2.10. Environment and Ecology: Renewable and Nonrenewable Resources: Pennsylvania's public schools shall teach, challenge and support every student to realize his or her maximum potential and to acquire the knowledge and skills needed to:

4.2.10.A. Explain that renewable and nonrenewable resources supply energy and materials.

4.2.10.A.1. Identify alternative sources of energy. 42
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 4.2.10.A.1.

4.2.10.A.2. Identify and compare fuels used in industrial and agricultural societies. 42
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 4.2.10.A.2.

4.2.10.A.3. Compare and contrast the cycles of various natural resources. 5
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 4.2.10.A.3.

4.2.10.A.4. Explain food and fiber as renewable resources. 8
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 4.2.10.A.4.

4.2.10.B. Evaluate factors affecting availability of natural resources.

4.2.10.B.1. Describe natural occurrences that may affect the natural resources. 15
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 4.2.10.B.1.

4.2.10.B.2. Analyze technologies that affect the use of our natural resources. 15
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 4.2.10.B.2.

4.2.10.B.3. Evaluate the effect of consumer desires on various natural resources. 60
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 4.2.10.B.3.

4.2.10.C. Analyze how man-made systems have impacted the management and distribution of natural resources.

4.2.10.C.1. Explain the complete cycle of a natural resource, from extraction to disposal, detailing its uses and effects on the environment. 15
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 4.2.10.C.1.

4.2.10.C.2. Analyze energy uses and energy conservation in different regions. 3
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 4.2.10.C.2.

4.2.10.C.3. Examine conservation practices in different countries. 32
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 4.2.10.C.3.

4.2.10.C.4. Analyze the costs and benefits of different man-made systems and how they use renewable and nonrenewable natural resources. 25
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 4.2.10.C.4.

4.2.10.C.5. Analyze the impact of information systems on management and distribution of natural resources. 47
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 4.2.10.C.5.

4.2.10.D. Explain different management alternatives involved in recycling and solid waste management.

4.2.10.D.1. Analyze the manufacturing process (before, during and after) with consideration for resource recovery. 50
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 4.2.10.D.1.

4.2.10.D.2. Compare various methods dealing with solid waste (e.g., incineration, compost, land application). 19
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 4.2.10.D.2.

4.2.10.D.3. Differentiate between pre/post-consumer and raw materials. 47
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 4.2.10.D.3.

4.2.10.D.4. Illustrate how one natural resource can be managed through reduction, recycling, reuse or use. 54
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 4.2.10.D.4.

PA.4.3.10. Environment and Ecology: Environmental Health: Pennsylvania's public schools shall teach, challenge and support every student to realize his or her maximum potential and to acquire the knowledge and skills needed to:

4.3.10.A. Describe environmental health issues.

4.3.10.A.1. Identify the effects on human health of air, water and soil pollution and the possible economic costs to society. 60
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 4.3.10.A.1.

4.3.10.A.2. Describe how indoor pollution may affect human health (e.g., dust mites, fumes, cat dandruff). 14
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 4.3.10.A.2.

4.3.10.A.3. Explain the costs and benefits of cleaning up contaminants. 18
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 4.3.10.A.3.

4.3.10.A.4. Explain how common household cleaning products are manufactured and how to dispose of their by-products after use. 2
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 4.3.10.A.4.

4.3.10.B. Explain how multiple variables determine the effects of pollution on environmental health, natural processes and human practices.

4.3.10.B.1. Explain how human practices affect the quality of the water and soil. 60
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 4.3.10.B.1.

4.3.10.B.2. Identify evidence of natural events around the world and their effects on environmental health (e.g., Yellowstone National Park fires). 24
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 4.3.10.B.2.

4.3.10.B.3. Identify local and state environmental regulations and their impact on environmental health. 1
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 4.3.10.B.3.

4.3.10.B.4. Analyze data and explain how point source pollution can be detected and eliminated. 22
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 4.3.10.B.4.

4.3.10.B.5. Identify and explain ways of detecting pollution by using state-of-the-art technologies. 22
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 4.3.10.B.5.

4.3.10.C. Explain biological diversity as an indicator of a healthy environment.

4.3.10.C.1. Explain species diversity. 6
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 4.3.10.C.1.

4.3.10.C.2. Analyze the effects of species extinction on the health of an ecosystem. 2
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 4.3.10.C.2.

PA.4.4.10. Environment and Ecology: Agriculture and Society: Pennsylvania's public schools shall teach, challenge and support every student to realize his or her maximum potential and to acquire the knowledge and skills needed to:

4.4.10.A. Describe the importance of agriculture to society.

4.4.10.A.1. Identify the major cash crops of Pennsylvania. 4
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 4.4.10.A.1.

4.4.10.A.2. Identify what percentage of the United States' population is involved in the food and fiber industry. 18
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 4.4.10.A.2.

4.4.10.A.3. Compare and contrast the influence of agriculture on a nation's culture, standard of living and foreign trade. 18
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 4.4.10.A.3.

4.4.10.A.4. Identify laws that affect conservation and management of food and fiber production in the local area and analyze their impact. 5
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 4.4.10.A.4.

4.4.10.A.5. Compare a contemporary economic issue in agriculture to its historical origin. 17
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 4.4.10.A.5.

4.4.10.B. Assess the influence of agricultural science on farming practices.

4.4.10.B.1. Compare the practices of no-till farming to traditional soil preparation (e.g., plow, disc). 17
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 4.4.10.B.1.

4.4.10.B.2. Analyze and explain the various practices of nutrient management on the farm. 17
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 4.4.10.B.2.

4.4.10.B.3. Analyze and explain how farm efficiencies have changed human nutrition. 17
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 4.4.10.B.3.

4.4.10.C. Explain the functions of the components of the food and fiber system.

4.4.10.C.1. Compare and analyze growing conditions in the United States to determine which plants and animals are most suitable to each region. 18
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 4.4.10.C.1.

4.4.10.C.2. Compare the management practices needed for a commodity (i.e., production, processing, research and development, marketing, distribution and regulations. 3
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 4.4.10.C.2.

4.4.10.C.3. Identify a commodity, its origin and its steps of production. 3
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 4.4.10.C.3.

4.4.10.C.4. Compare and analyze the cost of a commodity to its production cost. 3
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 4.4.10.C.4.

4.4.10.C.5. Identify and describe how food safety issues have impacted production in agriculture. 61
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 4.4.10.C.5.

4.4.10.D. Analyze the efforts of increased efficiency in agriculture through technology.

4.4.10.D.1. Compare various technological advancements and analyze each for its contribution toward labor and cost efficiency. 6
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 4.4.10.D.1.

4.4.10.D.2. Compare the current market value of both natural and alternative energy sources involved in the production of food and fiber. 3
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 4.4.10.D.2.

PA.4.5.10. Environment and Ecology: Integrated Pest Management: Pennsylvania's public schools shall teach, challenge and support every student to realize his or her maximum potential and to acquire the knowledge and skills needed to:

4.5.10.A. Identify similar classifications of pests that may or may not have similar effects on different regions.

4.5.10.A.1. Identify environmental effect(s) of pests on different regions of the world. 4
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 4.5.10.A.1.

4.5.10.A.2. Identify introduced species that are classified as pests in their new environments. 4
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 4.5.10.A.2.

4.5.10.B. Analyze health benefits and risks associated with integrated pest management.

4.5.10.B.1. Identify the health risks associated with chemicals used in common pesticides. 4
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 4.5.10.B.1.

4.5.10.B.2. Assess various levels of control within different integrated pest management practices including increased immunity to pesticides, food safety, sterilization, nutrient management and weed control. 4
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 4.5.10.B.2.

4.5.10.C. Determine the effects of integrated pest management practices on society over time.

4.5.10.C.1. Analyze the risks to the environment and society associated with alternative practices used in integrated pest management. 4
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 4.5.10.C.1.

4.5.10.C.2. Analyze the benefits to the environment and society associated with alternative practices used in integrated pest management. 4
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 4.5.10.C.2.

PA.4.6.10. Environment and Ecology: Ecosystems and their Interactions: Pennsylvania's public schools shall teach, challenge and support every student to realize his or her maximum potential and to acquire the knowledge and skills needed to:

4.6.10.A. Explain the biotic and abiotic components of an ecosystem and their interaction.

4.6.10.A.1. Identify the major biomes and explain their similarities and differences. 44
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 4.6.10.A.1.

4.6.10.A.2. Compare and contrast the interactions of biotic and abiotic components in an ecosystem.

4.6.10.A.3. Analyze the effects of abiotic factors on specific ecosystems. 1
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 4.6.10.A.3.

4.6.10.A.4. Describe how the availability of resources affects organisms in an ecosystem. 2
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 4.6.10.A.4.

4.6.10.A.5. Explain energy flow in a food chain through an energy pyramid. 13
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 4.6.10.A.5.

4.6.10.A.6. Evaluate the efficiency of energy flow in a food chain. 13
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 4.6.10.A.6.

4.6.10.A.7. Explain the concept of carrying capacity in an ecosystem. 2
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 4.6.10.A.7.

4.6.10.A.8. Explain trophic levels. 13
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 4.6.10.A.8.

4.6.10.A.9. Identify a specific environmental impact and predict what change may take place to affect homeostasis. 68
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 4.6.10.A.9.

4.6.10.A.10. Examine and explain how organisms modify their environments to sustain their needs. 2
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 4.6.10.A.10.

4.6.10.A.11. Assess the effects of latitude and altitude on biomes. 44
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 4.6.10.A.11.

4.6.10.A.12. Interpret possible causes of population fluctuations. 3
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 4.6.10.A.12.

4.6.10.A.13. Explain how erosion and sedimentation have changed the quality of soil related habitats. 5
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 4.6.10.A.13.

4.6.10.B. Explain how cycles affect the balance in an ecosystem.

4.6.10.B.1. Describe an element cycle and its role in an ecosystem. 9
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 4.6.10.B.1.

4.6.10.B.2. Explain the consequences of interrupting natural cycles. 9
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 4.6.10.B.2.

4.6.10.C. Analyze how ecosystems change over time.

4.6.10.C.1. Identify and explain the succession stages in an ecosystem. 6
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 4.6.10.C.1.

4.6.10.C.2. Identify causes of succession. 6
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 4.6.10.C.2.

4.6.10.C.3. Analyze consequences of interrupting natural cycles. 6
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 4.6.10.C.3.

PA.4.7.10. Environment and Ecology: Threatened, Endangered and Extinct Species: Pennsylvania's public schools shall teach, challenge and support every student to realize his or her maximum potential and to acquire the knowledge and skills needed to:

4.7.10.A. Explain the significance of diversity in ecosystems.

4.7.10.A.1. Explain the role that specific organisms have in their ecosystem. 6
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 4.7.10.A.1.

4.7.10.A.2. Identify a species and explain what effects its increase or decline might have on the ecosystem. 6
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 4.7.10.A.2.

4.7.10.A.3. Identify a species and explain how its adaptations are related to its niche in the environment. 6
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 4.7.10.A.3.

4.7.10.B. Explain how structure, function and behavior of plants and animals affect their ability to survive.

4.7.10.B.1. Describe an organism's adaptations for survival in its habitat. 6
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 4.7.10.B.1.

4.7.10.B.2. Compare adaptations among species. 8
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 4.7.10.B.2.

4.7.10.C. Identify and explain why adaptations can lead to specialization.

4.7.10.C.1. Explain factors that could lead to a species' increase or decrease. 4
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 4.7.10.C.1.

4.7.10.C.2. Explain how management practices may influence the success of specific species. 5
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 4.7.10.C.2.

4.7.10.C.3. Identify and explain criteria used by scientists for categorizing organisms as threatened, endangered or extinct. 2
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 4.7.10.C.3.

PA.4.8.10. Environment and Ecology: Humans and the Environment: Pennsylvania's public schools shall teach, challenge and support every student to realize his or her maximum potential and to acquire the knowledge and skills needed to:

4.8.10.A. Analyze how society's needs relate to the sustainability of natural resources.

4.8.10.A.1. Explain why some societies have been unable to meet their natural resource needs. 8
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 4.8.10.A.1.

4.8.10.A.2. Compare and contrast the use of natural resources and the environmental conditions in several countries. 3
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 4.8.10.A.2.

4.8.10.A.3. Describe how uses of natural resources impact sustainability. 3
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 4.8.10.A.3.

4.8.10.B. Analyze the relationship between the use of natural resources and sustaining our society.

4.8.10.B.1. Explain the role of natural resources in sustaining society. 5
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 4.8.10.B.1.

4.8.10.B.2. Analyze the effects of a natural resource's availability on a community or region. 5
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 4.8.10.B.2.

4.8.10.C. Analyze how human activities may cause changes in an ecosystem.

4.8.10.C.1. Analyze and evaluate changes in the environment that are the result of human activities. 60
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 4.8.10.C.1.

4.8.10.C.2. Compare and contrast the environmental effects of different industrial strategies (e.g., energy generation, transportation, logging, mining, agriculture). 60
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 4.8.10.C.2.

4.8.10.D. Explain how the concept of supply and demand affects the environment.

4.8.10.D.1. Identify natural resources for which societal demands have been increasing. 47
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 4.8.10.D.1.

4.8.10.D.2. Identify specific resources for which human consumption has resulted in scarcity of supply (e.g., buffalo, lobsters). 2
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 4.8.10.D.2.

4.8.10.D.3. Describe the relationship between population density and resource use and management. 11
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 4.8.10.D.3.

PA.4.9.10. Environment and Ecology: Environmental Laws and Regulations: Pennsylvania's public schools shall teach, challenge and support every student to realize his or her maximum potential and to acquire the knowledge and skills needed to:

4.9.10.A. Explain why environmental laws and regulations are developed and enacted.

4.9.10.A.1. Explain the positive and negative impacts associated with passing environmental laws and regulations. 5
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 4.9.10.A.1.

4.9.10.A.2. Understand conflicting rights of property owners and environmental laws and regulations. 5
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 4.9.10.A.2.

4.9.10.A.3. Analyze the roles that local, state and federal governments play in the development and enforcement of environmental laws. 5
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 4.9.10.A.3.

4.9.10.A.4. Identify local and state environmental regulations and their impact on environmental health. 7
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 4.9.10.A.4.

4.9.10.A.5. Explain the positive and negative impacts of the Endangered Species Act. 5
Suggested Titles for Pennsylvania Science State Standard 4.9.10.A.5.