Oregon State Standards for Social Studies: Grade 8

OR.1. Civics and Government: Understand and apply knowledge about governmental and political systems, and the rights and responsibilities of citizens.

1.1. Understand the purposes of government and the basic constitutional principles of the United States republican form of government.

1.1.1. Understand the purposes of government as stated in the Constitution and the specific provisions that limit the power of government in order to protect the rights of individuals.

1.1.1.a. Distinguish the purposes of government as stated in the Preamble. 1
Suggested Titles for Oregon Social Studies State Standard 1.1.1.a.

1.1.1.b. Understand how the power of government is limited in the United States. 2
Suggested Titles for Oregon Social Studies State Standard 1.1.1.b.

1.1.1.c. Recognize the provisions of the Bill of Rights (Amendments 1-10) that protect individual rights. 9
Suggested Titles for Oregon Social Studies State Standard 1.1.1.c.

1.2. Understand the responsibilities and interrelationships of local, state, and national government in the U.S.

1.2.1. Identify and distinguish how powers and responsibilities are distributed and balanced among the federal, state, and local levels.

1.2.1.a. Identify the power and/or responsibility of each level of government. 10
Suggested Titles for Oregon Social Studies State Standard 1.2.1.a.

1.2.1.b. Understand how laws are made and enforced at the federal, state, and local levels. 12
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1.3. Understand the roles and powers of the executive, legislative, and judicial branches.

1.3.1. Understand the powers of each branch of government as stated in the Constitution.

1.3.1.a. Understand the basic idea of checks and balances of each branch of the federal government. 11
Suggested Titles for Oregon Social Studies State Standard 1.3.1.a.

1.3.1.b. Identify the legislative, executive, and judicial institutions at each level of government. 10
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1.3.1.c. Understand the powers and responsibilities of the executive branch of government. 4
Suggested Titles for Oregon Social Studies State Standard 1.3.1.c.

1.3.1.d. Understand how courts are organized by level and jurisdiction, and that law is divided into Constitutional Law, criminal law, and civil law. 10
Suggested Titles for Oregon Social Studies State Standard 1.3.1.d.

1.4. Understand the roles, rights, and responsibilities of citizens in the United States.

1.4.1. Understand citizens' rights and how the Constitution protects those rights.

1.4.1.a. Identify and understand the rights of citizens guaranteed under the Bill of Rights. 9
Suggested Titles for Oregon Social Studies State Standard 1.4.1.a.

1.5. Understand the participatory obligations of U.S. citizens.

1.5.1. Understand how citizens can make their voices heard in the political process.

1.5.1.a. Identify and give examples of ways that citizens can let their opinions be known in the political process. 11
Suggested Titles for Oregon Social Studies State Standard 1.5.1.a.

1.6. Understand how individuals, groups, and international organizations influence government.

1.6.1. Identify and give examples of how groups and organizations can influence the actions of government.

1.6.1.a. Identify and give examples of how groups and organizations can influence government policy or decisions and describe how these actions can lead to such influence. 14
Suggested Titles for Oregon Social Studies State Standard 1.6.1.a.

1.7. Understand how the United States government relates and interacts with other nations.

1.7.1. Understand how actions of the U.S. government affect citizens of both the United States and other countries.

1.7.1.a. Know how the U.S. government affects citizens of other countries. 18
Suggested Titles for Oregon Social Studies State Standard 1.7.1.a.

1.7.1.b. Know how U.S. government actions with other nations affect citizens of the United States. 20
Suggested Titles for Oregon Social Studies State Standard 1.7.1.b.

1.8. Understand that there are different ways for governments to be organized and to hold power.

1.8.1. Understand various forms of government.

1.8.1.a. Compare and contrast various forms of government to the United States' government. 29
Suggested Titles for Oregon Social Studies State Standard 1.8.1.a.

OR.2. Economics: Understand economic concepts and principles and how available resources are allocated in a market economy.

2.1. Understand the economic concept of scarcity.

2.1.1. Understand incentives in a market economy that influence individuals and businesses in allocating resources (time, money, labor, and natural resources).

2.1.1.a. Know that people respond predictably to positive and negative incentives. 5
Suggested Titles for Oregon Social Studies State Standard 2.1.1.a.

2.2. Understand how trade-offs and opportunity costs are decisions that can be measured in terms of costs and benefits.

2.2.1. Understand how trade-offs and opportunity costs can be identified and measured.

2.2.1.a. Know and give examples of how changes in the economy impose costs on some and benefits on others because they arbitrarily redistribute purchasing power. 3
Suggested Titles for Oregon Social Studies State Standard 2.2.1.a.

2.2.1.b. Distinguish between 'needs' and 'wants' in the U.S. and other countries of the world, and the impact of the media. 4
Suggested Titles for Oregon Social Studies State Standard 2.2.1.b.

2.3. Understand the concept of supply and demand.

2.3.1. Understand how price is an incentive for both buyers and producers/sellers in the marketplace.

2.3.1.a. Understand how supply and demand respond predictably to changes in economic circumstances. 2
Suggested Titles for Oregon Social Studies State Standard 2.3.1.a.

2.4. Understand and evaluate the underlying philosophies and characteristics of various economic systems, including that of the U.S. economy.

2.4.1. Understand how decisions regarding what to produce, how to produce, and for whom to produce are answered in various economic systems.

2.4.1.a. Understand how decisions about production are made in traditional, capitalist, and command economies. 4
Suggested Titles for Oregon Social Studies State Standard 2.4.1.a.

2.5. Understand the role of government and institutions in an economy.

2.5.1. Understand how banks function within the economy.

2.5.1.a. Identify and give examples of the services of a bank, and know the role of banks in the economy. 3
Suggested Titles for Oregon Social Studies State Standard 2.5.1.a.

2.6. Understand how the United States economy relates and interacts with other nations.

2.6.1. Identify and give examples of how the United States economy affects citizens of both the United States and other countries.

2.6.1.a. Give examples of how the United States economy affects citizens of the United States. 10
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2.6.1.b. Give examples of how the United States economy affects citizens of other countries. 11
Suggested Titles for Oregon Social Studies State Standard 2.6.1.b.

2.7. Understand the purpose and functions of money in the economy.

2.7.1. Understand the function of money.

2.7.1.a. Understand how money functions as a means of exchange, a store of value, and a measure of value. 2
Suggested Titles for Oregon Social Studies State Standard 2.7.1.a.

2.8. Demonstrate the knowledge and skills necessary to make reasoned and responsible financial decisions as a consumer, producer, saver, and investor in a market economy.

2.8.1. Understand factors that determine personal income and predict future earnings, based on plans for education and training.

2.8.1.a. Understand how a wage or salary is the price of labor, and is usually determined by the supply and demand for labor. 3
Suggested Titles for Oregon Social Studies State Standard 2.8.1.a.

2.8.1.b. Understand that people's incomes, in part, reflect choices they have made about education, training, skill development, and careers. 15
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2.8.1.c. Understand how workers can increase their productivity by improving their skills or by using tools and machinery. 14
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2.8.2. Understand different ways that people invest and save.

2.8.2.a. Understand that banks and credit unions are institutions where people save money and earn interest, and where other people borrow money and pay interest. 7
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2.8.2.b. Understand that stocks, bonds, and other investments are ways people earn money. 3
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OR.3. Geography: Understand and use geographic skills and concepts to interpret contemporary and historical issues.

3.1. Understand and use spatial concepts of geography.

3.1.1. Understand fundamental geography vocabulary such as concepts of distance, latitude, longitude, interdependence, accessibility, and connections.

3.1.1.a. Use maps, charts, and graphs to understand patterns of movement over time and space. 12
Suggested Titles for Oregon Social Studies State Standard 3.1.1.a.

3.2. Locate places and understand and use geographic information or relationships by reading, interpreting, and preparing maps and other geographic representations.

3.2.1. Read, interpret, and understand how to construct geographic representations to analyze information, understand spatial relationships, and compare places.

3.2.1.a. Use maps, charts, graphs, and photographs to analyze spatial distributions and patterns. 12
Suggested Titles for Oregon Social Studies State Standard 3.2.1.a.

3.3. Locate major physical and human features of the Earth.

3.3.1. Locate and identify on maps and globes the regions of the world and their prominent physical features.

3.3.1.a. Identify the location of major mountain ranges, deserts, rivers, cultural regions and countries in the world. 4
Suggested Titles for Oregon Social Studies State Standard 3.3.1.a.

3.4. Identify and analyze physical and human characteristics of places and regions, the processes that have shaped them, and their geographic significance.

3.4.1. Identify and compare physical and human characteristics of major regions and significant places in the world.

3.4.1.a. Locate and identify population centers and geographic reasons for their locations. 3
Suggested Titles for Oregon Social Studies State Standard 3.4.1.a.

3.4.1.b. Identify, locate, and compare the cultural characteristics of places and regions. 10
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3.4.1.c. Recognize relationships between the physical and cultural characteristics of a place or region. 14
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3.5. Understand the distribution and movement of people, ideas, and products.

3.5.1. Identify and understand worldwide patterns of population distribution, migration, and cultural diffusion and interactions.

3.5.1.a. Identify patterns of population distribution and infer causes. 12
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3.5.1.b. Recognize and identify patterns of migration streams in U.S. history. 15
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3.5.1.c. Understand how migration streams affect the spread of cultural traits. 17
Suggested Titles for Oregon Social Studies State Standard 3.5.1.c.

3.6. Understand, analyze and evaluate the consequences of population changes resulting from economic, cultural, or environmental factors.

3.6.1. Identify economic, cultural, and environmental factors that affect population, and predict how the population would change as a result.

3.6.1.a. Identify and give examples of economic, cultural, and environmental factors that influence population. 2
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3.6.1.b. Predict the affect of a given economic, cultural, or environmental change on a population. 2
Suggested Titles for Oregon Social Studies State Standard 3.6.1.b.

3.7. Understand how humans affect the physical environment.

3.7.1. Understand how human modification of the physical environment in a place affects both that place and other places.

3.7.1.a. Understand how the process of urbanization affects the physical environment of a place, the cultural characteristics of a place, and the physical and human characteristics of the surrounding region. 5
Suggested Titles for Oregon Social Studies State Standard 3.7.1.a.

3.7.1.b. Understand how clearing vegetation affects the physical environment of a place and other places. 28
Suggested Titles for Oregon Social Studies State Standard 3.7.1.b.

3.8. Understand how physical characteristics in the environment and changes in the environment affect human activities.

3.8.1. Understand how changes in a physical environment affect human activity.

3.8.1.a. Understand how changes in the physical environment can increase or diminish capacity to support human activity. 39
Suggested Titles for Oregon Social Studies State Standard 3.8.1.a.

3.8.1.b. Understand how climatic events or climate change affect human activity. 34
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3.8.1.c. Predict how changes in an ecosystem (not caused by human activity) might influence human activity. 2
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OR.4. History: Relate significant events and eras in United States and world history to past and present issues and development.

4.1. Historical Skills: Understand, represent, and interpret chronological relationships in history.

4.1.1. Represent and interpret data and chronological relationships from history, using timelines and narratives.

4.1.1.a. Identify and create chronologies of events. 8
Suggested Titles for Oregon Social Studies State Standard 4.1.1.a.

4.1.1.b. Compare and contrast historical interpretations. 18
Suggested Titles for Oregon Social Studies State Standard 4.1.1.b.

4.2. Historical Skills: Identify and analyze cause and effect relationships in history.

4.2.1. Distinguish between cause and effect relationships and events that happen or occur concurrently or sequentially. 8
Suggested Titles for Oregon Social Studies State Standard 4.2.1.

4.3. Historical Skills: Interpret and represent chronological relationships and patterns of change and continuity over time.

4.3.1. Identify and give examples of chronological patterns and recognize them in related events over time. 8
Suggested Titles for Oregon Social Studies State Standard 4.3.1.

4.4. Historical Skills: Identify and analyze various perspectives and interpretations of historical issues and events.

4.4.1. Evaluate data within the context it was created, testing its reliability, credibility, and bias. 17
Suggested Titles for Oregon Social Studies State Standard 4.4.1.

4.5. World History: Understand the importance and lasting influence of issues, events, people, and developments in world history.

4.5.1. Understand the political, economic, and cultural impact, and lasting influence of early civilizations on world development.

4.5.1.a. Understand the major characteristics and historical influence of the early civilizations of Mesopotamia, Indus River Valley, Egypt, the Americas, Greece. 15
Suggested Titles for Oregon Social Studies State Standard 4.5.1.a.

4.5.1.b. Identify and give examples of the political, economic, and social characteristics of the Roman Republic and Empire, and how they are reflected in the law, government, economy and society of the United States. 7
Suggested Titles for Oregon Social Studies State Standard 4.5.1.b.

4.5.1.c. Understand the importance of the rise of Islam and its interaction with Europe. 8
Suggested Titles for Oregon Social Studies State Standard 4.5.1.c.

4.5.1.d. Understand the development of the empires and kingdoms of sub-Saharan Africa, Imperial China, and feudal Japan. 7
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4.5.1.e. Understand the major developments and societal impact of feudalism, the church, and the rise of cities in the European Middle Ages. 7
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4.5.1.f. Understand the characteristics and impact of Renaissance thinking, art, and learning. 10
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4.6. U. S. History: Understand the importance and lasting influence of individuals, issues, events, people, and developments in U.S. history.

4.6.1. Understand how individuals, issues, and events changed or significantly influenced the course of U.S. history post American Revolution through 1900.

4.6.1.a. Identify and understand the issues and events that were addressed at the Constitutional Convention. 3
Suggested Titles for Oregon Social Studies State Standard 4.6.1.a.

4.6.1.b. Trace the route and understand the significance of the Lewis and Clark Expedition. 4
Suggested Titles for Oregon Social Studies State Standard 4.6.1.b.

4.6.1.c. Understand the effects of 19th century westward migration, the idea of Manifest Destiny, European immigration, and rural to urban migration on indigenous populations and newcomers in the United States. 12
Suggested Titles for Oregon Social Studies State Standard 4.6.1.c.

4.6.1.d. Understand the effects of Jacksonian Democracy on political practices. 2
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4.6.1.e. Recognize and understand conditions of the African slave trade and experiences of enslaved African-Americans and 'free Blacks' in the United States. 17
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4.6.1.f. Understand how the abolitionists advocated for the end of slavery and the impact of their activities. 4
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4.6.1.g. Understand how African-Americans dealt with the conditions of their enslavement and used religion and family to create a viable culture to cope with the effects of slavery. 20
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4.6.1.h. Identify and understand the events that led to the Civil War. 9
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4.6.1.i. Understand the political, economic, and social causes, course, and impact of the Civil War. 22
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4.6.1.j. Understand how Reconstruction affected the country. 11
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4.6.1.k. Identify and understand Constitutional changes that resulted from the Civil War and Reconstruction. 12
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4.6.1.l. Understand the effects of Indian Wars and the opening of the West on Native American tribes. 2
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4.6.1.m. Understand the effects of the Irish potato famine in the mid-1800s on the U.S. society. 3
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4.6.1.n. Understand the motivations for territorial expansion to the Pacific Ocean/Hawaii ('Manifest Destiny'). 5
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4.6.1.o. Understand the effect of territorial expansion on other nations and their people. 1
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4.7. State and Local History: Understand and interpret events, issues, and developments in Oregon history.

4.7.1. Understand how various groups of people were affected by events and developments in Oregon state history.

4.7.1.a. Identify and understand significant events, developments, groups, and people in the history of Oregon from post-American Revolution until 1900.

4.7.1.b. Understand the interactions and contributions of the various people and cultures that have lived in or migrated to the area that is now Oregon from post-American Revolution until 1900.

4.8. State and Local History: Understand and interpret events, issues, and developments in local history.

4.8.1. Understand the lasting influence of events and developments in local history.

OR.5. Social Science Analysis: Design and implement strategies to analyze issues, explain perspectives, and resolve issues using the social sciences.

5.1. Identify, research, and clarify an event, issue, problem, or phenomenon of significance to society.

5.1.1. Clarify key aspects of an event, issue, or problem through inquiry and research. 18
Suggested Titles for Oregon Social Studies State Standard 5.1.1.

5.2. Gather, use, and evaluate researched information to support analysis and conclusions.

5.2.1. Gather, interpret, use, and document information from multiple sources, distinguishing facts from opinions and recognizing points of view. 26
Suggested Titles for Oregon Social Studies State Standard 5.2.1.

5.3. Understand an event, issue, problem, or phenomenon from multiple perspectives.

5.3.1. Examine a controversial event, issue, or problem from more than one perspective. 19
Suggested Titles for Oregon Social Studies State Standard 5.3.1.

5.4. Identify and analyze characteristics, causes, and consequences of an event, issue, problem, or phenomenon.

5.4.1. Examine the various characteristics, causes, and effects of an event, issue, or problem. 19
Suggested Titles for Oregon Social Studies State Standard 5.4.1.

5.5. Identify, compare, and evaluate outcomes, responses, or solutions; then reach a supported conclusion.

5.5.1. Consider two or more outcomes, responses, or solutions; identify their strengths and weaknesses; then conclude and justify which is the best. 20
Suggested Titles for Oregon Social Studies State Standard 5.5.1.