New Hampshire State Standards for Science: Grade 6

NH.ESS1. Earth Space Science: The Earth and Earth materials, as we know them today, have developed over long periods of time, through constant change processes.

S:ESS1:6:1.1. Atmosphere, Climate, and Weather: Students will describe and make predictions about local and regional weather conditions using observation and data collection methods. 9
Suggested Titles for New Hampshire Science State Standard S:ESS1:6:1.1.

S:ESS1:6:1.2. Atmosphere, Climate, and Weather: Students will identify weather patterns by tracking weather related events, such as hurricanes. 26
Suggested Titles for New Hampshire Science State Standard S:ESS1:6:1.2.

S:ESS1:6:1.3. Atmosphere, Climate, and Weather: Students will explain the composition and structure of the Earth's atmosphere. 2
Suggested Titles for New Hampshire Science State Standard S:ESS1:6:1.3.

S:ESS1:6:1.4. Atmosphere, Climate, and Weather: Students will describe weather in terms of temperature, wind speed and direction, precipitation, and cloud cover. 19
Suggested Titles for New Hampshire Science State Standard S:ESS1:6:1.4.

S:ESS1:6:1.5. Atmosphere, Climate, and Weather: Students will describe how clouds affect weather and climate, including precipitation, reflecting light from the sun, and retaining heat energy emitted from the Earth's surface. 19
Suggested Titles for New Hampshire Science State Standard S:ESS1:6:1.5.

S:ESS1:6:2.1. Composition and Features: Students will differentiate between renewable and non-renewable resources. 33
Suggested Titles for New Hampshire Science State Standard S:ESS1:6:2.1.

S:ESS1:6:2.2. Composition and Features: Students will describe and define the different landforms on the Earth's surface, such as coastlines, rivers, mountains, deltas, canyons, etc. 15
Suggested Titles for New Hampshire Science State Standard S:ESS1:6:2.2.

S:ESS1:6:2.3. Composition and Features: Students will identify and distinguish between various landforms using a map and/or digital images. 15
Suggested Titles for New Hampshire Science State Standard S:ESS1:6:2.3.

S:ESS1:6:3.1. Fossils: Students will recognize that fossils offer important evidence relating to changes in life forms and environmental conditions over geologic time. 14
Suggested Titles for New Hampshire Science State Standard S:ESS1:6:3.1.

S:ESS1:6:3.2. Fossils: Students will recognize identify connections between fossil evidence and geological events, such as changes in atmospheric composition, movement of tectonic plates, and asteroid/comet impact; and develop a means of sequencing this evidence. 14
Suggested Titles for New Hampshire Science State Standard S:ESS1:6:3.2.

S:ESS1:6:4.1. Observation of the Earth from Space: Students will recognize that images taken of the Earth from space can show its features and any changes in those features that appear over time. 17
Suggested Titles for New Hampshire Science State Standard S:ESS1:6:4.1.

S:ESS1:6:4.2. Observation of the Earth from Space: Students will explain that satellites can be used to view and track storms and Earth events, such as hurricanes and wild fires. 30
Suggested Titles for New Hampshire Science State Standard S:ESS1:6:4.2.

S:ESS1:6:5.1. Processes and Rates of Change: Students will recognize that things change in steady, repetitive, or irregular ways, or sometimes in more than one way at the same time. 26
Suggested Titles for New Hampshire Science State Standard S:ESS1:6:5.1.

S:ESS1:6:5.2. Processes and Rates of Change: Students will explain how some changes to the Earth's surface happen abruptly, as a result of landslides, earthquakes and volcanic eruptions; while other changes happen very slowly as a result of weathering, erosions and deposition of sediment caused by waves, wind, water and ice. 26
Suggested Titles for New Hampshire Science State Standard S:ESS1:6:5.2.

S:ESS1:6:5.3. Processes and Rates of Change: Students will recognize that vibrations in materials set up wavelike disturbances that spread away from the source, as with earthquakes. 8
Suggested Titles for New Hampshire Science State Standard S:ESS1:6:5.3.

S:ESS1:6:6.1. Rock Cycle: Students will explain how soil is formed from combinations of weathered rock and decomposed plant and animal remains, and that it contains living organisms. 3
Suggested Titles for New Hampshire Science State Standard S:ESS1:6:6.1.

S:ESS1:6:6.2. Rock Cycle: Students will identify the components of soil and other factors, such as bacteria, fungi and worms, which influence its texture, fertility, and resistance to erosion. 3
Suggested Titles for New Hampshire Science State Standard S:ESS1:6:6.2.

S:ESS1:6.6.3. Rock Cycle: Students will describe the properties of soil, such as color, texture, capacity to retain water, and its ability to support plant life. 3
Suggested Titles for New Hampshire Science State Standard S:ESS1:6.6.3.

S:ESS1:6:7.1. Water: Students will explain the properties that make water an essential component of the Earth's system, including solvency and its ability to maintain a liquid state at most temperatures. 17
Suggested Titles for New Hampshire Science State Standard S:ESS1:6:7.1.

S:ESS1:6:7.2. Water: Students will explain that water quality has a direct effect on Earth's life forms. 16
Suggested Titles for New Hampshire Science State Standard S:ESS1:6:7.2.

NH.ESS2. Earth Space Science: The Earth is part of a solar system, made up of distinct parts, which have temporal and spatial interrelationships.

S:ESS2:6:1.1. Earth, Sun, and Moon: Students will recognize and describe how the regular and predictable motions of the Earth and Moon explain certain Earth phenomena, such as day and night, the seasons, the year, shadows and the tides. 4
Suggested Titles for New Hampshire Science State Standard S:ESS2:6:1.1.

S:ESS2:6:1.2. Earth, Sun, and Moon: Students will recognize that of all the known planets, Earth appears to be somewhat unique; and describe the conditions that exist on Earth that allow it to support life. 2
Suggested Titles for New Hampshire Science State Standard S:ESS2:6:1.2.

S:ESS2:6:2.1. Energy: Students will recognize how the tilt of the Earth's axis and the Earth's revolution around the Sun affect seasons and weather patterns. 8
Suggested Titles for New Hampshire Science State Standard S:ESS2:6:2.1.

S:ESS2:6:2.2. Energy: Students will identify and describe seasonal, daylight and weather patterns as they relate to energy. 8
Suggested Titles for New Hampshire Science State Standard S:ESS2:6:2.2.

S:ESS2:6:4.1. View from Earth: Students will explain the historical perspective of planetary exploration and man's achievements in space, beginning with Russia's Sputnik mission in 1957. 26
Suggested Titles for New Hampshire Science State Standard S:ESS2:6:4.1.

S:ESS2:6:4.2. View from Earth: Students will describe man's perception of the constellations throughout history; and explain how he has used them to his advantage, including navigational purposes and to explain historical events. 5
Suggested Titles for New Hampshire Science State Standard S:ESS2:6:4.2.

NH.ESS4. Earth Space Science: The growth of scientific knowledge in Earth Space Science has been advanced through the development of technology and is used (alone or in combination with other sciences) to identify, understand and solve local and global issues.

S:ESS4:6:1.1. Design Technology: Students will understand that technology is used to design tools that improve our ability to measure and observe the world. 12
Suggested Titles for New Hampshire Science State Standard S:ESS4:6:1.1.

S:ESS4:6:2.1. Tools: Students will recognize that satellites and Doppler radar can be used to observe or predict the weather. 19
Suggested Titles for New Hampshire Science State Standard S:ESS4:6:2.1.

S:ESS4:6:2.2. Tools: Students will employ knowledge of basic weather symbols to read and interpret weather and topographic maps. 19
Suggested Titles for New Hampshire Science State Standard S:ESS4:6:2.2.

S:ESS4:6:2.3. Tools: Students will read and interpret data from barometers, sling psychrometers and anemometers. 21
Suggested Titles for New Hampshire Science State Standard S:ESS4:6:2.3.

S:ESS4:6:3.1. Career Technical Education Connections: Students will provide examples of products that man has developed which allow humans to do things that they could not do otherwise; and identify the natural materials used to produce these products. 53
Suggested Titles for New Hampshire Science State Standard S:ESS4:6:3.1.

S:ESS4:6:3.2. Career Technical Education Connections: Students will identify the most appropriate materials for a given design task with requirements for specific properties, such as weight, strength, hardness, and flexibility. 6
Suggested Titles for New Hampshire Science State Standard S:ESS4:6:3.2.

S:ESS4:6:3.3. Career Technical Education Connections: Students will provide examples of how to reduce waste through conservation, recycling, and reuse. 17
Suggested Titles for New Hampshire Science State Standard S:ESS4:6:3.3.

S:ESS4:6:4.1. Career Technical Education Connections: Students will understand that some form of science is used in most jobs/careers and that some jobs/careers specifically require knowledge of Earth science. 20
Suggested Titles for New Hampshire Science State Standard S:ESS4:6:4.1.

NH.LS1. Life Science: All living organisms have identifiable structures and characteristics that allow for survival (organisms, populations, and species).

S:LS1:6:1.1. Classification: Students will identify ways in which living things can be grouped and organized, such as taxonomic groups of plants, animals and fungi. 5
Suggested Titles for New Hampshire Science State Standard S:LS1:6:1.1.

S:LS1:6:1.2. Classification: Students will categorize organisms into kingdoms that are currently recognized, according to shared characteristics. 5
Suggested Titles for New Hampshire Science State Standard S:LS1:6:1.2.

S:LS1:6:2.1. Living Things and Organization: Students will recognize that all living things are composed of cells, and explain that while many organisms are single celled, such as yeast, others, including humans, are multicellular. 9
Suggested Titles for New Hampshire Science State Standard S:LS1:6:2.1.

S:LS1:6:2.2. Living Things and Organization: Students will explain that the way in which cells function is similar in all organisms. 15
Suggested Titles for New Hampshire Science State Standard S:LS1:6:2.2.

S:LS1:6:2.3. Living Things and Organization: Students will recognize that cells use energy obtain from food, to conduct the functions necessary to sustain life, such as cell growth. 15
Suggested Titles for New Hampshire Science State Standard S:LS1:6:2.3.

S:LS1:6:2.4. Living Things and Organization: Students will recognize and describe the hierarchical organization of living systems, including cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, whole organisms, and ecosystems. 15
Suggested Titles for New Hampshire Science State Standard S:LS1:6:2.4.

S:LS1:6:2.5. Living Things and Organization: Students will explain that multicellular organisms have specialized cells, tissues, organs and organ systems that perform certain necessary functions, including digestion, respiration, reproduction, circulation, excretion, movement, control and coordination and protection from disease. 15
Suggested Titles for New Hampshire Science State Standard S:LS1:6:2.5.

S:LS1:6:2.6. Living Things and Organization: Students will recognize that the human cells found in tissues and organs are similar to those of other animals, but somewhat different from cells found in plants. 25
Suggested Titles for New Hampshire Science State Standard S:LS1:6:2.6.

S:LS1:6:3.1. Reproduction: Students will explain that cells repeatedly divide to make more cells for growth and repair. 23
Suggested Titles for New Hampshire Science State Standard S:LS1:6:3.1.

S:LS1:6:3.2. Reproduction: Students will explain that the same genetic information is copied in each cell of a new organism. 23
Suggested Titles for New Hampshire Science State Standard S:LS1:6:3.2.

S:LS1:6:3.3. Reproduction: Students will explain that all living things reproduce in order to continue their species. 23
Suggested Titles for New Hampshire Science State Standard S:LS1:6:3.3.

NH.LS2. Life Science: Energy flows and matter recycles through an ecosystem.

S:LS2:6:1.1. Environment: Students will identify and describe the factors that influence the number and kinds of organisms an ecosystem can support, including the resources that are available, the differences in temperature, the composition of the soil, any disease, the threat of predators, and competition from other organisms. 11
Suggested Titles for New Hampshire Science State Standard S:LS2:6:1.1.

S:LS2:6:1.2. Environment: Students will explain that most microorganisms do not cause disease and that many are beneficial to the environment. 22
Suggested Titles for New Hampshire Science State Standard S:LS2:6:1.2.

S:LS2:6:2.1. Flow of Energy: Students will describe how energy is transferred in an ecosystem through food webs; and explain the roles and relationships between producers, consumers and decomposers.

S:LS2:6:2.2. Flow of Energy: Students will recognize that one of the most general distinctions among organisms is between plants, which use sunlight to make their own food, and animals, which consume energy-rich foods.

S:LS2:6:2.3. Flow of Energy: Students will describe the process of photosynthesis and explain that plants can use the food they make immediately or store it for later use.

S:LS2:6:2.4. Flow of Energy: Students will recognize that energy, in the form of heat, is usually a byproduct when one form of energy is converted to another, such as when living organisms transform stored energy to motion.

S:LS2:6:3.1. Recycling of Materials: Students will define a population as all individuals of a species that exist together at a given place and time; and explain that all populations living together in a community, along with the physical factors with which they interact, compose an ecosystem. 11
Suggested Titles for New Hampshire Science State Standard S:LS2:6:3.1.

S:LS2:6:3.2. Recycling of Materials: Using food webs, students will identify and describe the ways in which organisms interact and depend on one another in an ecosystem. 11
Suggested Titles for New Hampshire Science State Standard S:LS2:6:3.2.

S:LS2:6:3.3. Recycling of Materials: Students will explain how insects and various other organisms depend on dead plant and animal matter for food; and describe how this process contributes to the system. 11
Suggested Titles for New Hampshire Science State Standard S:LS2:6:3.3.

NH.LS3. Life Science: Groups of organisms show evidence of change over time (e.g. evolution, natural selection, structures, behaviors, and biochemistry).

S:LS3:6:1.1. Change: Students will provide examples of how all organisms, including humans, impact their environment; and explain how some changes can be detrimental to other organisms. 74
Suggested Titles for New Hampshire Science State Standard S:LS3:6:1.1.

S:LS3:6:1.2. Change: Students will explain how changes in environmental conditions can affect the survival of individual organisms and the entire species. 74
Suggested Titles for New Hampshire Science State Standard S:LS3:6:1.2.

S:LS3:6:2.1. Evolution: Students will describe the fundamental concepts related to biological evolution, such as biological adaptations and the diversity of species. 3
Suggested Titles for New Hampshire Science State Standard S:LS3:6:2.1.

S:LS3:6:3.1. Natural Selection: Students will recognize that there are genetic variations among individuals in groups of organisms and provide examples of how these variations affect the survival of an organism. 8
Suggested Titles for New Hampshire Science State Standard S:LS3:6:3.1.

S:LS3:6:3.2. Natural Selection: Students will recognize that only organisms that are able to reproduce can pass on their genetic information to the next generation. 8
Suggested Titles for New Hampshire Science State Standard S:LS3:6:3.2.

NH.LS4. Life Science: Humans are similar to other species in many ways, and yet are unique among Earth's life forms.

S:LS4:6:1.1. Behavior: Students will recognize that learning requires more than just storage and retrieval of information and that prior knowledge needs to be tapped in order to make sense out of new experiences or information. 9
Suggested Titles for New Hampshire Science State Standard S:LS4:6:1.1.

S:LS4:6:1.2. Behavior: Students will recognize explain that people can learn about others from direct experience, from the media, and from listening to others talk about their life and work. 98
Suggested Titles for New Hampshire Science State Standard S:LS4:6:1.2.

S:LS4:6:1.3. Behavior: Students will recognize provide examples of how humans make judgments about new situations based on memories of past experiences. 98
Suggested Titles for New Hampshire Science State Standard S:LS4:6:1.3.

S:LS4:6:2.1. Disease: Students will explain that the human body has ways to defend itself against disease-causing organisms and describe how defenders, including tears, saliva, the skin, some blood cells and stomach secretions support the defense process. 19
Suggested Titles for New Hampshire Science State Standard S:LS4:6:2.1.

S:LS4:6:2.2. Disease: Students will recognize that there are some diseases that human beings can only get once; and explain how many diseases can be prevented by vaccination. 19
Suggested Titles for New Hampshire Science State Standard S:LS4:6:2.2.

S:LS4:6:2.3. Disease: Students will explain how vaccines induce the body to build immunity to a disease without actually causing the disease itself. 19
Suggested Titles for New Hampshire Science State Standard S:LS4:6:2.3.

S:LS4:6:2.4. Disease: Students will recognize a healthy body cannot fight all germs that invade it; and explain how some germs interfere with the body's defenses. 20
Suggested Titles for New Hampshire Science State Standard S:LS4:6:2.4.

S:LS4:6:3.1. Human Identity: Students will recognize that the length and quality of human life are influenced by many factors, including sanitation, diet, medical care, gender, genes, environmental conditions, and personal health behaviors. 46
Suggested Titles for New Hampshire Science State Standard S:LS4:6:3.1.

NH.LS5. Life Science: The growth of scientific knowledge in Life Science has been advanced through the development of technology and is used (alone or in combination with other sciences) to identify, understand and solve local and global issues.

S:LS5:6:1.1. Design Technology: Students will recognize that an agricultural system is designed to maximize the use of all the elements in the system, including using plants for food, oxygen, for the filtration of air and water, and for making compost. 21
Suggested Titles for New Hampshire Science State Standard S:LS5:6:1.1.

S:LS5:6:2.1. Design Technology: Students will demonstrate the appropriate use of tools, such as thermometers, probes, microscopes and computers to gather, analyze and interpret data in the life sciences. 14
Suggested Titles for New Hampshire Science State Standard S:LS5:6:2.1.

S:LS5:6:3.1. Social Issues (Local And Global): Medical Technology and Biotechnology: Students will provide examples of early health care technology that helped to extend the life expectancy of humans, such as the discovery of penicillin and sterilization of surgical instruments. 19
Suggested Titles for New Hampshire Science State Standard S:LS5:6:3.1.

S:LS5:6:3.2. Social Issues (Local And Global): Medical Technology and Biotechnology: Students will differentiate between vaccines, which help prevent diseases from developing and spreading, and medicines, which relieve symptoms or cure diseases. 19
Suggested Titles for New Hampshire Science State Standard S:LS5:6:3.2.

S:LS5:6:3.3. Social Issues (Local And Global): Medical Technology and Biotechnology: Students will recognize that the quality of personal health can be influenced by society and technology. 26
Suggested Titles for New Hampshire Science State Standard S:LS5:6:3.3.

S:LS5:6:3.4. Social Issues (Local And Global): Medical Technology and Biotechnology: Students will identify and describe some of the processes and systems used to grow food in New Hampshire, including irrigation, pest control and harvesting. 24
Suggested Titles for New Hampshire Science State Standard S:LS5:6:3.4.

S:LS5:6:4.1. Career Technical Education Connections: Students will understand that some form of science is used in most jobs/careers and that some jobs/careers specifically require knowledge of life science. 38
Suggested Titles for New Hampshire Science State Standard S:LS5:6:4.1.

NH.PS1. Physical Science: All living and nonliving things are composed of matter having characteristic properties that distinguish one substance from another (independent of size/amount of substance).

S:PS1:6:1.1. Composition: Students will recognize that all matter is composed of minute particles called atoms; and explain that all substances are composed of atoms, each arranged into different groupings. 56
Suggested Titles for New Hampshire Science State Standard S:PS1:6:1.1.

S:PS1:6:1.2. Composition: Students will identify elements as substances that contain only one kind of atom; and explain that elements do not break down by normal laboratory reactions, such as heating, exposure to electric current, and reaction to acid. 56
Suggested Titles for New Hampshire Science State Standard S:PS1:6:1.2.

S:PS1:6:1.3. Composition: Students will recognize that over one hundred elements exist, and identify the periodic table as a tool for organizing the information about them. 56
Suggested Titles for New Hampshire Science State Standard S:PS1:6:1.3.

S:PS1:6:2.1. Properties: Students will identify elements according to their common properties, such as highly reactive metals, less reactive metals, highly reactive non-metals and almost non-reactive gases. 55
Suggested Titles for New Hampshire Science State Standard S:PS1:6:2.1.

S:PS1:6:2.2. Properties: Students will identify substances by their physical and chemical properties, such as magnetism, conductivity, density, solubility, boiling and melting points. 55
Suggested Titles for New Hampshire Science State Standard S:PS1:6:2.2.

S:PS1:6:2.3. Properties: Students will differentiate between weight and mass. 8
Suggested Titles for New Hampshire Science State Standard S:PS1:6:2.3.

S:PS1:6:2.4. Properties: Students will identify energy as a property of many substances. 14
Suggested Titles for New Hampshire Science State Standard S:PS1:6:2.4.

NH.PS2. Physical Science: Energy is necessary for change to occur in matter. Energy can be stored, transferred and transformed, but cannot be destroyed.

S:PS2:6:1.1. Change: Students will differentiate between a physical change, such as melting, and a chemical change, such as rusting. 2
Suggested Titles for New Hampshire Science State Standard S:PS2:6:1.1.

S:PS2:6:2.1. Conservation: Students will describe how mass remains constant in a closed system and provide examples relating to both physical and chemical change. 2
Suggested Titles for New Hampshire Science State Standard S:PS2:6:2.1.

S:PS2:6:3.1. Energy: Students will explain that the pitch of a sound is dependent on the frequency of the vibration producing it. 5
Suggested Titles for New Hampshire Science State Standard S:PS2:6:3.1.

S:PS2:6:3.2. Energy: Students will explain that sound vibrations move at different speeds, have different wavelengths; and establish wave-like disturbances that emanate from the source. 5
Suggested Titles for New Hampshire Science State Standard S:PS2:6:3.2.

S:PS2:6:3.3. Energy: Students will recognize that energy, in the form of heat, is usually a by-product when one form of energy is changed to another, such as when machines convert stored energy to motion. 7
Suggested Titles for New Hampshire Science State Standard S:PS2:6:3.3.

S:PS2:6:3.4. Energy: Students will explain that heat energy moves from warmer materials or regions to cooler ones through conduction, convection, and radiation. 7
Suggested Titles for New Hampshire Science State Standard S:PS2:6:3.4.

S:PS2:6:3.5. Energy: Students will explain how electrical circuits can be used to transfer energy in order to produce heat, light, sound, and chemical changes. 17
Suggested Titles for New Hampshire Science State Standard S:PS2:6:3.5.

NH.PS3. Physical Science: The motion of an object is affected by force.

S:PS3:6:1.1. Forces: Students will recognize that just as electric currents can produce magnetic forces, magnets can cause electric currents. 7
Suggested Titles for New Hampshire Science State Standard S:PS3:6:1.1.

S:PS3:6:1.2. Forces: Students will explain that when a force is applied to an object, it reacts in one of three ways: the object either speeds up, slows down, or goes in a different direction. 5
Suggested Titles for New Hampshire Science State Standard S:PS3:6:1.2.

S:PS3:6:1.3. Forces: Students will describe the relationship between the strength of a force on an object and the resulting effect, such as the greater the force, the greater the change in motion. 5
Suggested Titles for New Hampshire Science State Standard S:PS3:6:1.3.

S:PS3:6:2.1. Motion: Students will explain the how balanced and unbalanced forces are related to an object's motion. 5
Suggested Titles for New Hampshire Science State Standard S:PS3:6:2.1.

S:PS3:6:2.2. Motion: Students will explain that an object's motion can be tracked and measured over time and that the data can be used to describe its position. 5
Suggested Titles for New Hampshire Science State Standard S:PS3:6:2.2.

NH.PS4. Physical Science: The growth of scientific knowledge in Physical Science has been advanced through the development of technology and is used (alone or in combination with other sciences) to identify, understand and solve local and global issues.

S:PS4:6:1.1. Design Technology: Students will understand that scientific principles are used in the design of technology. 5
Suggested Titles for New Hampshire Science State Standard S:PS4:6:1.1.

S:PS4:6:2.1. Tools: Students will recognize that manufacturing processes use a variety of tools and machines to separate, form, combine and condition natural and synthetic materials. 6
Suggested Titles for New Hampshire Science State Standard S:PS4:6:2.1.

S:PS4:6:3.1. Social Issues (Local and Global): Energy, Power, and Transportation Manufacturing: Students will explain how a battery changes chemical energy into electrical energy. 7
Suggested Titles for New Hampshire Science State Standard S:PS4:6:3.1.

S:PS4:6:3.2. Social Issues (Local and Global): Energy, Power, and Transportation Manufacturing: Students will demonstrate how to produce a magnetic force with an electric current, such as an electromagnet, and how to produce an electric current with a magnet, such as a generator. 7
Suggested Titles for New Hampshire Science State Standard S:PS4:6:3.2.

S:PS4:6:3.3. Social Issues (Local and Global): Energy, Power, and Transportation Manufacturing: Students will provide an example to show that manufacturing processes involve changing natural materials into finished products through a series of processes that involve physical and/or chemical changes. 8
Suggested Titles for New Hampshire Science State Standard S:PS4:6:3.3.

S:PS4:6:4.1. Career Technical Education Connections: Students will understand that some form of science is used in most jobs/careers and that some jobs/careers specifically require knowledge of physical science. 38
Suggested Titles for New Hampshire Science State Standard S:PS4:6:4.1.