Mississippi State Standards for Science: Grade 12

Currently Perma-Bound only has suggested titles for grades K-8 in the Science and Social Studies areas. We are working on expanding this.

MS.1. Astronomy: Discuss the history of astronomy. (E, P)

1.a. Identify the layers and sublayers of the atmosphere and of the earth.

1.b. Explain how the invention of the telescope impacted the development of modern astronomy.

1.c. Trace the development of models to predict planetary motion (Ptolemy, Copernicus, Kepler and Newton).

1.d. Explore theories of the universe origin.

MS.2. Astronomy: Investigate the technologies and instruments (optical telescopes, radio telescopes, space probes, artificial satellites, etc.) used in ground and space based astronomy. (E)

2.a. Differentiate between various methods of observation.

2.b. Explore the methods used in determining the characteristics of our solar system components (spectra, probes, Doppler, etc.).

2.c. Characterize the physical and chemical parameters of dissolved O2, pH, temperature, and salinity through analysis of different water column depths/zones.

2.d. Examine the interaction of erupting volcanoes and the atmosphere.

2.e. Review the classification scheme used in zoology.

2.f. Explain how enzymes work and identify factors that can affect enzyme action.

MS.3. Astronomy: Investigate Newton Universal Gravitation Law and Kepler Laws. (E, P)

3.a. Describe the structure and gravitational interactions of a planetary system according to Newton Laws of Motion and Gravitation.

3.b. Utilize the Universal Gravitational constant to calculate the orbital velocity in a two body system.

3.c. Describe the motion and interactions of a planetary system according to Kepler Laws.

3.d. Calculate period, distance from the sun, and/or velocity of a planet using Kepler Laws.

3.e. Analyze and describe the effects of events such as fires, hurricanes, deforestation, mining, population growth and industry on environments.

3.f. Develop an emergency preparedness plan for natural disasters associated with crustal movement.

3.g. Relate the importance of meiosis to sexual reproduction and the maintenance of chromosome number.

3.h. Identify and distinguish among forms of asexual and sexual reproduction.

MS.4. Astronomy: Investigate and compare data about celestial bodies in our solar system. (E)

4.a. Explore the motion of celestial bodies (planetary rotation and revolution, comets, asteroids, moons, sun, etc.)

4.b. Compare and contrast internal and surface components of celestial bodies.

4.c. Track the Earth moon over an extended period of time.

MS.5. Organic Chemistry: Relate organic chemicals to their application in industry, drug manufacture, and biological chemistry. (P, L)

5.a. Discuss star classification (by size and magnitude) and types of stars.

5.b. Examine the origin and demise of stars.

5.c. Research the composition, energy production and solar-magnetic activity of stars.

5.d. Describe the use of organic compounds in medicine, drugs, and personal care products.

5.e. Describe star systems visible from earth.

5.f. Contrast the relative entropy of a pure substance to the substance in solution.

MS.6. Astronomy: Describe the universe in terms of its diverse components and their relationships. (E)

6.a. Identify types of galaxies, proximity of galaxies, the name of Earth galaxy, etc.

6.b. Research recent reports on the structure of the universe.

6.c. Examine components of the celestial sphere.

6.d. Evaluate the effects of urbanization on aquatic ecosystems.

6.e. Identify practical uses of biotechnology.

6.f. Evaluate the moral and ethical issues related to genetic engineering.

MS.7. Aquatic Science: Investigate applications of modern technology in aquatic systems. (L, P)

7.a. Define frames of reference and the space-time continuum.

7.b. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the use of modern technology within aquatic science (mariculture and aquaculture).

7.c. Relate the contribution of aquatic technology to industry and government.

7.d. Calculate relativistic length, time, and mass.

7.e. Discuss the main components of General Relativity Theory.

MS.1. Biology II: Utilize critical thinking and scientific problem solving in designing and performing biological research and experimentation. (L, P, E)

1.a. Demonstrate the proper use and care for scientific equipment used in biology.

1.b. Observe and practice safe procedures in the classroom and laboratory.

1.c. Apply the components of scientific processes and methods in the classroom and laboratory investigations.

1.d. Communicate results of scientific investigations in oral, written, and graphic form.

MS.2. Biology II: Investigate chemical processes of the cell that maintain life. (L, P)

2.a. Relate chemical structure and characteristics of organic compounds to cell and organism functions.

2.b. Investigate enzymatic reactions and identify factors that influence enzyme activity.

2.c. Analyze light dependent and light independent reactions of photosynthesis with respect to site, reactions involved and energy input/output.

2.d. Analyze processes of cellular respiration with respect to site, reactions involved, and energy input/output in each stage.

MS.3. Biology II: Explore the molecular basis of heredity. (L, P)

3.a. Investigate the discovery of DNA.

3.b. Analyze DNA/RNA/enzyme roles in the stages of protein synthesis.

3.c. Investigate modern DNA technologies (gene splicing, gel electrophoresis and recombinant DNA in agriculture, medicine and forensics).

3.d. Examine bioethical issues resulting from genetic technology.

3.e. Review genetic principles for solving inheritance problems.

MS.4. Biology II: Investigate the role that natural selection plays in maintaining diversity. (L, E)

4.a. Identify the components of natural selection.

4.b. Predict the successes and failures of a population when exposed to changing environmental factors.

4.c. Examine factors that affect populations, such as distribution, competition, migration, isolation, and disease.

MS.5. Biology II: Apply principles of classification to groups of organisms. (L)

5.a. Use classification as a tool to organize diverse groups.

5.b. Compare classical (morphological) and modern (molecular) classification systems.

5.c. Conduct an in-depth study of classification within at least one of the kingdoms.

MS.6. Biology II: Examine the behavior of organisms. (L)

6.a. Analyze the behavioral responses of an organism to internal and external stimuli.

6.b. Associate function of the nervous system to behavior.

6.c. Distinguish among types of learned, innate, and voluntary behavior.

6.d. Compare the selective advantage of several behavioral responses.

MS.1. Physical Science: Demonstrate the proper use of scientific methods and investigative techniques. (P)

1.a. Experimentally investigate a problem utilizing the scientific process.

1.b. Scientifically communicate the results of an experiment.

1.c. Demonstrate safe and proper use of scientific equipment.

MS.2. Physical Science: Perform measurements and mathematical calculations using metric units. (P)

2.a. Express numbers and perform operations using scientific notation.

2.b. Identify the significant digits in a given measurement.

2.c. Employ graphs to record, display, and interpret data.

2.d. Perform unit conversions within the metric system.

MS.3. Physical Science: Identify basic structure of matter. (P)

3.a. Define and specify the location of the basic components of an atom.

3.b. Utilize the periodic table to determine atomic composition of elements and periodic patterns.

3.c. Describe the states of matter using the kinetic molecular theory.

3.d. Differentiate between elements, compounds, solutions, and mixtures.

3.e. Compare and contrast atoms, ions, and isotopes.

3.f. Write chemical formulas for compounds.

3.g. Classify compounds as acids, bases, or salts.

3.h. Identify compounds with regard to bond type.

MS.4. Physical Science: Investigate physical and chemical changes in matter. (P)

4.a. Differentiate between physical and chemical changes.

4.b. Identify chemical reactions as endothermic or exothermic.

4.c. Balance equations when chemical formulas are given.

4.d. Examine current theories, proposals and supporting data of celestial bodies in our solar system.

4.e. Describe the origin, composition and structure of asteroids, meteors and comets.

4.f. Identify the functions of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids in living organisms with examples of each.

MS.5. Physical Science: Investigate matter in motion. (P)

5.a. Show how motion involves a frame of reference.

5.b. Calculate average speed.

5.c. Define the fundamental forces of nature.

5.d. Explain the basic principles found in Newton Three Laws of Motion.

5.e. Determine net force and the resulting motion of objects.

MS.6. Physical Science: Describe sources, uses, and effects of energy. (P)

6.a. Differentiate between kinetic and potential energy.

6.b. Discuss the transfer and/or transformation of energy (conservation of energy).

6.c. Define heat and temperature and their effect on particle motion.

6.d. Observe and communicate that systems tend to become less orderly over time (entropy).

MS.7. Physical Science: Discuss general properties and characteristics of waves. (P)

7.a. Classify waves as either mechanical or electromagnetic.

7.b. Differentiate among transverse, longitudinal, and surface waves.

7.c. Determine wavelength, frequency, period, and velocity of waves.

7.d. Examine the properties of waves (interference, refraction, reflection, diffraction, Doppler effect, etc.).

MS.8. Botany: Describe the ecological importance of plants. (L, E)

8.a. Explain the importance of variations in organisms.

8.b. Identify concepts such as nutrient cycling, succession, natural selection, competition, and symbiosis that influence/alter plant stability within the environment.

8.c. Analyze the effects of human activity on the plant world.

8.d. Identify primary and secondary colors.

8.e. Demonstrate the additive and subtractive properties of colors.

MS.9. Botany: Apply the modern classification scheme utilized in naming plants. (L)

9.a. Explain the classification scheme used in botany.

9.b. Apply the concept of classification by using a dichotomous key to identify a native Mississippi plant.

9.c. Identify the types of relationships that occur among populations.

9.d. Explain how energy flows through ecosystems.

9.e. Describe, compare and contrast fusion and fission.

MS.1. Earth Science: Describe the elements and compounds related to the composition of the Earth crust. (E, P)

1.a. List elements in the earth crust and their percentages by mass.

1.b. Compare the elements in the earth crust to the elements in the atmosphere and oceans.

MS.2. Earth Science: Characterize the different types of mineral deposits. (E, P)

2.a. Research the six common minerals.

MS.3. Earth Science: Describe the basic types of rocks and how they are formed. (E, P)

3.a. List the three basic types of rocks and the sources of their production.

MS.4. Earth Science: Explain the physical and chemical processes of weathering. (E, P)

4.a. Research the causes of physical (mechanical) and chemical weathering.

4.b. Analyze weathering as a type of erosion.

4.c. Research the effects of physical and chemical weathering.

MS.5. Earth Science: Describe the processes involved in shaping the internal and external features of the Earth. (E, P)

5.a. Research the external processes that shape the earth features.

5.b. Define the internal processes that shape the earth features.

MS.6. Earth Science: Illustrate the geological timetable. (L, E)

6.a. Research the origins of the earth.

6.b. Research the scientists responsible for the theories of earth origin.

6.c. Investigate layering as a process of determining the earth origin.

MS.7. Earth Science: Explain how the oceans affect other processes on Earth. (L, E, P)

7.a. Determine how ocean currents affect climate.

7.b. Research ocean flora and fauna and their place in the life forms of earth.

MS.8. Earth Science: Describe the composition of the atmosphere. (E, P)

8.a. Investigate the different layers of the atmosphere.

8.b. Research the Greenhouse Effect as it relates to the atmosphere.

MS.9. Earth Science: Describe the processes involved in weather and climate. (E, P)

9.a. Compare and contrast the terms weather and climate.

9.b. Research the circulation of the atmosphere.

9.c. Explore the different climatic zones.

9.d. Determine the causes of the change of seasons.

MS.10. Botany: Explore the principles of plant genetics. (L)

10.a. Explain the results of monohybrid and dihybrid crosses.

10.b. Observe the environmental process of the water cycle.

MS.11. Earth Science: Describe the structure and gravitational interaction of our planetary system. (E, P)

11.a. Investigate the sizes and spacing of the planets in our solar system.

11.b. Define gravity and calculate gravitational pull.

11.c. Determine the relationship between the moon pull of gravity and the Earth's tides.

MS.12. Earth Science: Explain the orderly and predictable motion of celestial bodies. (E, P)

12.a. Investigate comets.

12.b. Explore the concept of red and blue shift.

MS.13. Earth Science: Demonstrate the proper use of scientific methods and investigative techniques. (L, E, P)

13.a. Experimentally investigate a problem utilizing the scientific process.

13.b. Scientifically communicate the results of an experiment.

13.c. Demonstrate safe and proper use of scientific equipment.

MS.1. Chemistry I: Explain how the properties of matter relate to structure and changes in structure. (P)

1.a. Demonstrate the proper use and care of scientific equipment.

1.b. Observe and practice safe procedures in classroom and laboratory.

1.c. Define chemistry and matter.

1.d. Apply the language of chemistry appropriately including terms such as element, atom, compound, and molecule.

1.e. Classify a material as element, compound, solution or heterogeneous mixture.

1.f. Relate symbols to names of common chemical elements.

1.g. Write the symbol or formula for monatomic and polyatomic ions.

MS.2. Chemistry I: Solve numerical chemistry problems using the International System of Measurement (SI) units, mathematical expressions, and factor labeling. (P)

2.a. Choose the most appropriate SI unit of mass, length or volume of an object.

2.b. Define the common SI prefixes used in chemistry and interconvert, using the factor-label method (dimensional analysis) to obtain the desired unit in solving problems.

2.c. Apply the definition of mass, length, volume, time, density, temperature and pressure.

2.d. Use scientific notation in chemical calculations.

2.e. Round values to the proper significant digits.

MS.3. Chemistry I: Develop a visual conceptualization of atomic structure based on theory and a knowledge of fundamental particles. (P)

3.a. Identify various theories of the atom, including Rutherford, Bohr, and electron cloud theories by matching the theory to its description.

3.b. Identify the three fundamental particles of an atom when given the charge, mass, and location of the particle.

3.c. Determine the number of protons, electrons, or neutrons in an element when given the atomic number and the atomic mass of the element, or vice versa.

3.d. Write the electron configurations of elements.

3.e. Draw the electron-dot (Lewis) structure of elements.

3.f. Predict the charge of an ion based on the element valence electrons.

MS.4. Chemistry I: Analyze patterns and trends in organization of elements in the periodic table. (P)

4.a. Identify an element as a metal, nonmetal, metalloid, or noble gas.

4.b. Locate elements by name and group number (family) or period (series).

4.c. Compare elements in terms of atomic radius, ionization energy, or electronegativity using their positions on the periodic table.

4.d. Predict the charge of monoatomic ions on the basis of position (group number).

MS.5. Chemistry I: Compare the properties of compounds according to their type of bonding. (P, L, E)

5.a. Describe what determines covalent, ionic, and metallic bonds.

5.b. Relate bond type between elements on the basis of electronegativity differences.

5.c. Relate bond type to the position of elements on the Periodic table, electron configuration, and properties of the compound formed.

5.d. Draw Lewis electron dot structures and determine the geometric structure of simple molecules.

5.e. Identify simple molecules as polar or non-polar on the basis of molecular shape and bond polarity.

5.f. Relate bond and molecular polarity to intermolecular forces.

MS.6. Chemistry I: Write names and formulas of covalent and ionic compounds. (P)

6.a. Write chemical formulas of ionic compounds using monatomic and polyatomic ions.

6.b. Write chemical formulas of molecular compounds using prefixes.

6.c. Write names of compounds from their formulas.

6.d. Given the formula of a compound, identify oxidation states of the elements.

6.e. Write the names and formulas of common acids and bases.

MS.7. Chemistry I: Interpret chemical change in terms of chemical reactions. (P)

7.a. Write an equation in sentence form (word equation) when given a chemical equation.

7.b. Balance a simple chemical equation by inspection when given the formulas or names of all reactants and products.

7.c. Classify simple equations as to type: single displacement, double displacement, synthesis and decomposition.

7.d. Complete chemical equations when given reactants for reactions, such as synthesis, decomposition, single displacement, and double displacement.

7.e. Given a list of solubility rules, predict if a precipitate is formed upon mixing solutions of known chemicals in a double displacement reaction.

7.f. Use the activity series to predict single displacement reactions and write equations of these reactions.

7.g. Predict products of simple synthesis and decomposition reactions.

7.h. Identify redox reactions by recognizing the species that are oxidized and reduced.

MS.8. Chemistry I: Explore the relationship between mass and quantity through various stoichiometric relationships. (P)

8.a. Calculate the formula/molecular mass of compounds.

8.b. Define the mole as a quantity of matter.

8.c. Interconvert among mass, mole, and number of particles.

8.d. Determine the empirical formula from the percentage composition and the molecular formula from the empirical formula and molar mass, or vice-versa.

8.e. Solve stoichiometry problems.

8.f. Identify the limiting reagent through stoichiometric calculations.

MS.9. Chemistry I: Apply understanding of the interactions of matter and energy. (P)

9.a. Demonstrate understanding by performing calculations relating enthalpy change, temperature change, mass, and specific heat.

9.b. Calculate the energy required to change state using mass and heat of vaporization or heat of fusion.

9.c. Classify chemical reactions as endothermic or exothermic.

MS.10. Chemistry I: Analyze the nature and behavior of gaseous, liquid, and solid substances using Kinetic Molecular Theory. (P)

10.a. Describe a gas, liquid or solid in terms of Kinetic Molecular Theory.

10.b. Describe the relationship among volume, temperature, pressure, and moles using ideal gas laws.

10.c. Calculate the partial pressure of a gas in a mixture.

MS.11. Chemistry I: Describe and explain the solution process. (P)

11.a. Describe solutions in terms of solute and solvent; electrolyte or non-electrolyte; soluble or insoluble; unsaturated, saturated or supersaturated; miscible or immiscible.

11.b. Express the concentration of a solution as percent by mass, molarity, molality, and mole fraction, given appropriate data.

11.c. Explore the factors that affect solubility.

11.d. Describe how to make a solution of given molarity in terms of mass needed, or vice-versa.

11.e. Describe how to dilute a solution in terms of molarity and volume.

MS.12. Chemistry I: Analyze the factors that affect equilibrium with an emphasis on visualizing its dynamic nature at the macroscopic and molecular levels. (P)

12.a. Describe a reversible reaction in terms of a dynamic equilibrium process.

12.b. Using LeChatelier principle, predict the effect upon a reaction at equilibrium of changing the temperature, concentrations of a reactant or a product, pressure, or adding a catalyst.

MS.13. Chemistry I: Visualize and explain acid-base interactions applying concepts of chemical bonding and solutions. (P, L)

13.a. Compare properties of acids and bases, including how they affect indicators and the relative pH of the solution.

13.b. Classify species in aqueous solutions according to Arrhenius and Bronsted definitions, respectively.

13.c. Predict the product of an aqueous neutralization reaction.

13.d. Calculate the pH or pOH from the hydrogen or hydroxide ion concentrations of solutions and vice versa.

13.e. Describe the role of indicators in experimental prediction of pH.

MS.1. Chemistry II: Visualize and interpret the atomic structure in terms of quantum theory. (P)

1.a. Characterize electromagnetic radiation in terms of wavelength, frequency and speed.

1.b. Explain the concept of quantified energy as it relates atomic spectroscopic data.

1.c. Relate the wave and particulate properties of electromagnetic radiation.

1.d. Describe the Heisenberg uncertainty principle and link its significance to electron probability distribution.

1.e. Explain the quantum numbers n, l, ml, and ms in terms of energy and electron probability distribution.

1.f. Relate quantum numbers to the accepted orbital notation of s, p, d and f.

1.g. Depict or interpret s, p, d, and f orbitals in two and three-dimensional sketches.

1.h. Explain the Pauli exclusion principle in terms of electron spin and apply when determining electron configuration.

1.i. Write electron configurations following the Aufbau principle.

MS.2. Chemistry II: Explain the variations in chemical bonding types (covalent, ionic and metallic) in terms of the fundamental principles of electrostatic attraction and repulsion and atomic orbital overlap. (P)

2.a. Explain how and why an ionic bond is formed.

2.b. Explain how and why a covalent bond is formed.

2.c. Explain how and why a polar covalent bond is formed.

2.d. Draw Lewis structures for compounds in which the central atoms can accommodate an expanded octet (e.g. sulfur fluoride).

2.e. Describe the concept of resonance.

2.f. Select the most favorable resonance based on formal charge.

2.g. Describe multiple bond formation in terms of sigma and pi covalent bonds.

2.h. Define bond dissociation energy.

2.i. Calculate heat of reaction using average bond dissociation energies.

MS.3. Chemistry II: Explain observed physical properties of solids and liquids to their intermolecular forces. (P, L)

3.a. Differentiate between intramolecular and intermolecular bonding

3.b. Describe dipole-dipole forces, hydrogen bonding, and London dispersion forces.

3.c. Relate intermolecular forces to properties of liquids: surface tension, capillary action, and viscosity.

3.d. Relate the relative boiling point, freezing point and vapor pressure of a series of molecules to intermolecular forces.

3.e. Interpret phase diagrams.

MS.4. Chemistry II: Apply stoichiometric principles to reactions that occur in aqueous solution. (P)

4.a. Represent reactions in aqueous solution with net ionic equations.

4.b. Predict precipitation products and represent with net ionic equations.

4.c. Perform stoichiometric calculations involving precipitation reactions.

4.d. Perform stoichiometric calculations involved in acid-base reactions.

4.e. Write and balance oxidation-reduction reactions by the half-equation method.

4.f. Perform stoichiometric calculations involved in oxidation-reduction reactions.

MS.5. Chemistry II: Explain the thermodynamics of chemistry, including the interconversion of one form of energy to another. (P)

5.a. Define enthalpy.

5.b. Calculate the change in enthalpy in a chemical reaction.

5.c. Define enthalpy of formation and calculate the change in enthalpy of reaction using Hess's Law.

5.d. Define entropy.

5.e. Describe general trends in absolute entropies with respect to state, structure, and molar mass.

5.f. Contrast the relative entropy of a pure substance to the substance in solution.

5.g. Identify and distinguish among forms of asexual and sexual reproduction.

5.h. Define free energy change and relate it to spontaneity.

5.i. Define the free energy of formation, and calculate free energy of reaction using Hess Law.

MS.6. Chemistry II: Link the reaction pathway (mechanism) and the rate law for simple reactions. (P, L)

6.a. Describe two types of rate laws; differential and integral.

6.b. Determine the rate law for a reaction given experimental law.

6.c. Determine the relationship between the reaction pathway and the rate law of a reaction.

6.d. Explain how a catalyst increases the rate of reaction.

MS.7. Chemistry II: Analyze chemical equilibrium expressions and the effect of contributing factors. (P, L)

7.a. Write equilibrium expressions for various types of equilibrium including equilibrium constants for concentration, partial pressure, acids, bases, and water.

7.b. Calculate the equilibrium constant given concentrations at equilibrium.

7.c. Calculate concentration at equilibrium given initial concentrations and the equilibrium constant.

7.d. Predict the extent of reaction based on the magnitude of the equilibrium constant.

7.e. Predict the effect of temperature on the equilibrium constant given the change of enthalpy of a reaction.

7.f. Describe characteristics and applications of buffer solutions.

MS.8. Chemistry II: Apply oxidation-reduction and aqueous reaction chemistry to the interconversion of chemical and electrical energy (electrochemistry). (P, L)

8.a. Draw a schematic diagram (sketch) for an electrochemical cell, given an oxidation-reduction reaction that occurs in an aqueous solution.

8.b. Describe the parts of an electrochemical cell and the function of each.

8.c. Identify the path taken by electrons in electrochemical cells.

8.d. Compare and contrast voltaic and electrolytic cells.

8.e. Predict the outcome of an oxidation-reduction reaction using standard reduction potential values.

8.f. Explain how the activity series and reduction potentials are linked to electronegativity and to each other.

8.g. Describe the oxidation-reduction reactions that occur in zinc-carbon (dry cell), alkaline, mercury, Ni-Cad, and lead acid batteries.

8.h. Make everyday applications of oxidation-reduction; for example, the nervous system or electrolytic plating of metals.

8.i. Perform stoichiometric calculations based on current and time data in such applications.

MS.9. Chemistry II: Analyze nuclear changes in matter. (P, L, E)

9.a. Identify alpha, beta, and gamma radiation with respect to mass and charge.

9.b. Complete and balance nuclear equations.

9.c. Calculate the half-life of a radioactive nuclide both mathematically and graphically.

9.d. Calculate time or amount of isotope remaining given the initial amount and the half-life of the radioisotope.

9.e. Describe, compare and contrast fusion and fission.

9.f. Compare and contrast the adaptations of plants and animals found in the major biomes.

9.g. Compare protective measures when using radioactive material including time, distance, and shielding.

MS.10. Chemistry II: Describe the structure, reactions, and uses of selected organic compounds. (P, L)

10.a. Determine the name or structural formula for given hydrocarbons and functional groups.

10.b. Illustrate some common reactions of hydrocarbons.

10.c. Describe the formation of polymers from monomers.

10.d. Describe the structure and function of biochemical compounds.

10.e. Calculate the relative fuel value of various fossil fuels.

MS.1. Physics I: Apply fundamental mathematics used in physical concepts. (P)

1.a. Utilize fundamental SI base and derived units.

1.b. Demonstrate proper use of scientific notation and significant figures in calculations and measurements.

1.c. Create, extend and record relationships from tables and graphs.

1.d. Manipulate equations to solve problems.

MS.2. Physics I: Investigate the kinematics of physical bodies. (P)

2.a. Identify terminology associated with kinematics and the history of the ideas associated with motion.

2.b. Differentiate between vector and scalar quantities.

2.c. Observe, measure, record and graph experimental results involving bodies in motion.

2.d. Interpret displacement, velocity, and acceleration graphs.

2.e. Solve problems involving kinematic relationships.

MS.3. Physics I: Investigate physical dynamics. (E, P)

3.a. Solve vector problems mathematically and graphically.

3.b. Distinguish between weight and mass.

3.c. Explain physical dynamics in terms of Newton Three Laws of Motion.

3.d. Solve problems using Newton Three Laws of Motion.

3.e. Apply the principles of impulse and conservation of momentum to interpret Newton Third Law of Motion.

3.f. Explain the effects of the Law of Universal Gravitation and calculate the force between two masses.

3.g. Explore the principles and applications for solving problems in two-dimensional motion.

3.h. Apply concepts of centripetal force and torque in solving circular motion problems.

MS.4. Physics I: Explore the concepts and relationships among work, power, and energy. (P)

4.a. Identify terminology associated with work, power and energy.

4.b. Apply the Law of Conservation of Energy.

4.c. Utilize the Work-Energy Theorem to solve problems.

MS.5. Physics I: Describe the characteristics and properties of mechanical waves. (P)

5.a. Describe the types, characteristics and behavior of mechanical waves.

5.b. Explain conceptually and/or mathematically the Doppler Effect.

MS.6. Physics I: Investigate the principles related to electromagnetic radiation. (P)

6.a. Determine the relationship between frequency and wavelength using the constancy of the speed of light.

6.b. Compare the various components of the electromagnetic spectrum.

6.c. Describe the characteristics of lenses and mirrors conceptually, mathematically and/or pictorially.

MS.7. Physics I: Measure and calculate the properties of static and current electricity. (P)

7.a. Identify terminology and units associated with electricity.

7.b. Describe the characteristics of an electric field.

7.c. Describe, measure and/or calculate the properties of stationary and moving electric charges (using Coulomb Law and Ohm Law).

7.d. Determine current, voltage, and resistance involved in series and parallel circuits.

MS.1. Physics II: Investigate mechanics of physical motion (Review of Physics I). (P)

1.a. Apply fundamental mathematics used in physical concepts.

1.b. Investigate physical kinematics and dynamics of one and two-dimensional motion.

1.c. Explore the concepts and relationships among work, power, energy, and momentum.

MS.2. Physics II: Investigate the principles related to thermal energy. (P)

2.a. Interpret the principles of the Kinetic Molecular Theory and the Laws of Thermodynamics.

2.b. Apply principles of the Kinetic Molecular Theory to changes of state for solids, liquids, gases, and plasma.

2.c. Solve problems with heat energy transfer, entropy and enthalpy.

MS.3. Physics II: Investigate properties and principles of fluids. (P)

3.a. Determine pressure using Pascal's Principle.

3.b. Differentiate between hydrostatics and hydrodynamics.

3.c. Interpret and apply Bernoulli principle.

3.d. Evaluate the behaviors of fluids (surface tension, capillary action adhesion, and effects of pressure on boiling and melting points).

3.e. Discuss the plasma state.

MS.4. Physics II: Investigate the principles and applications of magnetism. (P)

4.a. Identify the properties of magnetism (fields, forces, etc.).

4.b. Establish the interactions between current flow and magnetic fields.

4.c. Explain the principle of induction.

4.d. Solve problems with magnetic fields, magnetic forces, and induction.

4.e. Relate principles of electromagnetism to the operation of motors, generators, transformers, electromagnets, etc.

MS.5. Physics II: Investigate the principles of the Quantum Theory. (P)

5.a. Describe and analyze the dual nature of light.

5.b. Discuss the photoelectric and Compton effects.

5.c. Explain quantum energy absorption and emission spectra.

MS.6. Physics II: Investigate the principles of nuclear physics. (P)

6.a. Discuss types and properties of elementary and other subatomic particles.

6.b. Discuss applications of nuclear energy.

6.c. Differentiate between nuclear fission and fusion and the net energy of both.

6.d. Write nuclear equations for fission and fusion reactions.

6.e. Examine creation of plasma and ionic propulsion.

MS.7. Physics II: Investigate relativity. (P)

7.a. Define frames of reference and the space-time continuum.

7.b. Discuss the main components of Special Relativity Theory.

7.c. Investigate the applications of special relativity to motions of observer and observed.

7.d. Calculate relativistic length, time, and mass.

7.e. Discuss the main components of General Relativity Theory.

MS.8. Physics II: Investigate current theories of physics. (P)

8.a. Discuss Grand Unification Theories.

8.b. Research black holes, worm holes, and dimensions.

MS.1. Human Anatomy and Physiology: Utilize critical thinking and scientific problem solving in designing and performing biological research and experimentation. (L, P, E)

1.a. Demonstrate the proper use and care for scientific equipment used in life science.

1.b. Observe and practice safe procedures in the classroom and laboratory.

1.c. Apply the components of scientific processes and methods in the classroom and laboratory investigations.

1.d. Communicate results of scientific investigations in oral, written, and graphic form.

MS.2. Human Anatomy and Physiology: Describe the basic organization of the body using the appropriate anatomical concepts. (L)

2.a. Define the terms: anatomy, physiology, and homeostasis; explain the importance of the interaction between structure and function of organs and organ systems in the human body.

2.b. Describe the anatomical position and apply anatomical terms, terms of direction, and planes of section to describe the body and the relationship of its parts.

2.c. Identify the cavities of the body and locate the essential organs in each.

MS.3. Human Anatomy and Physiology: Discuss the biochemical composition of the human body. (L, P)

3.a. Identify the major elements that form the bulk of body matter.

3.b. Explain the relationships among atoms, molecules, elements, and compounds.

3.c. Explain the importance of water to body homeostasis.

3.d. Describe the concept of pH and its relationship to acids and bases in the human body.

3.e. Name the four major groups of organic substances in the human body and give examples and functions of specific members of each group.

MS.4. Human Anatomy and Physiology: Explore the relationship of the cell to the more complex levels of organization within the body. (L)

4.a. Describe the structure and function of the components of a typical animal cell, including membranous and non-membranous organelles.

4.b. Relate plasma membrane structure to active and passive transport mechanisms.

4.c. Name the four major categories of tissues and compare the location, structure, and function of each.

MS.5. Human Anatomy and Physiology: Identify the structure and function of the human body systems, explore the interactions among the systems and investigate major disorders/diseases. (L)

5.a. Associated with each of the following: Integumentary; Skeletal; Muscular; Nervous; Endocrine; Digestive; Respiratory; Circulatory; Lymphatic; Urinary; Reproductive.

MS.1. Science Skills and Reasoning: Observe and practice safe procedures in the classroom and laboratory. (L, E, P)

1.a. Demonstrate knowledge of safety rules before working in the laboratory and model all safety rules in each lab activity.

1.b. Demonstrate proper use and care of scientific equipment to include the compound light microscope.

1.c. Demonstrate accuracy and precision when using scientific equipment.

MS.2. Science Skills and Reasoning: Utilize critical thinking and scientific problem solving in designing and performing scientific research and experimentation. (L, E, P)

2.a. Identify and use the SI units of length, capacity/volume, mass/weight and temperature.

2.b. Research and critically analyze current investigations/problems using periodicals (newspapers, magazines and science journals).

2.c. Demonstrate an ability to record and organize data from a variety of sources (scientific articles, magazines, and journals).

2.d. Identify and apply the components of scientific methods in classroom and laboratory investigations using the processes of predicting, observing, gathering data, and drawing conclusions.

MS.3. Science Skills and Reasoning: Interpret and communicate results of scientific investigations in oral, written, and graphic form. (L, E, P)

3.a. Demonstrate graphing techniques: plotting points, labeling x- and y-axis, title, and legends for pie, bar, and line graphs.

3.b. Generate and interpret graphs from classroom experiments.

3.c. Draw conclusions about current scientific issues using graphs found in scientific literature.

3.d. Communicate the results of classroom experiments using lab reports and oral presentations.

MS.4. Science Skills and Reasoning: Investigate the chemical basis of life. (L, P)

4.a. Describe differences among atoms, elements, ions, molecules and compounds.

4.b. Compare and contrast ionic and covalent bonding.

4.c. Identify the chemical symbols of elements needed for life.

4.d. Identify the components of a chemical reaction (reactant, product, equation).

4.e. Identify properties of acids and bases and use pH to classify substances as basic, acidic, or neutral.

4.f. Identify the functions of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids in living organisms with examples of each.

MS.5. Science Skills and Reasoning: Investigate cell structures, functions, and methods of reproduction. (L)

5.a. Differentiate between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

5.b. Distinguish between plant and animal eukaryotic cell structures.

5.c. Identify and describe the structure and basic functions of the major eukaryotic organelles.

5.d. Explain the differences among tissues, organs, and organ systems.

5.e. Describe the structure and function of a selectively permeable membrane and its role in diffusion and osmosis.

5.f. Compare and contrast mitosis and meiosis emphasizing the differences in resulting chromosome number.

5.g. Identify and distinguish among forms of asexual and sexual reproduction.

MS.6. Science Skills and Reasoning: Investigate energy use in living organisms. (L)

6.a. Explain the differences between autotrophs and heterotrophs.

6.b. Compare and contrast the processes of photosynthesis and respiration.

MS.7. Science Skills and Reasoning: Relate the structure and function of nucleic acids in the principles and mechanisms of genetics. (L, P)

7.a. Describe the basic structure and function of DNA and RNA.

7.b. Describe how DNA copies itself and the results of mistakes in this process.

7.c. Utilize genetic terminology and apply genetic principles to solve simple Mendelian crosses.

MS.8. Science Skills and Reasoning: Apply concepts of natural selection as they relate to classification. (L)

8.a. Explain the importance of variations in organisms.

8.b. Describe how the need for adaptation leads to formation of new species.

8.c. Classify organisms into the major kingdoms based upon their characteristics.

MS.9. Science Skills and Reasoning: Investigate how organisms interact with their environment. (L, E)

9.a. Identify biotic and abiotic factors in an ecosystem.

9.b. Explain the levels of biological organization (i.e., population, community, ecosystem, biosphere).

9.c. Identify the types of relationships that occur among populations.

9.d. Explain how energy flows through ecosystems.

9.e. Describe the cycling of matter through ecosystems.

9.f. Compare and contrast the adaptations of plants and animals found in the major biomes.

MS.1. Biomedical Research: Utilize critical thinking and scientific problem solving in designing and performing biological research and experimentation. (L, E, P)

1.a. Demonstrate the proper use and care for scientific equipment used in the laboratory.

1.b. Observe and practice safe procedures in the classroom and laboratory.

1.c. Apply the components of scientific processes and methods in the classroom and laboratory investigations.

1.d. Communicate results of scientific investigations in oral, written, and graphic form.

MS.2. Biomedical Research: Explore the processes and technologies by which biomedical scientific literature is stored, catalogued and retrieved. (L)

2.a. Utilize printed library materials and computer resources to identify the area of research of an identified biomedical researcher, through recovery of relevant scientific publications.

2.b. Prepare a glossary of technical scientific terminology from the information presented in the recovered publication(s).

MS.3. Biomedical Research: Investigate the use of the World Wide Web (WWW), through the Internet, to identify current, topical advances in biomedical research and health care areas. (L)

3.a. Identify major biomedicine-related WWW sites, including the Center for Disease Control, the National Institute of Health, the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and the Society for Neuroscience, using computer access.

3.b. Download and retrieve on printed copy routine updates from one or more of the identified sites.

3.c. Establish active dialogues with science students at other high school sites using electronic communications (e-mail).

MS.4. Biomedical Research: Communicate the scientific background of, technical approach to, major results from, and conclusions pertaining to two contemporary professional biomedical research publications. (L)

4.a. Identify a general area of biomedical science of interest and select two representative scientific citations from the literature database.

4.b. Examine the publications in detail.

4.c. Determine additional resources (textbooks, periodicals, personal interviews with a scientist or teacher familiar with that area of research) needed to discuss the research findings.

4.d. Present a formal, oral summation of one of the two publications to the entire class, and submit a written discussion of that publication.

MS.5. Biomedical Research: Analyze contemporary issues, related to the practice or application of biomedical research, that pose an ethical dilemma or dilemmas to our society. (L)

5.a. Suggested areas of initial focus including fetal tissue research, legalization of drugs, drug abuse, euthanasia, research fraud, use of non-human animals in research, genetic engineering, and universal health care.

5.b. Prepare written arguments for identified issues that detail the scientific background for the issue, identify the nature of the ethical dilemma, and argue for or against a specific position related to that issue.

MS.6. Biomedical Research: Explore the basic elements of genetics and molecular biology that are fundamental to modern biomedical research. (L)

6.a. Document major historical events leading to the development of the science of genetics.

6.b. Identify the nature of recent (past 25 years) events that have revolutionized genetic analysis and manipulation, including the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), gene transfection, the Human Genome Project, protein sequencing, and in vitro fertilization.

6.c. Explore the subcellular organelles responsible for protein synthesis and reproduction.

6.d. Discuss the influence that environmental pollutants and other man-made chemicals could have on the regulation of protein synthesis and reproduction.

MS.7. Biomedical Research: Describe key areas of human physiology towards which a major commitment of United States federal funding of biomedical research is applied. (L)

MS.8. Biomedical Research: Describe important principles of organic chemical reactions that form the basis of life processes. (L, P)

8.a. Classify hydrocarbons according to bonding families.

8.b. Name and write structural formulas for substituted and non-substituted hydrocarbons.

8.c. Differentiate among formulas and properties of substituted hydrocarbon families.

8.d. Understand the basis for optical resolution between stereoisomers, and the use of nuclear magnetic resonance for structural determinations.

8.e. Describe the use of protein crystallography in determination of the structure of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).

MS.9. Biomedical Research: Demonstrate proficiency in the application of fundamental technical procedures related to biomedical laboratory research activities. (L, P)

9.a. Acquire the skills necessary to set up, operate, and interpret the results from the use of the laboratory spectrophotometer.

9.b. Determine quantitatively the concentration of a solute in a solution, using the spectrophotometer.

9.c. Utilize the process of paper chromatography to identify the components of a chemical mixture.

9.d. Describe the chemical reactions essential to determination of protein concentrations in a solution through use of the Lowry method.

9.e. Prepare a series of protein concentrations using accurate and safe pipetting techniques.

9.f. Practice preparation of sample organic compounds, including methane, ethane, acetic acid, ethyl ethanoate, and methanol.

MS.1. Spatial Information Science: Demonstrate the basic concepts of global positioning systems (GPS). (E)

1.a. Determine the latitude, longitude and elevation of the main entrance or front door of your school.

1.b. Determine the latitude and longitude of a site where a GPS receiver is unable to make an accurate measurement.

1.c. Demonstrate that angle units smaller than one degree are needed for GPS related measurement.

1.d. Show how to report and compute arithmetically with various angle units.

1.e. Calculate the average and standard deviation from repeated measurements.

1.f. Validate GPS derived data with other known sources.

MS.2. Spatial Information Science: Demonstrate the basic concepts of remote sensing. (E, P)

2.a. Describe the characteristics of the electromagnetic spectrum.

2.b. Using images and graphs, interpret the absorption/reflection spectrum.

2.c. Distinguish between passive vs. active sensor systems.

2.d. Analyze the effects of changes in spatial, temporal, and spectral resolution.

2.e. Analyze the effects on images due to changes in scale.

2.f. Identify the types of sensor platforms.

MS.3. Spatial Information Science: Demonstrate the basic concepts of data and image processing. (E)

3.a. Differentiate among the types of data: raster, vector, and attribute.

3.b. Locate a variety of sources for geological data and imaging.

3.c. Formulate a hypothesis of geological factors/problems and determine data sets pertinent to the hypothesis.

3.d. Verify that data sets are geo-referenced and geo-rectified.

3.e. Assess the quality and accuracy of GPS and/or remote sensing data.

MS.4. Spatial Information Science: Demonstrate the basic concepts of geographic information systems. (E)

4.a. Produce compatible geographic data layers of information utilizing computer software.

4.b. Analyze relationships between geographic data.

4.c. Produce a geographic information image showing results of analysis.

4.d. Draw conclusions based on analysis and summary of geographic image information results.

4.e. Explore a variety of applications for geographic information systems.

MS.5. Spatial Information Science: Demonstrate the proper use and care of scientific equipment. (E)

5.a. Demonstrate proper use and care of GPS receivers, computers, and other scientific equipment.

5.b. Demonstrate the ability to adjust equipment to obtain correct, clear data images.

MS.1. Genetics: Use critical thinking and scientific problem solving in designing and performing biological research and experimentation. (L, P, E)

1.a. Demonstrate the proper use and care for scientific equipment used in genetics.

1.b. Observe and practice safe procedures in the classroom and laboratory.

1.c. Apply the components of scientific processes and methods in the classroom and laboratory investigations.

1.d. Communicate results of scientific investigations in oral, written and graphic form.

MS.2. Genetics: Review the structure and function of the cell as it applies to genetics. (L)

2.a. Review the structures and functions of the cell.

2.b. Describe the process of mitosis and the cell cycle

2.c. Discuss the process of meiosis, differentiating spermatogenesis and oogenesis.

2.d. Apply the chromosome theory of inheritance to genetics problems.

MS.3. Genetics: Analyze the structure and function of DNA and RNA molecules. (L, P)

3.a. Explore the historical contributions leading to the discovery of nucleic acids.

3.b. Investigate the role of DNA and RNA in replication, transcription, translation, and DNA repair.

3.c. Identify types of mutations and the consequences of each.

3.d. Summarize the process of gene transfer using biotechnology.

MS.4. Genetics: Apply classical genetics principles to solving basic genetic problems. (L)

4.a. Evaluate the significant contributions of well-known scientists to the historical progression of classical Mendelian genetics.

4.b. Compare and contrast genes and alleles, dominance and recessiveness, and the laws of segregation and independent assortment.

4.c. Discuss the process of sex determination with regard to chromosomes.

4.d. Apply each of the major inheritance patterns in diploid organisms (multiple alleles, dihybrid cross, polygenic inheritance, epistasis, incomplete dominance, and sex linkage) to given experimental results, both actual and theoretical.

MS.5. Genetics: Describe the techniques used to determine patterns of inheritance. (L)

5.a. Discuss and be able to apply the process of chromosome mapping to experimental situations.

5.b. Discuss and be able to apply the process of karyotyping to experimental situations.

5.c. Discuss and be able to apply the process of pedigree development to experimental situations.

MS.6. Genetics: Discuss genetic diversity in humans. (L)

6.a. Explore genetic differences among humans such as blood type, race, and simple inheritance patterns of genetic diversity.

6.b. Analyze genetic disorders and relate the cause to the following inheritance patterns: autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, sex-linked, polygenic, chromosomal abnormalities.

MS.7. Genetics: Apply the concept of population genetics to both microbial and multicellular organisms. (L)

7.a. Discuss genetic variability within a population.

7.b. Compare sexual and asexual reproduction with regard to genetic variability in a population.

7.c. Examine the effects on a population when the prerequisites for a Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium do not hold true.

MS.8. Genetics: Debate the significance of discoveries and issues raised as a result of biotechnology. (L)

8.a. Examine implications of the Human Genome Project.

8.b. Discuss bioethics of given real-life scenarios.

8.c. Research current issues in genetic engineering/biotechnology.

MS.1. Microbiology: Utilize critical thinking and scientific problem solving in designing and performing biological research and experimentation. (L, P, E)

1.a. Demonstrate the proper use and care for scientific equipment used in microbiology.

1.b. Observe and practice safe procedures in the classroom and laboratory.

1.c. Apply the components of scientific processes and methods in the classroom and laboratory investigations.

1.d. Communicate results of scientific investigations in oral, written, and graphic form.

MS.2. Microbiology: Describe the major historical events that have transformed microbiology into a 'true' science. (L)

2.a. Describe the contributions of ancient cultures to early understandings of the spread of disease.

2.b. Describe the development of the microscope.

2.c. Describe the germ theory of disease and summarize the historical events that led to its formation.

MS.3. Microbiology: Demonstrate current methods used to culture and study microorganisms. (L)

3.a. Demonstrate the use of aseptic technique.

3.b. Demonstrate proper use of the microscope and slide preparation techniques.

3.c. Name and describe the different types of stains used in microbiology.

3.d. Name and describe the types of culture media and explain how each type provides the nutritional requirements for microbial growth.

3.e. Demonstrate proper techniques for isolating, culturing, and staining microorganisms.

MS.4. Microbiology: Describe the classification, morphology, characteristics, pathology and benefits associated with bacteria. (L)

4.a. Compare and contrast the characteristics of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cell types.

4.b. Describe the taxonomic criteria used to place bacteria into related groups.

4.c. Identify and describe the structure and function of internal and external bacterial cell components.

4.d. Identify the most common pathogenic bacteria.

4.e. Investigate the beneficial aspects of bacteria in medicine, industry, and everyday life.

MS.5. Microbiology: Describe the classification, morphology, characteristics and pathology associated with viruses. (L)

5.a. Describe the general characteristics of viruses.

5.b. Identify and describe the major characteristics of each group of viruses.

5.c. Describe the mechanisms of replication in virulent and temperate phages.

5.d. Identify the most common viruses and the diseases associated with each.

MS.6. Microbiology: Describe the classification, morphology, characteristics, benefits and associated pathology of fungi. (L)

6.a. Describe the general characteristics of fungi.

6.b. Identify the major groups of fungi and describe the classification of each group.

6.c. Identify the most common types of pathogenic fungi and the diseases associated with each.

6.d. Describe the economic importance of fungi.

MS.7. Microbiology: Describe the classification, morphology, characteristics and associated pathology of protists. (L)

7.a. Describe the characteristics that distinguish protists from other microorganisms.

7.b. Describe the classification of protists.

7.c. Identify the most common pathogenic protists and the diseases associated with each.

MS.1. Molecular Biology: Utilize critical thinking and scientific problem solving in designing and performing biological research and experimentation. (L, P, E)

1.a. Demonstrate the proper use and care for scientific equipment used in molecular biology.

1.b. Observe and practice safe procedures in the classroom and laboratory.

1.c. Apply the components of scientific processes and methods in the classroom and laboratory investigations.

1.d. Communicate results of scientific investigations in oral, written, and graphic form.

MS.2. Molecular Biology: Review the structure, functions, and processes of the cell involved in maintaining life. (L, P)

2.a. Review organic compounds and biochemical processes in the cell.

2.b. Review the structure and function of the cell.

MS.3. Molecular Biology: Investigate the structure and function of DNA. (L, P)

3.a. Describe the contributions of various scientists to the discovery and understanding that DNA is the genetic material.

3.b. Describe the organization of DNA.

3.c. Summarize the steps in replication.

MS.4. Molecular Biology: Analyze the roles of DNA and RNA in protein synthesis. (L, P)

4.a. State the central dogma of molecular biology.

4.b. Discuss the processes of transcription and translation.

4.c. Compare and contrast the roles of three types of RNA including codons and anticodons.

4.d. Describe the effects of mutations on protein synthesis.

MS.5. Molecular Biology: Describe the mechanisms of gene expression in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. (L, P)

5.a. Investigate inducible and repressable operon models of gene expression in prokaryotic cells.

5.b. Investigate the levels of control of gene expression in eukaryotic cells including pre-transcriptional, post-transcriptional, pre-translational, and post-translational factors.

MS.6. Molecular Biology: Investigate the basic tools and techniques used to manipulate DNA. (L, P)

6.a. Describe the basic steps in genetic engineering experiments.

6.b. Explore how scientists use restriction enzymes.

6.c. Explore the role of vectors in genetic research.

6.d. Discuss how transformation techniques are used.

6.e. Identify practical uses of biotechnology.

6.f. Evaluate the moral and ethical issues related to genetic engineering.

MS.1. Botany: Utilize critical thinking and scientific problem solving in designing and performing biological research and experimentation. (L, P, E)

1.a. Demonstrate the proper use and care for scientific equipment used in botany.

1.b. Observe and practice safe procedures in the classroom and laboratory.

1.c. Apply the components of scientific processes and methods in the classroom and laboratory investigations.

1.d. Communicate results of scientific investigations in oral, written, and graphic form.

MS.2. Botany: Examine plant cell structures and functions to include the formation of specialized tissue. (L)

2.a. Identify the major organelles, their structures and functions.

2.b. Determine the role of pigments.

2.c. Identify the cellular basis of tissues and explore the functions of specialized root, stem, and leaf tissues.

MS.3. Botany: Identify plant products that impact humans. (L, P)

3.a. Examine the chemical compounds extracted from plants, to include drugs.

3.b. Discuss the impact of the timber industry on local and national economy.

3.c. Determine the origin of a wide variety of assorted plant products - spices, herbs, fossil fuels, fibers.

MS.4. Botany: Compare and contrast the characteristics of different plant divisions. (L)

4.a. Explore the differences and similarities of the nonvascular plants including mosses and liverworts.

4.b. Describe the differences and similarities of the non-seed-bearing vascular plants, including ferns and horsetails.

4.c. Explore the characteristics of seed-bearing vascular plants.

MS.5. Botany: Identify the major structures of seed-bearing plants, relating them to overall plant function. (L)

5.a. Identify the major vegetative structures and/or their modifications in angiosperms and gymnosperms.

5.b. Identify the reproductive structures, and their modifications, in angiosperms and gymnosperms.

5.c. Compare and contrast the vegetative organs of monocots, herbaceous dicots, and woody dicots.

MS.6. Botany: Analyze the physical and chemical processes of plants. (L, P)

6.a. Compare and contrast the relationships of photosynthesis, cellular respiration, and translocation to overall plant survival.

6.b. Explore the importance of soil type to overall plant survival, including mineral nutrition and air/water balance.

6.c. Explain the mechanism of water movement in plants.

6.d. Explain the effects of environmental conditions such as light, heat, water content, and wind on plant survival.

6.e. Identify the physical response of plants to sunlight, day length and gravity (tropisms).

MS.7. Botany: Identify the structures and processes of sexual and asexual reproduction in plants. (L)

7.a. Explain the concept of alternation of generations.

7.b. Compare and contrast the structures and mechanisms involved in sexual and asexual reproduction in selected plant species.

7.c. Identify the different methods of seed distribution in plants.

MS.8. Botany: Describe the ecological importance of plants. (L, E)

8.a. Compare and contrast plant structure, form, and adaptation and describe how each relates to habitat (biome).

8.b. Identify concepts such as nutrient cycling, succession, natural selection, competition, and symbiosis that influence/alter plant stability within the environment.

8.c. Analyze the effects of human activity on the plant world.

MS.9. Botany: Apply the modern classification scheme utilized in naming plants. (L)

9.a. Explain the classification scheme used in botany.

9.b. Apply the concept of classification by using a dichotomous key to identify a native Mississippi plant.

MS.10. Botany: Explore the principles of plant genetics. (L)

10.a. Explain the results of monohybrid and dihybrid crosses.

10.b. Explain the effects of genetic engineering of plants on society.

10.c. Explore the current trends in biotechnology of plants.

10.d. Describe alternative methods of plant propagation.

MS.1. Zoology: Utilize critical thinking and scientific problem solving in designing and performing biological research and experimentation. (L, P, E)

1.a. Demonstrate the proper use and care for scientific equipment used in zoology.

1.b. Observe and practice safe procedures in the classroom and laboratory.

1.c. Apply the components of scientific processes and methods in the classroom and laboratory investigations.

1.d. Communicate results of scientific investigations in oral, written, and graphic form.

MS.2. Zoology: Review the general characteristics and phylogeny of animals. (L)

2.a. Explain the levels of organization of structures in animals (cells, tissues, organs and systems).

2.b. Describe the characteristics of animals that distinguish them from other kingdoms.

2.c. Discuss adaptations of the major phyla that lead to their survival.

2.d. Discuss the phylogenic sequencing of the nine major phyla.

2.e. Review the classification scheme used in zoology.

MS.3. Zoology: Compare and contrast the anatomy and physiology of the 9 major phyla of the animal kingdom. (L)

3.a. With special attention to: symmetry; digestion; support; germ layers; circulation; locomotion; body plan; coordination; reproduction; embryonic development; excretion.

MS.4. Zoology: Relate the life histories of groups of animals to the success of the groups. (L)

4.a. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of both asexual and sexual reproduction.

4.b. Illustrate life cycles of various groups of animals.

MS.5. Zoology: Explain how behavior and symbiosis are related to the success of a group of animals. (L)

5.a. Discuss, giving specific examples of, division of labor within a group of animals.

5.b. Compare and contrast the degree of parental care given in groups of animals.

5.c. Discuss mutualism, communalism, parasitism and mimicry, giving specific examples of each.

MS.1. Aquatic Science: Utilize critical thinking and scientific problem solving in designing and performing biological research and experimentation. (L, P, E)

1.a. Demonstrate the proper use and care for scientific equipment used aquatic science.

1.b. Observe and practice safe procedures in the classroom and laboratory.

1.c. Apply the components of scientific processes and methods in the classroom and laboratory investigations.

1.d. Communicate results of scientific investigations in oral, written, and graphic form.

MS.2. Aquatic Science: Analyze the physical and chemical properties of water and how they affect the organisms that live in it. (L, P)

2.a. Investigate the causes and characteristics of tides.

2.b. Describe the physical principles of waves and currents.

2.c. Characterize the physical and chemical parameters of dissolved O2, pH, temperature, and salinity through analysis of different water column depths/zones.

2.d. Explore the role of bodies of water as they relate to weather.

2.e. Describe the various biogeochemical cycles.

MS.3. Aquatic Science: Describe major geologic features of specific aquatic environments. (L, E)

3.a. Identify the causes and effects of erosion.

3.b. Define terminology associated with plate tectonics.

3.c. Distinguish among rise, slope, elevation, and depth.

3.d. Compare the formation of dunes, reefs, barrier/volcanic islands, and coastal/flood plains.

3.e. Describe watershed formation and its relationship to bodies of fresh water.

MS.4. Aquatic Science: Describe the biodiversity and interactions among aquatic life. (L)

4.a. Analyze the adaptations of representative organisms to aquatic environments.

4.b. Analyze the relationship of organisms in food chains/webs within aquatic environments.

4.c. Calculate and interpret population data with regard to aquatic organisms.

4.d. Identify representative examples that illustrate various aquatic reproductive strategies.

4.e. Compare and contrast characteristics of planktonic, nektonic, and benthic organisms.

4.f. Classify different aquatic organisms using dichotomous keys.

4.g. Compare and contrast aquatic producers, consumers, and decomposers.

MS.5. Aquatic Science: Examine the unique properties of selected aquatic ecosystems. (L, E)

5.a. Describe the abiotic and biotic characteristics of a barrier island, coral reef, and ocean.

5.b. Describe the abiotic and biotic characteristics of a river, stream, lake, pond, and swamp.

5.c. Describe the abiotic and biotic characteristics of a bay, sound, estuary, and marsh.

5.d. Describe the symbiotic relationships in an aquatic ecosystem.

MS.6. Aquatic Science: Identify the impact of natural and human activity on aquatic ecosystems. (L, E)

6.a. Identify various sources of pollution in aquatic environments.

6.b. Describe the effects of natural phenomena such as hurricanes, floods, or drought on aquatic habitats.

6.c. Describe a variety of methods of environmental management and stewardship.

6.d. Evaluate the effects of urbanization on aquatic ecosystems.

6.e. Describe the effects of bodies of water on human cultural development.

MS.7. Aquatic Science: Investigate applications of modern technology in aquatic systems. (L, P)

7.a. Identify various careers related to aquatic science.

7.b. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the use of modern technology within aquatic science (mariculture and aquaculture).

7.c. Relate the contribution of aquatic technology to industry and government.

MS.1. Environmental Science: Utilize critical thinking and scientific problem solving in designing and performing biological research and experimentation. (L, P, E)

1.a. Demonstrate the proper use and care for scientific equipment used in environmental science.

1.b. Observe and practice safe procedures in the classroom and laboratory.

1.c. Apply the components of scientific processes and methods in the classroom and laboratory investigations.

1.d. Communicate results of scientific investigations in oral, written, and graphic form.

MS.2. Environmental Science: Explain the flow of matter and energy in ecosystems. (L, P)

2.a. Investigate the role of biotic and abiotic factors within habitats, ecosystems and biomes.

2.b. Identify indigenous plants and animals and their roles in different ecosystems.

2.c. Describe food chains and food webs within an ecosystem.

2.d. Predict how the introduction, removal or reintroduction of an organism may alter the food chain, change populations, and impact the biodiversity of ecosystems.

2.e. Investigate chemical cycles within ecosystems.

MS.3. Environmental Science: Describe the relationships and changes within an ecosystem. (L, E)

3.a. Explain how a species adapts to its niche.

3.b. Relate population dynamics (natural selection, exponential growth, predator/prey) to carrying capacity and limiting factors.

3.c. Evaluate the effects of biotic and abiotic factors on local ecosystems and biomes.

3.d. Describe the process of primary and secondary succession.

3.e. Analyze and describe the effects of events such as fires, hurricanes, deforestation, mining, population growth and industry on environments.

MS.4. Environmental Science: Investigate the major biomes of the world ecosystems. (L, E)

4.a. Describe the following biomes to include location, climate, adaptations and diversity: desert; coniferous forest; tundra; deciduous forest; grassland; rain forest; savannah; aquatic environments.

4.b. Illustrate where the eight major biomes occur.

MS.5. Environmental Science: Summarize the interrelationships among the resources and human activities in the local environment. (L, E)

5.a. Identify sources, use, quality and conservation of water.

5.b. Identify renewable and non-renewable resources.

5.c. Evaluate the impact of human activity and technology on the lithosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere.

5.d. Identify the effects of pollution (water, noise, air, etc.) on the ecosystem.

5.e. Describe how communities have restored ecosystems.

MS.6. Environmental Science: Research various environmental topics, such as major events, careers, history, and significant contributions. (L, P, E)

MS.1. Geology: Investigate the Earth internal and external components. (E)

1.a. Identify the layers and sublayers of the atmosphere and of the earth.

1.b. Describe the basic kinds of rocks and their subtypes.

1.c. Discuss the characteristics of mineral deposit types and methods of formation.

MS.2. Geology: Investigate the interaction between the Earth internal and external components. (E, P)

2.a. Determine the effects of physical weathering (atmospheric, glacial, etc.).

2.b. Examine the effects of chemical weathering (acid rain, etc.).

2.c. Discuss the transfer of energy.

2.d. Examine the interaction of erupting volcanoes and the atmosphere.

2.e. Describe the various cycles (water, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, etc.).

MS.3. Geology: Investigate plate tectonics. (E)

3.a. Explore the theories of plate development and continental drift.

3.b. Explain the process that power crustal movements.

3.c. Identify and describe the types of crustal movements and their resulting landforms.

3.d. Locate areas of crustal movement around the world.

3.e. Explain the processes that create earthquakes and volcanoes.

3.f. Develop an emergency preparedness plan for natural disasters associated with crustal movement.

MS.4. Geology: Investigate local and regional geological areas. (E)

4.a. Identify major geological features in Mississippi (the Delta, the Coastal Plains, etc.)

4.b. Research geological activity of the New Madrid Fault line.

MS.5. Geology: Explore the geological timetable. (E)

5.a. Compare and contrast the relative and absolute age of the Earth (radiometric dating, index of fossil layers, etc.).

5.b. Describe the differences among eras, periods, and epochs as recorded in the geological time scale.

5.c. Explore the connections among geological history, landforms, and presence of minerals.

MS.1. Astronomy: Discuss the history of astronomy. (E, P)

1.a. Recognize observations that significantly contributed to the understanding of the solar system prior to the telescope development.