Delaware State Standards for Science: Grade 8

DE.1. Nature and Application of Science and Technology

1.1. Enduring Understanding: Scientific inquiry involves asking scientifically-oriented questions, collecting evidence, forming explanations, connecting explanations to scientific knowledge and theory, and communicating and justifying the explanation.

1.1.1. Frame and refine questions that can be investigated scientifically, and generate testable hypotheses. 35
Suggested Titles for Delaware Science State Standard 1.1.1.

1.1.2. Design and conduct investigations with controlled variables to test hypotheses. 35
Suggested Titles for Delaware Science State Standard 1.1.2.

1.1.3. Accurately collect data through the selection and use of tools and techniques appropriate to the investigation. Construct tables, diagrams and graphs, showing relationships between two variables, to display and facilitate analysis of data. Compare and question results with and from other students. 52
Suggested Titles for Delaware Science State Standard 1.1.3.

1.1.4. Form explanations based on accurate and logical analysis of evidence. Revise the explanation using alternative descriptions, predictions, models and knowledge from other sources as well as results of further investigation. 35
Suggested Titles for Delaware Science State Standard 1.1.4.

1.1.5. Communicate scientific procedures, data, and explanations to enable the replication of results. Use computer technology to assist in communicating these results. Critical review is important in the analysis of these results. 35
Suggested Titles for Delaware Science State Standard 1.1.5.

1.1.6. Use mathematics, reading, writing, and technology in conducting scientific inquiries. 52
Suggested Titles for Delaware Science State Standard 1.1.6.

1.1.7. Conduct simple investigations in which a variety of materials (sand, water, light colored materials, dark colored materials) are exposed to light and heat energy. Measure the change in temperature of the material and describe any changes that occur in terms of the physical properties of the material. 40
Suggested Titles for Delaware Science State Standard 1.1.7.

1.1.8. Conduct investigations, using a variety of materials, to show that some materials conduct heat more readily than others. Identify these materials as conductors or insulators. 35
Suggested Titles for Delaware Science State Standard 1.1.8.

1.1.9. Design and carry out investigations to determine how changing the mass of an object or changing its speed changes its kinetic energy. 32
Suggested Titles for Delaware Science State Standard 1.1.9.

1.1.10. Explain that gravitational potential energy (GPE) is the energy of position (above the Earth's surface) and that it depends on the object's mass and height above the ground. Relate that lifted objects have GPE and that the size of an object's GPE depends on its mass and the vertical distance it was lifted. Make a graph to demonstrate and describe how the GPE changes as the height of an object is increased or decreased. 20
Suggested Titles for Delaware Science State Standard 1.1.10.

1.1.11. Explain that the mechanical energy of an object is the sum of its kinetic energy and its potential energy at any point in time. Identify the mechanical energy of objects in different circumstances and identify whether the mechanical energy consists of KE, PE or both (i.e., a ball at rest at the top of an incline and in its motion part of the way down the incline or a model plane driven by a 'rubber band' motor, etc.). 18
Suggested Titles for Delaware Science State Standard 1.1.11.

1.1.12. Interpret graphical representations of energy to describe how changes in the potential energy of an object can influence changes in its kinetic energy. 35
Suggested Titles for Delaware Science State Standard 1.1.12.

1.1.13. Describe how the motion of water particles in a glass of cold water is different from the motion of water particles in a glass of hot water. 34
Suggested Titles for Delaware Science State Standard 1.1.13.

1.1.14. Explain that sound energy is mechanical energy that travels in the form of waves. Use the Particle Model to explain why sound waves must travel through matter, and that sound travels more effectively through solids and liquids than through gases. Model and describe how sound energy travels through solids, liquids, and gases. 15
Suggested Titles for Delaware Science State Standard 1.1.14.

1.1.15. Use the properties of sound waves and the Particle Model to describe how the pitch of two waves can be different and how the loudness of two waves can be different. 4
Suggested Titles for Delaware Science State Standard 1.1.15.

1.1.16. Explain that heat energy and sound energy both make the particles of a substance move. Use models to explain how the particles respond differently to these types of energy. Use models to explain why sound travels much faster through substances than heat energy does. 7
Suggested Titles for Delaware Science State Standard 1.1.16.

1.1.17. Explain that the electromagnetic waves from the sun consist of a range of wavelengths and associated energies. Explain that the majority of the energy from the sun reaches Earth in the form of infrared, visible, and ultraviolet waves. Use diagrams to demonstrate the differences in different types of electromagnetic waves. 26
Suggested Titles for Delaware Science State Standard 1.1.17.

1.1.18. Plan and conduct an experiment to identify the presence of UV and IR waves in sunlight or other sources of electromagnetic waves. Use evidence to explain the presence of each. 27
Suggested Titles for Delaware Science State Standard 1.1.18.

1.1.19. Explain that the transfer of energy from one object to another is caused by the exertion of a force. Create an energy chain to show how forces can change the mechanical energy of an object. Describe how the distance over which the forces act will influence the amount of energy transferred (and when appropriate, the amount of energy transformed). 8
Suggested Titles for Delaware Science State Standard 1.1.19.

1.1.20. Give examples of how mechanical energy can be transferred to (or away from) an object and describe the changes that can take place in the motion of the object because of this energy transfer, (e.g., pulling on a trailer to start it moving or using friction to slow an object and bring it to rest). 26
Suggested Titles for Delaware Science State Standard 1.1.20.

1.1.21. Use diagrams to trace and describe the transfer of energy through a physical system (for example, the erosion effects of water flowing down an unprotected slope). 26
Suggested Titles for Delaware Science State Standard 1.1.21.

1.1.22. Use the Particle model to explain how mechanical waves can transport energy without transporting mass. Give examples that support the transfer of energy without any net transfer of matter. 18
Suggested Titles for Delaware Science State Standard 1.1.22.

1.1.23. Explain that the frequency and amplitude are two characteristics of waves that determine the mechanical energy carried and delivered by a sound wave per unit of time. Use diagrams to explain how each of these properties will influence the KE of the particles in the substance when a sound wave passes through the substance. Give an example of a high frequency sound wave that delivers small quantities of energy every second and explain how this is possible. Give an example of a low frequency sound wave that delivers large quantities of energy every second and explain how this is possible 4
Suggested Titles for Delaware Science State Standard 1.1.23.

1.1.24. Use the Particle Model to explain how heat energy is transferred through solid materials (conduction). Give examples of materials that are good 'conductors' of heat energy and examples of materials that are poor conductors of heat energy and how both types of materials are used in typical homes. 19
Suggested Titles for Delaware Science State Standard 1.1.24.

1.1.25. Use the Particle Model to describe the difference between heat energy transfer in solids and heat energy transfer in liquids and gases (i.e., the differences between conduction and convection). 15
Suggested Titles for Delaware Science State Standard 1.1.25.

1.1.26. Conduct simple investigations to demonstrate that heat energy is transferred from one material to another in predictable ways (from materials at higher temperatures to materials at lower temperatures), until both materials reach the same temperature. 21
Suggested Titles for Delaware Science State Standard 1.1.26.

1.1.27. Explain how the addition or removal of heat energy can change an object's temperature or its physical state. Conduct simple investigations involving changes of physical state and temperature. Relate that there is no change in temperature when a substance is changing state. 13
Suggested Titles for Delaware Science State Standard 1.1.27.

1.1.28. Explain that energy transformation and energy transfer are different processes and that energy transformations can take place during an energy transfer. Give examples of energy transformations that take place during an energy transfer. Give examples of energy transfers that do not include energy transformations. Give examples of energy transformations that take place without any energy transfer. 12
Suggested Titles for Delaware Science State Standard 1.1.28.

1.1.29. Use energy chains to trace the flow of energy through physical systems. Indicate the energy transfers and the energy transformations that are involved in the processes (for example, the lighting of an electric lamp in a region serviced by a hydroelectric (or coal fueled) electric power plant, or the sediment that clouds a stream after a heavy rainfall). 18
Suggested Titles for Delaware Science State Standard 1.1.29.

1.1.30. Trace the flow of the energy carried by the light when the light strikes a material and is reflected from, transmitted through, and/or absorbed by the material. Describe the energy transfers and transformations that take place when light energy is absorbed by a material. 19
Suggested Titles for Delaware Science State Standard 1.1.30.

1.1.31. Conduct investigations to show that materials can absorb some frequencies of electromagnetic waves, but reflect others or allow them to transmit through the material. 32
Suggested Titles for Delaware Science State Standard 1.1.31.

1.1.32. Use this selective absorption process to explain how objects obtain their color, how materials like sunscreen can serve to protect us from harmful electromagnetic waves and how selective absorption contributes to the Greenhouse Effect. 12
Suggested Titles for Delaware Science State Standard 1.1.32.

1.1.33. Trace what happens to the energy from the Sun when it reaches Earth and encounters various materials, such as, atmosphere, oceans, soil, rocks, plants, and animals. Recognize that these materials absorb, reflect and transmit the electromagnetic waves coming from the sun differently. 26
Suggested Titles for Delaware Science State Standard 1.1.33.

1.1.34. Conduct investigations to determine how the physical properties of materials (e.g., size, shape, color, texture, hardness) can account for the effect the materials have on sunlight and the degree of change observed in the materials (for example, dark cloth absorbs more heat than light cloth, clear water transmits more light than murky water, and polished materials reflect more light than dull materials). 23
Suggested Titles for Delaware Science State Standard 1.1.34.

1.1.35. Use the properties of water and soil to explain how uneven heating of Earth's surface can occur. Conduct an investigation that shows how water and soil are heated unequally by sunlight. 17
Suggested Titles for Delaware Science State Standard 1.1.35.

1.1.36. Describe how this can be used to explain unequal heating of the Earth's surface, producing atmospheric movements that influence weather. 17
Suggested Titles for Delaware Science State Standard 1.1.36.

1.1.37. Use models to describe how the relative positions of the Sun, Moon, and Earth account for Moon phases, eclipses, and tides. 14
Suggested Titles for Delaware Science State Standard 1.1.37.

1.1.38. Describe how the relative positions of the Earth, Moon and Sun can cause high and low tides, and unusually high or low tides. 14
Suggested Titles for Delaware Science State Standard 1.1.38.

1.1.39. Demonstrate an understanding of the components of our Solar System and their characteristics, including the Moon, the Sun, the planets and their moons, extra-solar planets, and smaller objects such as asteroids and comets. Construct scale models of the Solar System in order to describe the relative sizes of planets and their distances from the Sun. 39
Suggested Titles for Delaware Science State Standard 1.1.39.

1.1.40. Demonstrate an understanding of the motion of the bodies in our Solar System. Use models, charts, illustrations, and other suitable representations to predict and describe regular patterns of motion for most objects in the Solar System. 30
Suggested Titles for Delaware Science State Standard 1.1.40.

1.1.41. Explain how the Sun is the central and largest body in our Solar System and the source of the light energy that hits our planet. Use models to explain how variations in the amount of Sun's energy hitting the Earth's surface results in seasons. 12
Suggested Titles for Delaware Science State Standard 1.1.41.

1.1.42. Observe, measure, and predict changes in weather using atmospheric properties (wind speed and direction, cloud cover and type, temperature, dew point, air pressure, and relative humidity). Describe how air pressure and temperature change with increasing altitude and/or latitude. 49
Suggested Titles for Delaware Science State Standard 1.1.42.

1.1.43. Explain how uneven heating of Earth's components - water, land, air - produce local and global atmospheric and oceanic movement. Describe how these local and global patterns of movement influence weather and climate. 34
Suggested Titles for Delaware Science State Standard 1.1.43.

1.1.44. Investigate the rate at which different Earth materials absorb heat. Explain how these differences in heat absorption causes air pressure differences that result in convection currents (i.e., local land and sea breezes). 17
Suggested Titles for Delaware Science State Standard 1.1.44.

1.1.45. Use a variety of models, charts, diagrams, or simple investigations to explain how the Sun's energy drives the cycling of water through the Earth's crust, oceans, and atmosphere. 11
Suggested Titles for Delaware Science State Standard 1.1.45.

1.1.46. Examine maps of ocean currents and trace the origin and flow of such currents to explain the transfer of heat energy. Identify which currents have dominant influence on the Delaware coast. 7
Suggested Titles for Delaware Science State Standard 1.1.46.

1.1.47. Describe how origin affects an air mass's temperature and moisture content. 20
Suggested Titles for Delaware Science State Standard 1.1.47.

1.1.48. Describe how the interaction of air masses produces different fronts (warm, cold, and stationary) that influence our weather. 20
Suggested Titles for Delaware Science State Standard 1.1.48.

1.1.49. Describe how the formation of clouds is influenced by the dew point, environmental temperature and amount of particles in the air. Explain how various lifting mechanisms affect cloud formation. 20
Suggested Titles for Delaware Science State Standard 1.1.49.

1.1.50. Use cloud characteristics (altitude, composition, and form) to predict the weather. Discuss how different cloud types are indicators of weather and weather systems such as frontal systems and hurricanes. 25
Suggested Titles for Delaware Science State Standard 1.1.50.

1.1.51. Research and report on reproductive strategies of different organisms (i.e., broadcast spawning versus nurturing parenting) that allow them to be successful. 18
Suggested Titles for Delaware Science State Standard 1.1.51.

1.1.52. Observe a variety of organisms and explain how a specific trait could increase an organism's chances of survival. 7
Suggested Titles for Delaware Science State Standard 1.1.52.

1.1.53. Conduct a natural selection simulation to demonstrate how physical adaptations (i.e., protective camouflage, long neck for food gathering, muscular legs for running, heavy beak for nut cracking, etc...) have selective advantages for an organism. Research and report on beneficial physical adaptations of a variety of organisms. 7
Suggested Titles for Delaware Science State Standard 1.1.53.

1.1.54. Investigate and discuss how short-term physiological changes of an organism (e.g., skin tanning, muscle development, formation of calluses) differ from long-term evolutionary adaptations (e.g., white coloration of polar bears, seed formation in plants) that occur in populations of organisms over generations. 7
Suggested Titles for Delaware Science State Standard 1.1.54.

1.1.55. Conduct simulations to investigate how organisms fulfill basic needs (i.e., food, shelter, air, space light/dark, and water) in a competitive environment. Relate how competition for resources can determine survival. 20
Suggested Titles for Delaware Science State Standard 1.1.55.

1.1.56. Examine an assortment of plants and animals and use simple classification keys, based on observable features, to sort and group the organisms. 55
Suggested Titles for Delaware Science State Standard 1.1.56.

1.1.57. Identify a variety of reasons for extinction of a species. Use research on a variety of extinct organisms to speculate causes of extinction (i.e., inability to adapt to environmental changes). 12
Suggested Titles for Delaware Science State Standard 1.1.57.

1.1.58. Survey the diversity of organisms in a local or model ecosystem. Recognizing that a population consists of all individuals of a species that occur together at a given place and time, describe how to estimate and then calculate the size of a large population of a variety of organisms. Chart the diversity of the organisms in the ecosystem. 7
Suggested Titles for Delaware Science State Standard 1.1.58.

1.1.59. Categorize populations of organisms according to the roles (producers, consumers, and decomposers) they play in an ecosystem. 11
Suggested Titles for Delaware Science State Standard 1.1.59.

1.1.60. Describe and explain how factors (i.e., space, food, water, disease) limit the number of organisms an ecosystem can support. 7
Suggested Titles for Delaware Science State Standard 1.1.60.

1.1.61. Construct a data table or line graph to show population changes of a selected species over time. Describe the population changes portrayed by the graph. 27
Suggested Titles for Delaware Science State Standard 1.1.61.

1.1.62. Observe graphs or data tables showing both the population growth of a species and the consequences of resource depletion on the population. Analyze the data and explain the effect that may occur from exponential growth of a population (given finite resources). 43
Suggested Titles for Delaware Science State Standard 1.1.62.

1.1.63. Investigate and discuss how short-term physiological changes of an organism (e.g., skin tanning, muscle development, formation of calluses) differ from long-term evolutionary adaptations (e.g., white coloration of polar bears, seed formation in plants) that occur in a group of organisms over generations. 19
Suggested Titles for Delaware Science State Standard 1.1.63.

1.1.64. Investigate local areas, disturbed and undisturbed, that are undergoing succession (i.e., abandoned gardens, ditch banks, and the edge of a forest). 18
Suggested Titles for Delaware Science State Standard 1.1.64.

1.1.65. Predict how plant communities that grow in the area may change over time and how their presence determines what kinds of animals may move into and out of the areas. 22
Suggested Titles for Delaware Science State Standard 1.1.65.

1.1.66. Construct food webs and identify the relationships among producers, consumers, and decomposers. 22
Suggested Titles for Delaware Science State Standard 1.1.66.

1.1.67. Design food webs and trace the flow of matter and energy (beginning with the Sun) through the food web. 23
Suggested Titles for Delaware Science State Standard 1.1.67.

1.2. Enduring Understanding: The development of technology and advancement in science influence and drive each other forward.

1.2.1. Identify different forms of alternative energy (i.e., solar, wind, ocean waves, tidal and hydroelectric systems). Research and report on the use of this alternative form of energy. Discuss and compare findings to describe the advantages and disadvantages of different kinds of alternative energy. 37
Suggested Titles for Delaware Science State Standard 1.2.1.

1.2.2. Analyze data on sunrise and sunset times (in terms of length of daylight) and describe patterns. Explain the reason for the patterns by using models or computer simulations of the Earth and Sun. 12
Suggested Titles for Delaware Science State Standard 1.2.2.

1.2.3. Using internet, newspaper, and actual observations of the night sky for at least two months, collect data on the Moon's appearance, and moonrise and moonset times. Analyze the data to describe the observable patterns (phases). Explain why the Moon's appearance changes in a repeating cyclical pattern. 9
Suggested Titles for Delaware Science State Standard 1.2.3.

1.2.4. Use a variety of resources (e.g., NASA photographs, computer simulations) to compare and contrast the physical properties (i.e., temperature, size, composition, surface features) of planets. 22
Suggested Titles for Delaware Science State Standard 1.2.4.

1.2.5. Recognize that spin offs are products which have undergone a technology transfer process from research to public use. Research spin-offs from the space program that have affected our everyday lives (i.e., Velcro, smoke detectors, cordless tools). 17
Suggested Titles for Delaware Science State Standard 1.2.5.

1.2.6. Discuss the origin and identify characteristics (i.e., air circulation pattern, wind speed, temperature and dew point, and air pressure) of storm systems including hurricanes, Nor' easters, tornadoes, thunderstorms, and mid-latitude cyclones. Explain how these weather events can transfer heat. Describe the environmental, economic, and human impact of these storms. 33
Suggested Titles for Delaware Science State Standard 1.2.6.

1.2.7. Examine isobars on weather maps to describe how wind (moving air) travels from a region of high pressure to a region of low pressure. Apply this knowledge to explain the cause of wind. 24
Suggested Titles for Delaware Science State Standard 1.2.7.

1.2.8. Record and interpret daily weather measurements over an extended period of time using a variety of instruments (i.e., barometer, anemometer, sling psychrometer, rain gauge, and thermometer) in order to predict and to identify weather patterns. 14
Suggested Titles for Delaware Science State Standard 1.2.8.

1.2.9. Construct and use surface station models to represent local atmospheric data and interpret weather patterns on meteorological maps. 14
Suggested Titles for Delaware Science State Standard 1.2.9.

1.2.10. Examine satellite imagery pictures and use these images to identify cloud patterns and storm systems. 29
Suggested Titles for Delaware Science State Standard 1.2.10.

1.2.11. Use weather maps to describe the movement of fronts and storms and to predict their influence on local weather. 9
Suggested Titles for Delaware Science State Standard 1.2.11.

1.2.12. Research and analyze data on human population changes that have occurred in a specific Delaware ecosystem. Discuss reasons for changes in human population and explain how these changes have affected the biodiversity of local organisms and availability of natural resources in the given ecosystem (e.g., habitat loss, water quality, preservation/concentration efforts). 81
Suggested Titles for Delaware Science State Standard 1.2.12.

1.2.13. Identify ways in which invasive species can disrupt the balance of Delaware as well as other ecosystems (i.e., competition for resources including habitat and/or food). Research and report on an invasive species, indicating how this species has altered the ecosystem. 8
Suggested Titles for Delaware Science State Standard 1.2.13.

1.3. Enduring Understanding: Understanding past processes and contributions is essential in building scientific knowledge.

1.3.1. Describe how scientists have historically confirmed that the Earth is round, not flat. 28
Suggested Titles for Delaware Science State Standard 1.3.1.

1.3.2. Describe how scientists have acquired knowledge about components of our Solar System. Recognize the importance of people and technologies that have led to our current understanding of space. 36
Suggested Titles for Delaware Science State Standard 1.3.2.

DE.2. Materials and Their Properties

2.1. Enduring Understanding: The structures of materials determine their properties.

2.1.1. Conduct simple investigations in which a variety of materials (sand, water, light colored materials, dark colored materials) are exposed to light and heat energy. Measure the change in temperature of the material and describe any changes that occur in terms of the physical properties of the material. 6
Suggested Titles for Delaware Science State Standard 2.1.1.

2.1.2. Conduct investigations, using a variety of materials, to show that some materials conduct heat more readily than others. Identify these materials as conductors or insulators. 3
Suggested Titles for Delaware Science State Standard 2.1.2.

2.1.3. Explain why insulators may be used to slow the change of temperature of hot or cold materials. 3
Suggested Titles for Delaware Science State Standard 2.1.3.

2.2. Enduring Understanding: The properties of the mixture are based on the properties of its components.

2.3. Enduring Understanding: When materials interact within a closed system, the total mass of the system remains the same.

2.4. Enduring Understanding: People develop new materials as a response to the needs of society and the pursuit of knowledge. This development may have risks and benefits to humans and the environment.

DE.3. Energy and Its Effects

3.1. Enduring Understanding: Energy takes many forms. These forms can be grouped into types of energy that are associated with the motion of mass (kinetic energy) and types of energy associated with the position of mass and energy fields (potential energy).

3.1.1. Explain that kinetic energy is the energy an object has because of its motion and identify that kinetic energy depends upon the object's speed and mass. 7
Suggested Titles for Delaware Science State Standard 3.1.1.

3.1.2. Design and carry out investigations to determine how changing the mass of an object or changing its speed changes its kinetic energy. 7
Suggested Titles for Delaware Science State Standard 3.1.2.

3.1.3. Explain that gravitational potential energy (GPE) is the energy of position (above the Earth's surface) and that it depends on the object's mass and height above the ground. Relate that lifted objects have GPE and that the size of an object's GPE depends on its mass and the vertical distance it was lifted. Make a graph to demonstrate and describe how the GPE changes as the height of an object is increased or decreased. 7
Suggested Titles for Delaware Science State Standard 3.1.3.

3.1.4. Explain that the mechanical energy of an object is the sum of its kinetic energy and its potential energy at any point in time. Identify the mechanical energy of objects in different circumstances and identify whether the mechanical energy consists of KE, PE or both (i.e., a ball at rest at the top of an incline and in its motion part of the way down the incline, or a model plane driven by a 'rubber Band' motor, etc.). 7
Suggested Titles for Delaware Science State Standard 3.1.4.

3.1.5. Interpret graphical representations of energy to describe how changes in the potential energy of an object can influence changes in its kinetic energy. 24
Suggested Titles for Delaware Science State Standard 3.1.5.

3.1.6. Explain that the mechanical energy of an object is a measure of how much the object can change the motion of other objects or materials (e.g.,, a ball (or air) having a large kinetic energy can do more damage than a ball (or air) with less kinetic energy). 7
Suggested Titles for Delaware Science State Standard 3.1.6.

3.1.7. Use the particle model to explain heat energy as the combined random kinetic energy of particles that make up an object and while the heat energy and temperature of an object are related, they are different quantities. 10
Suggested Titles for Delaware Science State Standard 3.1.7.

3.1.8. Describe how the motion of water particles in a glass of cold water is different from the motion of water particles in a glass of hot water. 18
Suggested Titles for Delaware Science State Standard 3.1.8.

3.1.9. Explain that sound energy is mechanical energy that travels in the form of waves. Use the particle model to explain why sound waves must travel through matter, and that sound travels more effectively through solids and liquids than through gases. Model and describe how sound energy travels through solids, liquids, and gases. 10
Suggested Titles for Delaware Science State Standard 3.1.9.

3.1.10. Use the properties of sound waves and the particle model to describe how the pitch of two waves can be different and how the loudness of two waves can be different. 10
Suggested Titles for Delaware Science State Standard 3.1.10.

3.1.11. Explain that heat energy and sound energy both make the particles of a substance move. Use models to explain how the particles respond differently to these types of energy. Use models to explain why sound travels much faster through substances than heat energy does. 7
Suggested Titles for Delaware Science State Standard 3.1.11.

3.1.12. Relate that the sun is the source of almost all of the Earth's energy and that this energy travels to the Earth in the form of electromagnetic waves. Explain that the electromagnetic waves from the sun consist of a range of wavelengths and associated energies. 11
Suggested Titles for Delaware Science State Standard 3.1.12.

3.1.13. Explain that the majority of the energy from the sun reaches Earth in the form of infrared, visible, and ultraviolet waves. Use diagrams to demonstrate the differences in different types of electromagnetic waves. 24
Suggested Titles for Delaware Science State Standard 3.1.13.

3.1.14. Plan and conduct an experiment to identify the presence of UV and IR waves in sunlight or other sources of electromagnetic waves. Use evidence to explain the presence of each. 11
Suggested Titles for Delaware Science State Standard 3.1.14.

3.2. Enduring Understanding: Changes take place because of the transfer of energy. Energy is transferred to matter through the action of forces. Different forces are responsible for the different forms of energy.

3.2.1. The force of gravity can act across very large distances of space. Through the force of gravity planets pull on their moons, and pull on each other. The sun pulls on all planets, moons and other celestial bodies in the solar system. Use an understanding of how forces change the motion of objects to explain how gravity is responsible for creating the orbital motion of planets and moons. 9
Suggested Titles for Delaware Science State Standard 3.2.1.

3.2.2. Explain that the transfer of energy from one object to another is caused by the exertion of a force. Create an energy chain to show how forces can change the mechanical energy of an object. Describe how the distance over which the forces act will influence the amount of energy transferred (and when appropriate, the amount of energy transformed). 9
Suggested Titles for Delaware Science State Standard 3.2.2.

3.2.3. Give examples of how mechanical energy can be transferred to (or away from) an object, and describe the changes that can take place in the motion of the object because of this energy transfer, (e.g., pulling on a trailer to start it moving or using friction to slow an object and bring it to rest). 25
Suggested Titles for Delaware Science State Standard 3.2.3.

3.2.4. Use diagrams to trace and describe the transfer of energy through a physical system (for example, the erosion effects of water flowing down an unprotected slope). 25
Suggested Titles for Delaware Science State Standard 3.2.4.

3.2.5. Use the particle model to explain how mechanical waves can transport energy without transporting mass. Give examples that support the transfer of energy without any net transfer of matter. 20
Suggested Titles for Delaware Science State Standard 3.2.5.

3.2.6. Explain that the frequency and amplitude are two characteristics of waves that determine the mechanical energy carried and delivered by a sound wave per unit of time. Use diagrams to explain how each of these properties will influence the KE of the particles in the substance when a sound wave passes through the substance. 20
Suggested Titles for Delaware Science State Standard 3.2.6.

3.2.7. The energy delivered by a wave depends on more than just the frequency. Give an example of a high frequency sound wave that delivers small quantities of energy every second and explain how this is possible. Give an example of a low frequency sound wave that delivers large quantities of energy every second and explain how this is possible. 20
Suggested Titles for Delaware Science State Standard 3.2.7.

3.2.8. Use the particle model to explain how heat energy is transferred through solid materials (conduction). Give examples of materials that are good 'conductors' of heat energy and examples of materials that are poor conductors of heat energy, and how both types of materials are used in typical homes. 20
Suggested Titles for Delaware Science State Standard 3.2.8.

3.2.9. Use the particle model to describe the difference between heat energy transfer in solids and heat energy transfer in liquids and gases (i.e., the differences between conduction and convection). 20
Suggested Titles for Delaware Science State Standard 3.2.9.

3.2.10. Use the particle model to explain why heat energy is always transferred from materials at higher temperatures to materials at lower temperatures. Explain why heat energy transfer ceases when the equilibrium temperature is reached. Explain that when this temperature is reached, the materials are in thermal equilibrium. 20
Suggested Titles for Delaware Science State Standard 3.2.10.

3.2.11. Conduct simple investigations to demonstrate that heat energy is transferred from one material to another in predictable ways (from materials at higher temperatures to materials at lower temperatures), until both materials reach the same temperature. 14
Suggested Titles for Delaware Science State Standard 3.2.11.

3.2.12. Explain how the addition or removal of heat energy can change an object's temperature or its physical state. Conduct simple investigations involving changes of physical state and temperature. Relate that there is no change in temperature when a substance is changing state. 24
Suggested Titles for Delaware Science State Standard 3.2.12.

3.3. Enduring Understanding: Energy readily transforms from one form to another, but these transformations are not always reversible. The details of these transformations depend upon the initial form of the energy and the properties of the materials involved. Energy may transfer into or out of a system and it may change forms, but the total energy cannot change.

3.3.1. Identify that energy can exist in several forms, and when it changes from one form into another the process is called energy transformation. 14
Suggested Titles for Delaware Science State Standard 3.3.1.

3.3.2. Explain that energy transformation and energy transfer are different processes, and that energy transformations can take place during an energy transfer. Give examples of energy transformations that take place during an energy transfer. 14
Suggested Titles for Delaware Science State Standard 3.3.2.

3.3.3. Give examples of energy transfers that do not include energy transformations. Give examples of energy transformations that take place without any energy transfer. 14
Suggested Titles for Delaware Science State Standard 3.3.3.

3.3.4. Use energy chains to trace the flow of energy through physical systems. Indicate the energy transfers and the energy transformations that are involved in the processes (e.g., the lighting of an electric lamp in a region serviced by a hydroelectric (or coal fueled) electric power plant, or the sediment that clouds a stream after a heavy rainfall). 22
Suggested Titles for Delaware Science State Standard 3.3.4.

3.3.5. Recognize that when light enters an eye, the energy carried by the light waves carries information and allows living things to see. 5
Suggested Titles for Delaware Science State Standard 3.3.5.

3.3.6. Trace the flow of the energy carried by the light when the light strikes a material and is reflected from, transmitted through, and/or absorbed by the material. Describe the energy transfers and transformations that take place when light energy is absorbed by a material. 5
Suggested Titles for Delaware Science State Standard 3.3.6.

3.3.7. Conduct investigations to show that materials can absorb some frequencies of electromagnetic waves, but reflect others or allow them to transmit through the material. Use this selective absorption process to explain how objects obtain their color, how materials like sunscreen can serve to protect us from harmful electromagnetic waves, and how selective absorption contributes to the Greenhouse Effect. 5
Suggested Titles for Delaware Science State Standard 3.3.7.

3.3.8. Trace what happens to the energy from the Sun when it reaches Earth and encounters various materials, such as, atmosphere, oceans, soil, rocks, plants, and animals. Recognize that these materials absorb, reflect and transmit the electromagnetic waves coming from the sun differently. 21
Suggested Titles for Delaware Science State Standard 3.3.8.

3.3.9. Conduct investigations to determine how the physical properties of materials (e.g., size, shape, color, texture, hardness) can account for the effect the materials have on sunlight and the degree of change observed in the materials (e.g., dark cloth absorbs more heat than light cloth, clear water transmits more light than murky water, and polished materials reflect more light than dull materials). 23
Suggested Titles for Delaware Science State Standard 3.3.9.

3.3.10. Use the properties of water and soil to explain how uneven heating of Earth's surface can occur. Conduct an investigation that shows how water and soil are heated unequally by sunlight. Describe how this can be used to explain unequal heating of the Earth's surface, producing atmospheric movements that influence weather. 17
Suggested Titles for Delaware Science State Standard 3.3.10.

3.3.11. Use the particle model to explain why a material expands (takes up more space) as its temperature increases. Recognize that this expansion is due to the increase in the motion of the particles, and that the particles themselves remain the same size. 11
Suggested Titles for Delaware Science State Standard 3.3.11.

3.4. Enduring Understanding: People utilize a variety of resources to meet the basic and specific needs of life. Some of these resources cannot be replaced. Other resources can be replenished or exist in such vast quantities they are in no danger of becoming depleted. Often the energy stored in resources must be transformed into more useful forms and transported over great distances before it can be helpful to us.

3.4.1. Identify different forms of alternative energy (i.e., solar, wind, ocean waves, tidal and hydroelectric systems). Research and report on the use of this alternative form of energy. Discuss and compare findings to describe the advantages and disadvantages of different kinds of alternative energy. 74
Suggested Titles for Delaware Science State Standard 3.4.1.

DE.4. Earth in Space

4.1. Enduring Understanding: Observable, predictable patterns of movement in the Sun, Earth, Moon system occur because of gravitational interaction and energy from the Sun.

4.1.1. Describe how scientists have historically confirmed that the Earth is round, not flat. 6
Suggested Titles for Delaware Science State Standard 4.1.1.

4.1.2. Analyze data on sunrise and sunset times (in terms of length of daylight) and describe patterns. Explain the reason for the patterns by using models or computer simulations of the Earth and Sun. 6
Suggested Titles for Delaware Science State Standard 4.1.2.

4.1.3. Using internet, newspaper, and actual observations of the night sky for at least two months, collect data on the Moon's appearance, and moonrise and moonset times. Analyze the data to describe the observable patterns (phases). Explain why the Moon's appearance changes in a repeating cyclical pattern. 9
Suggested Titles for Delaware Science State Standard 4.1.3.

4.1.4. Use models to describe how the relative positions of the Sun, Moon, and Earth account for Moon phases, eclipses, and tides. 14
Suggested Titles for Delaware Science State Standard 4.1.4.

4.1.5. Describe how the relative positions of the Earth, Moon and Sun can cause high and low tides, and unusually high or low tides. 14
Suggested Titles for Delaware Science State Standard 4.1.5.

4.2. Enduring Understanding: All objects in the Solar System orbit the Sun and have distinctive physical characteristics and orderly motion.

4.2.1. Demonstrate an understanding of the components of our Solar System and their characteristics, including the Moon, the Sun, the planets and their moons, extra-solar planets, and smaller objects such as asteroids and comets. Construct scale models of the Solar System in order to describe the relative sizes of planets and their distances from the Sun. 15
Suggested Titles for Delaware Science State Standard 4.2.1.

4.2.2. Use a variety of resources (e.g., NASA photographs, computer simulations) to compare and contrast the physical properties (i.e., temperature, size, composition, surface features) of planets. 20
Suggested Titles for Delaware Science State Standard 4.2.2.

4.2.3. Demonstrate an understanding of the motion of the bodies in our Solar System. Use models, charts, illustrations, and other suitable representations to predict and describe regular patterns of motion for most objects in the Solar System. 15
Suggested Titles for Delaware Science State Standard 4.2.3.

4.2.4. Explain how the Sun is the central and largest body in our Solar System and the source of the light energy that hits our planet. Use models to explain how variations in the amount of Sun's energy hitting the Earth's surface results in seasons. 16
Suggested Titles for Delaware Science State Standard 4.2.4.

4.2.5. Recognize that the force of gravity keeps planets in orbit around the sun and influences objects on Earth and other planets (i.e., tides, ability of humans to move and function). Differentiate between an object's mass and weight. 12
Suggested Titles for Delaware Science State Standard 4.2.5.

4.3. Enduring Understanding: Technology expands our knowledge of the Solar System.

4.3.1. Describe how scientists have acquired knowledge about components of our Solar System. Recognize the importance of people and technologies that have led to our current understanding of space. 29
Suggested Titles for Delaware Science State Standard 4.3.1.

4.3.2. Recognize that spin-offs are products which have undergone a technology transfer process from research to public use. Research and report on spin-offs from the space program that have affected our everyday lives (i.e., Velcro, smoke detectors, cordless tools). 17
Suggested Titles for Delaware Science State Standard 4.3.2.

DE.5. Earth's Dynamic Systems

5.1. Enduring Understanding: Earth's systems can be broken down into individual components which have observable measurable properties.

5.2. Enduring Understanding: Earth's components form systems. These systems continually interact at different rates of time, affecting the Earth locally and globally.

5.2.1. Observe, measure, and predict changes in weather using atmospheric properties (wind speed and direction, cloud cover and type, temperature, dew point, air pressure, and relative humidity). Describe how air pressure and temperature change with increasing altitude and/or latitude. 11
Suggested Titles for Delaware Science State Standard 5.2.1.

5.2.2. Explain how uneven heating of Earth's components - water, land, air - produce local and global atmospheric and oceanic movement. Describe how these local and global patterns of movement influence weather and climate. 11
Suggested Titles for Delaware Science State Standard 5.2.2.

5.2.3. Investigate the rate at which different Earth materials absorb heat. Explain how these differences in heat absorption causes air pressure differences that result in convection currents (i.e., local land and sea breezes). 17
Suggested Titles for Delaware Science State Standard 5.2.3.

5.2.4. Use a variety of models, charts, diagrams, or simple investigations to explain how the Sun's energy drives the cycling of water through the Earth's crust, oceans, and atmosphere. 11
Suggested Titles for Delaware Science State Standard 5.2.4.

5.2.5. Examine maps of ocean currents and trace the origin and flow of such currents to explain the transfer of heat energy. Identify which currents have dominant influence on the Delaware coast. 7
Suggested Titles for Delaware Science State Standard 5.2.5.

5.2.6. Differentiate between weather, which is the condition of the atmosphere at a given time, and climate, which is the weather averaged over a long period of time. 1
Suggested Titles for Delaware Science State Standard 5.2.6.

5.2.7. Discuss the origin and identify characteristics (i.e., air circulation pattern, wind speed, temperature and dew point, and air pressure) of storm systems including hurricanes, Nor' easters, tornadoes, thunderstorms, and mid-latitude cyclones. Explain how these weather events can transfer heat. Describe the environmental, economic, and human impact of these storms. 21
Suggested Titles for Delaware Science State Standard 5.2.7.

5.2.8. Compare and contrast different storm systems in terms of size, formation, and associated weather. 27
Suggested Titles for Delaware Science State Standard 5.2.8.

5.2.9. Describe how origin affects the temperature and moisture content of an air mass. Describe how the interaction of air masses produces different fronts (warm, cold, and stationary) that influence our weather. 7
Suggested Titles for Delaware Science State Standard 5.2.9.

5.2.10. Describe how the formation of clouds is influenced by the dew point, environmental temperature and amount of particles in the air. Explain how various lifting mechanisms affect cloud formation. 7
Suggested Titles for Delaware Science State Standard 5.2.10.

5.2.11. Use cloud characteristics (altitude, composition, and form) to predict the weather. Discuss how different cloud types are indicators of weather and weather systems such as frontal systems and hurricanes 7
Suggested Titles for Delaware Science State Standard 5.2.11.

5.3. Enduring Understanding: Technology enables us to better understand Earth's systems. It also allows us to analyze the impact of human activities on Earth's systems and the impact of Earth's systems on human activity.

5.3.1. Examine isobars on weather maps to describe how wind (moving air) travels from a region of high pressure to a region of low pressure. Apply this knowledge to explain the cause of wind. 7
Suggested Titles for Delaware Science State Standard 5.3.1.

5.3.2. Record and interpret daily weather measurements over an extended period of time using a variety of instruments (i.e., barometer, anemometer, sling psychrometer, rain gauge, and thermometer) in order to predict and to identify weather patterns. 7
Suggested Titles for Delaware Science State Standard 5.3.2.

5.3.3. Construct and use surface station models to represent local atmospheric data and interpret weather patterns on meteorological maps. 7
Suggested Titles for Delaware Science State Standard 5.3.3.

5.3.4. Examine satellite imagery pictures and use these images to identify cloud patterns and storm systems. 7
Suggested Titles for Delaware Science State Standard 5.3.4.

5.3.5. Use weather maps to describe the movement of fronts and storms and to predict their influence on local weather. 7
Suggested Titles for Delaware Science State Standard 5.3.5.

DE.6. Life Processes

6.1. Enduring Understanding: Living systems demonstrate the complementary nature of structure and function.

6.2. Enduring Understanding: All organisms transfer matter and convert energy from one form to another. Both matter and energy are necessary to build and maintain structures within the organism.

6.3. Enduring Understanding: Organisms respond to internal and external cues, which allow them to survive.

6.3.1. Understand and describe how the maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment is required for the continuation of life and explain how stability is challenged by changing physical, chemical, and environmental conditions. 25
Suggested Titles for Delaware Science State Standard 6.3.1.

6.4. Enduring Understanding: The life processes of organisms are affected by their interactions with each other and their environment, and may be altered by human manipulation.

DE.7. Diversity and Continuity of Living Things

7.1. Enduring Understanding: Organisms reproduce, develop, have predictable life cycles, and pass on heritable traits to their offspring.

7.1.1. Relate the advantages and disadvantages of different reproductive strategies in terms of energy expenditure per offspring and survival rates of that offspring. 6
Suggested Titles for Delaware Science State Standard 7.1.1.

7.1.2. Research and report on reproductive strategies of different organisms (i.e., broadcast spawning versus nurturing parenting) that allow them to be successful. 6
Suggested Titles for Delaware Science State Standard 7.1.2.

7.2. Enduring Understanding: The diversity and changing of life forms over many generations is the result of natural selection, in which organisms with adaptive traits survive, reproduce, and pass those traits to offspring.

7.2.1. Recognize that species acquire many of their unique characteristics through biological adaptations, which involve the selection of naturally occurring variations in populations. 19
Suggested Titles for Delaware Science State Standard 7.2.1.

7.2.2. Observe a variety of organisms and explain how a specific trait could increase an organism's chances of survival. 19
Suggested Titles for Delaware Science State Standard 7.2.2.

7.2.3. Explain how the extinction of a species occurs when the environment changes and the adaptation of a species is insufficient to allow for its survival. 16
Suggested Titles for Delaware Science State Standard 7.2.3.

7.2.4. Conduct a natural selection simulation to demonstrate how physical adaptations (i.e., protective camouflage, long neck for food gathering, muscular legs for running, heavy beak for nut cracking, etc.) have selective advantages for an organism. Research and report on beneficial physical adaptations of a variety of organisms. 19
Suggested Titles for Delaware Science State Standard 7.2.4.

7.2.5. Investigate and discuss how short-term physiological changes of an organism (e.g., skin tanning, muscle development, formation of calluses) differ from long-term evolutionary adaptations (e.g., white coloration of polar bears, seed formation in plants) that occur in populations of organisms over generations. 19
Suggested Titles for Delaware Science State Standard 7.2.5.

7.2.6. Conduct simulations to investigate how organisms fulfill basic needs (i.e., food, shelter, air, space light/dark, and water) in a competitive environment. Relate how competition for resources can determine survival. 20
Suggested Titles for Delaware Science State Standard 7.2.6.

7.2.7. Examine an assortment of plants and animals and use simple classification keys, based on observable features, to sort and group the organisms. 55
Suggested Titles for Delaware Science State Standard 7.2.7.

7.2.8. Identify a variety of reasons for extinction of a species. Use research on a variety of extinct organisms to speculate causes of extinction (i.e., inability to adapt to environmental changes). 12
Suggested Titles for Delaware Science State Standard 7.2.8.

7.3. Enduring Understanding: The development of technology has allowed us to apply our knowledge of genetics, reproduction, development and evolution to meet human wants and needs

DE.8. Ecology

8.1. Enduring Understanding: Organisms and their environments are interconnected. Changes in one part of the system will affect other parts of the system.

8.1.1. Survey the diversity of organisms in a local or model ecosystem. Recognizing that a population consists of all individuals of a species that occur together at a given place and time, describe how to estimate and then calculate the size of a large population of a variety of organisms. Chart the diversity of the organisms in the ecosystem. 3
Suggested Titles for Delaware Science State Standard 8.1.1.

8.1.2. Categorize populations of organisms according to the roles (producers, consumers, and decomposers) they play in an ecosystem. 6
Suggested Titles for Delaware Science State Standard 8.1.2.

8.1.3. Describe and explain how factors (i.e., space, food, water, disease) limit the number of organisms an ecosystem can support. 3
Suggested Titles for Delaware Science State Standard 8.1.3.

8.1.4. Construct a data table or line graph to show population changes of a selected species over time. Describe the population changes portrayed by the graph. 5
Suggested Titles for Delaware Science State Standard 8.1.4.

8.1.5. Observe graphs or data tables showing both the population growth of a species and the consequences of resource depletion on the population. Analyze the data and explain the effect that may occur from exponential growth of a population (given finite resources). 17
Suggested Titles for Delaware Science State Standard 8.1.5.

8.1.6. Investigate and discuss how short-term physiological changes of an organism (e.g., skin tanning, muscle development, formation of calluses) differ from long-term evolutionary adaptations (e.g., white coloration of polar bears, seed formation in plants) that occur in a group of organisms over generations. 12
Suggested Titles for Delaware Science State Standard 8.1.6.

8.1.7. Investigate local areas, disturbed and undisturbed, that are undergoing succession (i.e., abandoned gardens, ditch banks, and the edge of a forest). Predict how plant communities that grow in the area may change over time and how their presence determines what kinds of animals may move into and out of the areas. 4
Suggested Titles for Delaware Science State Standard 8.1.7.

8.2. Enduring Understanding: Matter needed to sustain life is continually recycled among and between organisms and the environment. Energy from the sun flows irreversibly through ecosystems and is conserved as organisms use and transform it.

8.2.1. Construct food webs and identify the relationships among producers, consumers, and decomposers. 7
Suggested Titles for Delaware Science State Standard 8.2.1.

8.2.2. Design food webs and trace the flow of matter and energy (beginning with the Sun) through the food web. 23
Suggested Titles for Delaware Science State Standard 8.2.2.

8.3. Enduring Understanding: Humans can alter the living and non-living factors within an ecosystem, thereby creating changes to the overall system.

8.3.1. Research and analyze data on human population changes that have occurred in a specific Delaware ecosystem. Discuss reasons for changes in human population and explain how these changes have affected the biodiversity of local organisms and availability of natural resources in the given ecosystem (e.g., habitat loss, water quality, preservation/conservation efforts). 45
Suggested Titles for Delaware Science State Standard 8.3.1.

8.3.2. Identify ways in which invasive species can disrupt the balance of Delaware as well as other ecosystems (i.e., competition for resources including habitat and/or food). Research and report on an invasive species, indicating how this species has altered the ecosystem. 3
Suggested Titles for Delaware Science State Standard 8.3.2.