Texas State Standards for Social Studies: Grade 9

TX.113.34 (9.1) World Geography: History: The student understands how geographic contexts (the geography of places in the past) and processes of spatial exchange (diffusion) influenced events in the past and helped to shape the present.

9.1. (A) Analyze the effects of physical and human geographic patterns and processes on events in the past and describe their effects on present conditions, including significant physical features and environmental conditions that influenced migration patterns in the past and shaped the distribution of culture groups today.

9.1. (B) Trace the spatial diffusion of a phenomenon and describe its effects on regions of contact such as the spread of bubonic plague, the diffusion and exchange of foods between the New and Old Worlds, or the diffusion of American slang.

TX.113.34 (9.2) World Geography: History: The student understands how people, places, and environments have changed over time and the effects of these changes on history.

9.2. (A) Describe the human and physical characteristics of the same place at different periods of history.

9.2. (B) Assess how people's changing perceptions of geographic features have led to changes in human societies.

TX.113.34 (9.3) World Geography: Geography: Such as student understands how physical processes shape patterns in the physical environment (lithosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere), including how Earth-Sun relationships affect physical processes and patterns on Earth's surface.

9.3. (A) Attribute occurrences of weather phenomena and climate to annual changes in Earth-Sun relationships.

9.3. (B) Describe physical environment of regions and the physical processes that affect these regions such as weather, tectonic forces, wave action, freezing and thawing, gravity, and soil-building processes.

TX.113.34 (9.4) World Geography: Geography: The student understands the patterns and characteristics of major landforms, climates, and ecosystems of Earth and the interrelated processes that produce them.

9.4. (A) Explain the distribution of different types of climate in terms of patterns of temperature, wind, and precipitation and the factors that influence climate regions such as elevation, latitude, location near warm and cold ocean currents, position on a continent, and mountain barriers.

9.4. (B) Relate the physical processes to the development of distinctive land forms.

9.4. (C) Explain the distribution of plants and animals in different regions of the world using the relationships among climate, vegetation, soil, and geology.

TX.113.34 (9.5) World Geography: Geography: The student understands how political, economic, and social processes shape cultural patterns and characteristics in various places and regions.

9.5. (A) Analyze how the character of a place is related to its political, economic, social, and cultural characteristics.

9.5. (B) Analyze political, economic, social, and demographic data to determine the level of development and standard of living in nations.

TX.113.34 (9.6) World Geography: Geography: The student understands the types and patterns of settlement, the factors that affect where people settle, and processes of settlement development over time.

9.6. (A) Locate settlements and observe patterns in the size and distribution of cities using maps, graphics, and other information.

9.6. (B) Explain the processes that have caused cities to grow such as location along transportation routes, availability of resources that have attracted settlers and economic activities, and continued access to other cities and resources.

TX.113.34 (9.7) World Geography: Geography: The student understands the growth, distribution, movement, and characteristics of world population.

9.7. (A) Construct and analyze population pyramids and use other data, graphics, and maps to describe the population characteristics of different societies and to predict future growth trends.

9.7. (B) Explain the political, economic, social, and environmental factors that contribute to human migration such as how national and international migrations are shaped by push-and-pull factors and how physical geography affects the routes, flows, and destinations of migration.

9.7. (C) Describe trends in past world population growth and distribution.

9.7. (D) Develop and defend hypotheses on likely population patterns for the future.

TX.113.34 (9.8) World Geography: Geography: The student understands how people, places, and environments are connected and interdependent.

9.8. (A) Explain the interrelationships among physical and human processes that shape the geographic characteristics of places such as connections among economic development, urbanization, population growth, and environmental change.

9.8. (B) Compare ways that humans depend on, adapt to, and modify the physical environment using local, state, national, and international human activities in a variety of cultural and technological contexts.

9.8. (C) Describe the impact of and analyze the reaction of the environment to abnormal and/or hazardous environmental conditions at different scales such as El Nino, floods, droughts, and hurricanes.

9.8. (D) Analyze statistical and other data to infer the effects of physical and human processes on patterns of settlement, population distribution, economic and political conditions, and resource distribution.

TX.113.34 (9.9) World Geography: Geography: The student understands the concept of region as an area of Earth's surface with unifying geographic characteristics.

9.9. (A) Identify physical or human factors that constitute a region such as soils, climate, vegetation, language, trade network, river systems, and religion.

9.9. (B) Identify the differences among formal, functional, and perceptual regions.

TX.113.34 (9.10) World Geography: Economics: The student understands the distribution and characteristics of economic systems throughout the world.

9.10. (A) Describe the characteristics of traditional, command, and market economies.

9.10. (B) Explain how traditional, command, and market economies operate in specific countries.

9.10. (C) Compare the ways people satisfy their basic needs through the production of goods and services such as subsistence agriculture versus market-oriented agriculture or cottage industries versus commercial industries.

TX.113.34 (9.11) World Geography: Economics: The student understands the reasons for the location of economic activities (primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary) in different economic systems.

9.11. (A) Map the locations of different types of economic activities.

9.11. (B) Identify factors affecting the location of different types of economic activities.

9.11. (C) Describe how changes in technology, transportation, and communication affect the location and patterns of economic activities.

TX.113.34 (9.12) World Geography: Economics: The student understands the economic importance of, and issues related to, the location and management of key natural resources.

9.12. (A) Compare global trade patterns at different periods of time and develop hypotheses to explain changes that have occurred in world trade and the implications of these changes.

9.12. (B) Analyze how the creation and distribution of resources affect the location and patterns of movement of products, capital, and people.

9.12. (C) Evaluate the geographic and economic impact of policies related to the use of resources such as regulations for water use or policies related to the development of scarce natural resources.

TX.113.34 (9.13) World Geography: Government: The student understands the characteristics of a variety of political units.

9.13. (A) Prepare maps that illustrate a variety of political entities such as city maps showing precincts, country maps showing states, or continental maps showing countries.

9.13. (B) Compare maps of voting patterns or political boundaries to make inferences about the distribution of political power.

TX.113.34 (9.14) World Geography: Government: The student understands the geographic processes that influence political divisions, relationships, and policies.

9.14. (A) Analyze current events to infer the physical and human processes that lead to the formation of boundaries and other political divisions.

9.14. (B) Explain how forces of conflict and cooperation influence the allocation of control of Earth's surface such as the formation of congressional voting districts or free trade zones.

9.14. (C) Explain the geographic factors that influence a nation's power to control territory and that shape the foreign policies and international political relations of selected nations such as Iraq, Israel, Japan, and the United Kingdom.

TX.113.34 (9.15) World Geography: Citizenship: The student understands how different points of view influence the development of public policies and decision-making processes on local, state, national, and international levels.

9.15. (A) Identify and give examples of different points of view that influence the development of public policies and decision-making processes on local, state, national, and international levels.

9.15. (B) Explain how citizenship practices, public policies, and decision making may be influenced by cultural beliefs.

9.15. (C) Compare different points of view on geographic issues.

TX.113.34 (9.16) World Geography: Culture: The student understands how the components of culture affect the way people live and shape the characteristics of regions.

9.16. (A) Describe distinctive cultural patterns and landscapes associated with different places in Texas, the United States, and other regions of the world, and how these patterns influenced the processes of innovation and diffusion.

9.16. (B) Give examples of ways various groups of people view cultures, places, and regions differently.

9.16. (C) Compare life in a variety of cities and nations in the world to evaluate the relationships involved in political, economic, social, and environmental changes.

TX.113.34 (9.17) World Geography: Culture: The student understands the distribution, patterns, and characteristics of different cultures.

9.17. (A) Describe and compare patterns of culture such as language, religion, land use, systems of education, and customs that make specific regions of the world distinctive.

9.17. (B) Compare economic opportunities in different cultures for women and religious minorities in selected regions of the world.

TX.113.34 (9.18) World Geography: Culture: The student understands the ways in which cultures change and maintain continuity.

9.18. (A) Describe the impact of general processes such as migration, war, trade, independent inventions, and diffusion of ideas and motivations on cultural change.

9.18. (B) Analyze cultural changes in specific regions.

9.18. (C) Analyze examples of cultures that maintain traditional ways.

9.18. (D) Evaluate case studies of the spread of cultural traits to find examples of cultural convergence and divergence such as the spread of democratic ideas, U.S.-based fast-food franchises in Russia and Eastern Europe, or the English language as a major medium of international communication for scientists and business people.

TX.113.34 (9.19) World Geography: Science, Technology, and Society: The student understands the impact of technology and human modifications on the physical environment.

9.19. (A) Evaluate the significance of major technological innovations, including fire, steam power, diesel machinery, and electricity that have been used to modify the physical environment.

9.19. (B) Analyze ways technological innovations have allowed humans to adapt to places shaped by physical processes such as floods, earthquakes, and hurricanes.

TX.113.34 (9.20) World Geography: Science, Technology, and Society: The student understands how technology affects definitions of, access to, and use of resources.

9.20. (A) Describe the impact of new technologies, new markets, and revised perceptions of resources.

9.20. (B) Analyze the role of technology in agriculture and other primary economic activities and identify the environmental consequences of the changes that have taken place.

TX.113.34 (9.21) World Geography: Social Studies Skills: The student applies critical-thinking skills to organize and use information acquired from a variety of sources including electronic technology.

9.21. (A) Use historical, geographic, and statistical information from a variety of sources such as databases, field interviews, media services, and questionnaires to answer geographic questions and infer geographic relationships.

9.21. (B) Analyze and evaluate the validity and utility of multiple sources of geographic information such as primary and secondary sources, aerial photographs, and maps.

9.21. (C) Construct and interpret maps to answer geographic questions, infer geographic relationships, and analyze geographic change.

9.21. (D) Apply basic statistical concepts and analytical methods such as computer-based spreadsheets and statistical software to analyze geographic data.

9.21. (E) Use a series of maps, including a computer-based geographic information system, to obtain and analyze data needed to solve geographic and locational problems.

TX.113.34 (9.22) World Geography: Social Studies Skills: The student communicates in written, oral, and visual forms.

9.22. (A) Design and draw appropriate maps and other graphics such as sketch maps, diagrams, tables, and graphs to present geographic information including geographic features, geographic distributions, and geographic relationships.

9.22. (B) Apply appropriate vocabulary, geographic models, generalizations, theories, and skills to present geographic information.

9.22. (C) Use geographic terminology correctly.

9.22. (D) Use standard grammar, spelling, sentence structure, and punctuation.

TX.113.34 (9.23) World Geography: Social Studies Skills: The student uses problem-solving and decision-making skills, working independently and with others, in a variety of settings.

9.23. (A) Plan, organize, and complete a group research project that involves asking geographic questions, acquiring, organizing, and analyzing geographic information, answering geographic questions, communicating results.

9.23. (B) Use case studies and geographic information systems to identify contemporary geographic problems and issues and to apply geographic knowledge and skills to answer real-world questions.

9.23. (C) Use a problem-solving process to identify a problem, gather information, list and consider options, consider advantages and disadvantages, choose and implement a solution, and evaluate the effectiveness of the solution.

9.23. (D) Use a decision-making process to identify a situation that requires a decision, gather information, identify options, predict consequences, and take action to implement a decision.

TX.113.36 (9.1) Psychology (Elective Course): The Individual in Society: The student understands the dynamics of the relationships between self and others to be a contributing member of the community.

9.1. (A) Participate in class as a leader and follower.

9.1. (B) Adjust behavior appropriately to fit various situations.

9.1. (C) Contribute to the development of a supportive climate in groups.

9.1. (D) Accept and fulfill social responsibilities associated with citizenship in a group setting.

TX.113.36 (9.2) Psychology (Elective Course): The Individual in Society: The student understands that beliefs, decisions, and actions have consequences.

9.2. (A) Predict the likely outcome of given courses of action in particular situations, such as refusing to pay taxes, to register to vote, or to obey the speed limit.

9.2. (B) Evaluate the predicted outcomes of given courses of actions in particular situations based on an understanding of the development of morality.

TX.113.36 (9.3) Psychology (Elective Course): The Individual in Society: The student understands behavioral, social learning, and cognitive perspectives of motivation to describe his or her role and impact on economic systems.

9.3. (A) Apply various perspectives of motivation to a given economic situation such as the choice of car to purchase, personal budget priorities, or choice of jobs.

9.3. (B) Describe the role of reinforcement and punishment in determining persistence-and-effort allocation.

9.3. (C) Describe the processes of modeling/imitation and vicarious reinforcement using typical classroom situations.

9.3. (D) Describe and explain self-esteem, self-efficacy, and expectancy from the perspective of attribution theory.

TX.113.36 (9.4) Psychology (Elective Course): The Individual in Society: The student understands the influence of sensory perceptions on the shaping of individual beliefs and attitudes.

9.4. (A) Relate sensation and perception to various points of view.

9.4. (B) Define and give examples of bias related to various points of view.

TX.113.36 (9.5) Psychology (Elective Course): The Individual in Society: The student understands the relationship between biology and behavior.

9.5. (A) Describe the anatomy and localized function of given brain areas.

9.5. (B) Explain the effects of the endocrine system on development and behavior.

TX.113.36 (9.6) Psychology (Elective Course): The Individual in Society: The student understands the basic principles of tests and measurements.

9.6. (A) Define and differentiate reliability and validity.

9.6. (B) Define the concept of 'transformed score' and give examples of various types including percentile grade equivalent scores, intelligence quotient (IQ) scores, and College Entrance Examination Board (CEEB) scores such as Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) and Graduate Record Examination (GRE).

TX.113.36 (9.7) Psychology (Elective Course): History: The student understands the history of the field of psychology.

9.7. (A) Identify defining characteristics that differentiate the field of psychology from other related social sciences.

9.7. (B) Trace the impact of associationism, psychodynamic (Freudian) thinking, behaviorism, and humanism on current thinking in psychology.

TX.113.36 (9.8) Psychology (Elective Course): History: The student compares the processes of theory development and validation.

9.8. (A) Define and differentiate the concepts of theory and principle.

9.8. (B) Describe the relationship between earlier and later theories related to a given psychological construct.

9.8. (C) Identify and describe the basic methods of social scientific reasoning.

TX.113.36 (9.9) Psychology (Elective Course): Culture: The student understands the dynamic relationships between self and one's environment.

9.9. (A) Describe and explain learning as an adaptation to the environment.

9.9. (B) Relate cultural perspectives to the traditional physical environment of the culture group.

9.9. (C) Explain types of relationships of individuals with other individuals and with groups.

TX.113.36 (9.10) Psychology (Elective Course): Culture: The student understands behavioral, social, and cognitive perspectives of human learning.

9.10. (A) Identify related antecedents, behavior, and consequences in a provided behavioral situation.

9.10. (B) Identify elements of social learning theory in modern advertising.

9.10. (C) Describe the relationship between components of the structural information processing model.

9.10. (D) Evaluate the various perspectives of human learning and specify the strengths and weaknesses of each.

TX.113.36 (9.11) Psychology (Elective Course): Culture: The student understands the role of culture in forming the foundation and orienting framework for individuals and social behavior.

9.11. (A) Explain factors involved in cognitive development according to Piaget.

9.11. (B) Define common psychological disorders.

9.11. (C) Describe Erickson's stages of psychosocial development.

9.11. (D) Determine cultural influences such as fads or peers on one's own social behavior.

TX.113.36 (9.12) Psychology (Elective Course): Culture: The student understands personality development theories, including the applications and limitations.

9.12. (A) Give examples of growth and development based on social learning, behavioral, and cognitive theories.

9.12. (B) Evaluate the presented theories of human development and specify the strengths and weaknesses of each.

TX.113.36 (9.13) Psychology (Elective Course): Social Studies Skills: The student applies critical-thinking skills to organize and use information acquired from a variety of sources including electronic technology.

9.13. (A) Create a product on a contemporary psychology-related issue or topic using critical methods of inquiry.

9.13. (C) Define and compute measures of central tendency (mean, median, and mode) and dispersion (range and standard deviation).

9.13. (D) Explain and illustrate cautions related to interpreting statistics in news stories.

9.13. (E) Apply evaluation rules to quantitative information.

9.13. (F) Analyze information by sequencing, categorizing, identifying cause-and-effect relationships, comparing, contrasting, finding the main idea, summarizing, making generalizations and predictions, and drawing inferences and conclusions.

TX.113.36 (9.14) Psychology (Elective Course): Social Studies Skills: The student communicates in written, oral, and visual forms.

9.14. (A) Use psychology-related terminology correctly.

9.14. (B) Use standard grammar, spelling, sentence structure, and punctuation.

9.14. (C) Transfer information from one medium to another, including written to visual and written or visual to statistical, using computer software as appropriate.

9.14. (D) Create written, oral, and visual presentations of social studies information.

TX.113.36 (9.15) Psychology (Elective Course): Social Studies Skills: The student uses problem-solving and decision-making skills, working independently and with others, in a variety of settings.

9.15. (A) Use a problem-solving process to identify a problem, gather information, list and consider options, consider advantages and disadvantages, choose and implement a solution, and evaluate the effectiveness of the solution.

9.15. (B) Use a decision-making process to identify a situation that requires a decision, gather information, identify options, predict consequences, and take action to implement a decision.

9.15. (C) Participate in conflict resolution using persuasion, compromise, debate, and negotiation.

TX.113.36 (9.16) Psychology (Elective Course): Social Studies Skills: The student develops long-term and short-term goal-setting skills for individual and community problem solving.

9.16. (A) Illustrate the relationship and sequence between intermediate goals and terminal goals.

9.16. (B) Monitor and evaluate self-directed inquiry or projects for timelines, accuracy, and goal attainment.

TX.113.36 (9.17) Psychology (Elective Course): Science and technology. The student understands the implication of technology for the collection, storage, and use of psychological data.

9.17. (A) Apply the standards of the American Psychological Association for ethical decision making regarding the collection, storage, and use of psychological data.

9.17. (B) Acquire information through the use of electronic sources.

TX.113.36 (9.18) Psychology (Elective Course): Science and technology. The student understands the relationship of changes in technology to personal growth and development.

9.18. (A) Analyze examples of attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors related to changes in available technology.

9.18. (B) Evaluate the impact of changes in technology on personal growth and development.

TX.113.37 (9.1) Sociology (Elective Course): Citizenship: The student understands that individuals require knowledge of the dynamics of the relationships between self and others to be contributing members of the community.

9.1. (A) Describe models of group systems and the interactive roles of individuals, groups, and the community.

9.1. (B) Evaluate role conflicts and methods of resolution that may occur among individuals and groups.

TX.113.37 (9.2) Sociology (Elective Course): Citizenship: The student analyzes groups in terms of membership roles, status, values, and socioeconomic stratification.

9.2. (A) Compare the roles of group membership in various formal and informal groups.

9.2. (B) Compare the roles of group membership in selected primary and secondary groups.

TX.113.37 (9.3) Sociology (Elective Course): Economics: The student understands how socioeconomic stratification affects human motivation.

9.3. (A) Analyze the relationship between socioeconomic stratification and human motivation.

9.3. (B) Analyze the influence of different motivations and aspirations on economic decisions.

TX.113.37 (9.4) Sociology (Elective Course): Economics: The student understands the relationship between socioeconomic stratification and cultural values.

9.4. (A) Compare cultural values associated with socioeconomic stratification.

9.4. (B) Analyze and explain the influence of cultural values on economic behavior.

TX.113.37 (9.5) Sociology (Elective Course): Geography: The student uses geographic tools to collect, analyze, and interpret sociological data.

9.5. (A) Create thematic maps, graphs, charts, models, and data bases that represent various aspects of demographic and cultural patterns.

9.5. (B) Pose and answer questions about geographic distributions and demographic and cultural patterns shown on maps, graphs, charts, models, and databases.

TX.113.37 (9.6) Sociology (Elective Course): Geography: The student understands that socialization, cultural values, and norms vary in different geographic places and regions.

9.6. (A) Compare socialization in selected regions of the United States.

9.6. (B) Compare how geographic considerations have influenced the development of cultural values and norms.

TX.113.37 (9.7) Sociology (Elective Course): Government: The student understands how governments promote cultural values and provide for social controls.

9.7. (A) Identify the relationships between cultural values and the purposes and policies of government.

9.7. (B) Describe types of government social controls.

TX.113.37 (9.8) Sociology (Elective Course): Government: The student understands different styles and forms of leadership, political socialization, and communication techniques that influence perception, attitudes, and behavior.

9.8. (A) Identify and describe different forms of leadership as they relate to group-motivation techniques.

9.8. (B) Analyze the relationship among social class, racial, ethnic, and other culture group membership, and political power in the United States.

9.8. (C) Evaluate different communication techniques, including propaganda and advertising, used to influence perceptions, attitudes, and behaviors of persons and groups.

TX.113.37 (9.9) Sociology (Elective Course): History: The student understands the theoretical perspectives of the historic interpretations of human social development.

9.9. (A) Trace the development of the field of sociology.

9.9. (B) Identify major sociologists and explain their contributions to the field.

TX.113.37 (9.10) Sociology (Elective Course): History: The student understands the causes and effects of social and institutional changes.

9.10. (A) Evaluate changes in U.S. institutions resulting from industrialization, urbanization, and immigrant assimilation.

9.10. (B) Analyze changes such as those in advertising, food, and business in the majority U.S. culture resulting from adaptations to various immigrant and Native-American cultures.

TX.113.37 (9.11) Sociology (Elective Course): History: The student understands basic sociological principles related to change within a group and across groups.

9.11. (A) Relate theories of change to major changes in U.S. public policy such as the origins and consequences of the civil rights movement.

9.11. (B) Analyze social change and resulting social problems within and across groups.

TX.113.37 (9.12) Sociology (Elective Course): Culture: The student understands how cultural socialization, norms, values, motivation, and communication influence relationships among groups.

9.12. (A) Compare cultural norms among various U.S. subculture groups such as ethnic, national origin, age, socioeconomic strata, and gender groups.

9.12. (B) Describe stereotypes of the various U.S. subcultures.

9.12. (C) Analyze social problems in selected U.S. subcultures.

TX.113.37 (9.13) Sociology (Elective Course): Culture: The student understands how people develop social institutions to meet basic needs in a society.

9.13. (A) Summarize the functions of social institutions such as the family, religion, and education.

9.13. (B) Evaluate the importance of social institutions in the United States.

TX.113.37 (9.14) Sociology (Elective Course): Social Studies Skills: The student applies critical-thinking skills to organize and use information acquired from a variety of sources including electronic technology.

9.14. (A) Create a product on a contemporary sociological issue or topic using critical methods of inquiry.

9.14. (B) Analyze information by sequencing, categorizing, identifying cause-and-effect relationships, comparing, contrasting, finding the main idea, summarizing, making generalizations and predictions, and drawing inferences and conclusions.

9.14. (C) Use appropriate mathematical skills to interpret sociological information.

TX.113.37 (9.15) Sociology (Elective Course): Social Studies Skills: The student communicates in written, oral, and visual forms.

9.15. (A) Use sociology-related terminology correctly.

9.15. (B) Use standard grammar, spelling, sentence structure, and punctuation.

9.15. (C) Transfer information from one medium to another, including written to visual and written or visual to statistical, using computer software as appropriate.

9.15. (D) Create written, oral, and visual presentations of social studies information.

TX.113.37 (9.16) Sociology (Elective Course): Social Studies Skills: The student uses problem-solving and decision-making skills, working independently and with others, in a variety of settings.

9.16. (A) Use a problem-solving process to identify a problem, gather information, list and consider options, consider advantages and disadvantages, choose and implement a solution, and evaluate the effectiveness of the solution.

9.16. (B) Use a decision-making process to identify a situation that requires a decision, gather information, identify options, predict consequences, and take action to implement a decision.

9.16. (C) Participate in conflict resolution using persuasion, compromise, debate, and negotiation.

TX.113.37 (9.17) Sociology (Elective Course): Science, Technology, and Society: The student understands the impact of scientific discoveries and technological innovations on individuals and societies.

9.17. (A) Analyze how individual and societal behavior has changed as a result of scientific discoveries and technological innovations.

9.17. (B) Predict societal changes resulting from innovations in science and technology.

TX.113.37 (9.18) Sociology (Elective Course): Science, Technology, and Society: The student understands the impact of changes in science and technology on moral and ethical issues.

9.18. (A) Analyze how the norms and behaviors of a selected U.S. subculture group have changed as a result of changes in science and technology.

9.18. (B) Evaluate a current ethical issue that has resulted from scientific discoveries and/or technological innovations.

TX.113.38 (9.1) Special Topics in Social Studies (Elective Course): Social Studies Skills: The student applies critical-thinking skills to organize and use information acquired from a variety of sources including electronic technology.

9.1. (A) Differentiate between, locate, and use primary and secondary sources such as computer software, databases, media and news services, biographies, interviews, and artifacts to acquire information about a selected topic in social studies.

9.1. (B) Analyze information by sequencing, categorizing, identifying cause-and-effect relationships, comparing, contrasting, finding the main idea, summarizing, making generalizations and predictions, and drawing inferences and conclusions.

9.1. (C) Identify points of view from the historic context surrounding an event and the frame of reference that influenced the participants.

9.1. (D) Support a point of view on a social studies issue or event.

9.1. (E) Identify bias in written, oral, and visual material.

9.1. (F) Evaluate the validity of a source based on language, corroboration with other sources, and information about the author.

9.1. (G) Use appropriate mathematical skills to interpret social studies information such as maps and graphs.

TX.113.38 (9.2) Special Topics in Social Studies (Elective Course): Social Studies Skills: The student communicates in written, oral, and visual forms.

9.2. (A) Use social studies terminology correctly.

9.2. (B) Use standard grammar, spelling, sentence structure, and punctuation.

9.2. (C) Transfer information from one medium to another, including written to visual and statistical to written or visual, using computer software as appropriate.

9.2. (D) Create written, oral, and visual presentations of social studies information.

TX.113.38 (9.3) Special Topics in Social Studies (Elective Course): Social Studies Skills: The student uses problem-solving and decision-making skills, working independently and with others, in a variety of settings.

9.3. (A) Use a problem-solving process to identify a problem, gather information, list and consider options, consider advantages and disadvantages, choose and implement a solution, and evaluate the effectiveness of the solution.

9.3. (B) Use a decision-making process to identify a situation that requires a decision, gather information, identify options, predict consequences, and take action to implement a decision.

TX.113.39 (9.1) Social Studies Research Methods (Elective Course): Social Studies Skills: The student understands the basic philosophical foundation for qualitative and quantitative methods of inquiry.

9.1. (A) Develop and use criteria for the evaluation of qualitative and quantitative information.

9.1. (B) Generate logical and consistent conclusions from given qualitative and quantitative information.

9.1. (C) Design a research project with a rationale for a given research method.

TX.113.39 (9.2) Social Studies Research Methods (Elective Course): Social Studies Skills: The student understands the need for an organizing framework to identify a problem or area of interest and collect information.

9.2. (A) Select an issue, problem, or area of interest, write a rationale and preliminary ideas for research methods, and develop a bibliography.

9.2. (B) Apply a process approach to a research problem.

TX.113.39 (9.3) Social Studies Research Methods (Elective Course): Social Studies Skills: The student understands the fundamental principles and requirements of validity and reliability (both social science and historical fields of inquiry).

9.3. (A) Define and differentiate reliability and validity.

9.3. (B) Identify methods of checking for reliability.

9.3. (C) Evaluate various sources for reliability and validity and justify the conclusions.

TX.113.39 (9.4) Social Studies Research Methods (Elective Course): Social Studies Skills: The student understands how data can be collected from a variety of sources using a variety of methods.

9.4. (A) Collect information from a variety of sources (primary, secondary, written, and oral) using techniques such as questionnaires, interviews, and library research.

9.4. (B) Use various technology such as CD-ROM, library topic catalogues, networks, and on-line information systems to collect information about a selected topic.

TX.113.39 (9.5) Social Studies Research Methods (Elective Course): Social Studies Skills: The student understands the use of theory and research for descriptive and predictive purposes.

9.5. (A) Describe the results of a research process.

9.5. (B) Make predictions as to future actions and/or outcomes based on conclusions of research.

TX.113.39 (9.6) Social Studies Research Methods (Elective Course): Social Studies Skills: The student understands the principles and requirements of the scientific method.

9.6. (A) Apply the scientific method in a research project.

9.6. (B) Create a matrix relating various research methodologies such as survey research, ethnography, primary documents, and statistical analysis to given subject areas.

9.6. (C) Determine the most efficient research approach from a variety of alternatives using a cost-benefit analysis.

TX.113.39 (9.7) Social Studies Research Methods (Elective Course): Social Studies Skills: The student understands basic statistical approaches to the analysis of aggregate information.

9.7. (A) Define and compute statistical information using various statistical approaches such as means testing and correlation, measures of central tendency and distribution, the development of categorical systems, and logical analysis.

9.7. (B) Analyze information using a spreadsheet or statistical analysis information software.

TX.113.39 (9.8) Social Studies Research Methods (Elective Course): Social Studies Skills: The student understands the requirements of graphic displays of data.

9.8. (A) Construct visuals such as charts, graphs, tables, time lines, and maps to convey appropriate data.

9.8. (B) Create a presentation on a selected topic using word-processing, graphics, and multimedia software.

TX.113.39 (9.9) Social Studies Research Methods (Elective Course): Social Studies Skills: The student understands the basic principles of historic analysis.

9.9. (A) Differentiate between primary and secondary sources and describe the best uses for each.

9.9. (B) Construct and test cause-and-effect hypotheses and compare them with correlational analyses.

9.9. (C) Select the appropriate use of chronological relationships in historiography.

TX.113.39 (9.10) Social Studies Research Methods (Elective Course): Social Studies Skills: The student understands the ethical aspects of collecting, storing, and using data.

9.10. (A) Describe breaches of ethical standards for handling human experimental or survey information in a given scenario.

9.10. (B) Evaluate the relationship among copyright laws, proper citation requirements, and ethical ways of collecting and presenting information.

TX.113.52 (9.1) Social Studies Advanced Studies (Elective Course): The student will investigate, independently or collaboratively, a problem, issue, or concern within a selected profession or discipline.

9.1. (A) Analyze the relationship between his or her interests and career/discipline.

9.1. (B) Review literature from varied sources from the selected career or discipline.

9.1. (C) Identify a problem, issue, or concern.

9.1. (D) Survey and/or interview professionals to determine the appropriateness of a project.

9.1. (E) Develop a proposal that includes well-defined questions, goals and objectives, rationale, and procedures for the project.

TX.113.52 (9.2) Social Studies Advanced Studies (Elective Course): The student will demonstrate understanding of the research methods and/or technologies used in a selected profession or discipline.

9.2. (A) Develop an understanding of the requirements and practices of the profession in the selected career or discipline through observation.

9.2. (B) Simulate the methods and/or technologies used in the research process particular to the selected field or discipline.

9.2. (C) Review and revise the original proposal to reflect changes needed based upon preliminary research and practices.

TX.113.52 (9.3) Social Studies Advanced Studies (Elective Course): The student will develop products that meet standards recognized by the selected profession or discipline.

9.3. (A) Collaborate with the appropriate professionals to define the product.

9.3. (B) Develop a plan for product completion.

9.3. (C) Develop assessment criteria for successful completion of the project.

9.3. (D) Establish the appropriateness of the product for the intended audience.

9.3. (E) Implement the plan for product completion.

9.3. (F) Maintain a journal to document all phases of the implementation of the plan and reflections on learning experiences and processes.

TX.113.52 (9.4) Social Studies Advanced Studies (Elective Course): The student will demonstrate an understanding of the selected problem, issue, or concern by explaining or justifying findings to an appropriate audience for public comment or professional response.

9.4. (A) Review and revise the plan to present the findings.

9.4. (B) Make arrangements for the presentation of findings to an appropriate audience.

9.4. (C) Present findings, simulating the skills used by professionals.

9.4. (D) Consider feedback received from the audience.

9.4. (E) Reflect on the study and its potential for impact on the field.

9.4. (F) Reflect on personal learning experiences of the study.