South Carolina State Standards for Social Studies: Grade 10

SC.GS-1. Global Studies: The student will demonstrate an understanding of life in the classical civilizations and the contributions that these civilizations have made to the modern world.

GS-1.1. Explain the influence of Athenian government and philosophy on other civilizations including the importance of Plato's Republic and the concepts of participatory government, citizenship, freedom, and justice. (H, P)

GS-1.2. Summarize the essential characteristics of Roman civilization and explain their impact today, including the influence of other civilizations on Rome's development, the changes to Rome's political system over time, the economic structure of Roman trade and labor, and factors contributing to the decline of the empire. (H, G, P, E)

GS-1.3. Explain the rise and growth of Christianity during the classical era, including patterns of expansion across continents, the effects of diffusion on religious beliefs and traditions, and the influence of Christianity on culture and politics. (H, G)

GS-1.4. Explain the impact of religion in classical Indian civilization, including Hinduism and the effects of its beliefs and practices on daily life, changes that occurred as a result of Buddhist teachings, and the influence of religion on culture and politics. (H, P)

SC.GS-2. Global Studies: The student will demonstrate an understanding of the social, political, geographic, and economic changes that took place in Africa, Asia, Europe, and the Americas from the time of the Byzantine Empire through the Middle Ages.

GS-2.1. Explain the influence of the Byzantine Empire, including the role the Empire played in preserving Hellenistic (Greek) and learning. (H, G, P, E)

GS-2.2. Summarize the origins and expansion of Islam, including its basic beliefs, the emergence and the spread of an Islamic empire, the reasons for the split between Sunni and Shiite groups, and the changing role of women in the modern world. (H, G, P)

GS-2.3. Summarize the economic, geographic, and social influences of trans-Saharan trade on Africa, including education and the growth of cities. (E, G, H)

GS-2.4. Compare the origins and characteristics of the Mayan, Aztecan, and Incan civilizations, including their economic foundations, their political organization, their technological achievements, and their cultural legacies of art and architecture. (H, G, P, E)

GS-2.5. Summarize the functions of feudalism and manorialism in medieval Europe, including the creation of nation-states as feudal institutions helped monarchies to centralize power and the evolution of the relationship between the secular states and Roman Catholic Church. (P, H)

GS-2.6. Analyze the social, political, and economic upheaval and recovery that occurred in Europe during the Middle Ages, including the plague and the subsequent population decline, the predominance of religion and the impact of the Crusades, and the increasing interregional trade. (H, G, P, E)

SC.GS-3. Global Studies: The student will demonstrate an understanding of the influence of the Western world in the spread of new ideas that took place from the Renaissance through the eighteenth century.

GS-3.1. Compare the impact of the Renaissance and the Reformation on life in Europe, including changes in the status of women, the revolution in art and architecture, the causes and effects of divisions in religious affiliation, and the presence of social oppression and conflict. (H, P)

GS-3.2. Explain the long-term effects of political changes that occurred in Europe during the sixteenth, seventeenth, and eighteenth centuries, including the emergence of a strong monarchial form of government and the changes in the governments of England and France as they compare with one another. (H, G, P, E)

GS-3.3. Summarize the origins and contributions of the scientific revolution. (H)

GS-3.4. Explain the ways that Enlightenment ideas spread through Europe and their effect on European society, including the role of academies, salons, and publishing; the connection between the Enlightenment and the scientific revolution; and the political and cultural influence of thinkers such as John Locke, Voltaire, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, and Baron de Montesquieu. (H, G, P)

SC.GS-4. Global Studies: The student will demonstrate an understanding of the effects of the economic, geographic, and political interactions that took place throughout the world during the nineteenth century.

GS-4.1. Explain the significant political, commercial, and cultural changes that took place in China in the nineteenth century, including the unification of Chinese culture and the motivations and effects of China's changing attitudes toward foreign trade and interaction. (H, G, P, E)

GS-4.2. Explain the economic and cultural impact of European involvement on other continents during the era of European expansion. (H, G, P, E)

GS-4.3. Compare the key elements of the revolutions that took place on the European and American continents in the nineteenth century, including social and political motivations for these revolutions and the changes in social organization that emerged following them. (H, P)

GS-4.4. Explain the causes and effects of political, social, and economic transformation in Europe in the nineteenth century, including the significance of nationalism, the impact of industrialization for different countries, and the effects of democratization. (H, G, P, E)

GS-4.5. Compare the political actions of European, Asian, and African nations in the era of imperial expansion, including the response of the Ottoman Empire to European commercial power, the motives and results of Russian expansion, the importance of British power in India, the collapse of Chinese government and society, the reasons for and the effects of Japan's transformation and expansion, and the resistance to imperialism. (H, G, P)

SC.GS-5. Global Studies: The student will demonstrate an understanding of the effects of economic, geographic, and political interactions that took place throughout the world during the early twentieth century.

GS-5.1. Summarize the causes of World War I, including political and economic rivalries, ethnic and ideological conflicts, and nationalism and propaganda. (H, G, P, E)

GS-5.2. Summarize the worldwide changes that took place following World War I, including the significance of the Russian Revolution; the rise of nationalist movements in India, Africa, and Southeast Asia; the revolutions and political change in China; and the creation of new states in Europe. (H, G, P, E)

GS-5.3. Explain the impact of the Great Depression and political responses in Germany, Britain, and the United States, including Nazism, Fascism, retrenchment, and the New Deal. (H, E, G, P)

GS-5.4. Explain the causes, key events, and outcomes of World War II, including the German, Italian, and Japanese drives for empire; the role of appeasement and isolationism in Europe and the United States; the major turning points of the War and the principal theaters of conflict; the importance of geographic factors during the War; and the political leaders during the time. (H, G, P, E)

GS-5.5. Compare the ideologies and global effects of totalitarianism, Communism, Fascism, Nazism, and democracy in the twentieth century, including Lenin's adaptation of Marxism in Russia, the rise of Fascism and Nazism in Europe, and militarism in Japan prior to World War II. (H, G, P, E)

GS-5.6. Exemplify the lasting impact of World War II, including the legacy of the Holocaust, the moral implications of military technologies and techniques such as the atomic bomb, the human costs of the war, and the establishment of democratic governments in European countries. (H, P)

SC.GS-6. Global Studies: The student will demonstrate an understanding of the effects of economic, geographic, and political interactions that have taken place throughout the world from the period of the Cold War to the present day.

GS-6.1. Summarize the ideologies and global effects of Communism and democracy, including the effects of totalitarianism and Communism in China and the effects of Communism in Eastern Europe and Soviet Union. (P, H, E, G)

GS-6.2. Summarize the worldwide effects of the Cold War, including the competition for power between the United States and the Soviet Union, the changing relationships between the Soviet Union and China, the response by popular culture, and the collapse of the communist states. (H, G, P)

GS-6.3. Compare the challenges and successes of the movements toward independence and democratic reform in various regions following World War II, including the role of political ideology, religion, and ethnicity in shaping governments and the course of independence and democratic movements in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. (H, G, P)

GS-6.4. Summarize the impact of economic and political interdependence on the world, including efforts to control population growth, economic imbalance and social inequality and efforts to address them, the significance of the world economy for different nations, and the influence of terrorist movements on politics in various countries. (E, P, G, H)

SC.USHC-1. United States History and the Constitution: The student will demonstrate an understanding of the settlement of North America.

USHC-1.1. Summarize the distinct characteristics of each colonial region in the settlement and development the America, including religious, social, political, and economic differences. (H, E, P, G)

SC.USHC-2. United States History and the Constitution: The student will demonstrate an understanding of the establishment of the United States as a new nation.

USHC-2.1. Summarize the early development of representative government and political rights in the American colonies, including the influence of the British political system, the rule of law and the conflict between the colonial legislatures and the royal governors. (P, H)

USHC-2.2. Explain the impact of the Declaration of Independence and the American Revolution on the American colonies and on the world at large. (H, P, E)

USHC-2.3. Explain the development and effectiveness of the Articles of Confederation. (H, P)

USHC-2.4. Summarize the creation of a new national government, including the new state constitutions, the country's economic crisis, the Founding Fathers and their debates at the Constitutional Convention, the impact of the Federalist Papers, and the subsequent ratification of the Constitution. (H, P)

USHC-2.5. Analyze underlying political philosophies, the fundamental principles, and the purposes of the United States Constitution and the Bill of Rights, including the ideas behind the separation of powers and the system of checks and balances and the influence of the Magna Carta, the English Bill of Rights, and the colonial charters. (P, H)

USHC-2.6. Compare differing economic and political views in the conflict between Thomas Jefferson and Alexander Hamilton that led to the emergence of the American two-party political system. (P, H, E)

USHC-2.7. Summarize the origins and the evolution of the United States Supreme Court and the power it has today, including John Marshall's precedent-setting decisions such as that in Marbury v. Madison. (H, P)

SC.USHC-3. United States History and the Constitution: The student will demonstrate an understanding of the westward movement and the resulting regional conflicts that took place in America in the nineteenth century.

USHC-3.1. Explain the impact and challenges of westward movement, including the major land acquisitions, people's motivations for moving west, railroad construction, the displacement of Native Americans, and the its impact on the developing American character. (H, G, E)

USHC-3.2. Explain how the Monroe Doctrine and the concept of manifest destiny affected United States' relationships with foreign powers, including the role of the Texas Revolution and the Mexican War. (H, E, P, G)

USHC-3.3. Compare economic development in different regions of the country during the early nineteenth century, including agriculture in the South, industry and finance in the North, and the development of new resources in the West. (E, H, G)

SC.USHC-4. United States History and the Constitution: The student will demonstrate an understanding of the causes and the course of the Civil War and Reconstruction in America.

USHC-4.1. Compare the social and cultural characteristics of the North, the South, and the West during the antebellum period, including the lives of African Americans and social reform movements such as abolition and women's rights. (H, P, G)

USHC-4.2. Explain how the political events and issues that divided the nation led to civil war, including the compromises reached to maintain the balance of free and slave states, the successes and failures of the abolitionist movement, the conflicting views on states' rights and federal authority, the emergence of the Republican Party and its win in 1860, and the formation of the Confederate States of America. (H, P)

USHC-4.3. Outline the course and outcome of the Civil War, including the role of African American military units; the impact of the Emancipation Proclamation; and the geographic, political, and economic factors involved in the defeat of the Confederacy. (H, G, E, P)

USHC-4.4. Summarize the effects of Reconstruction on the southern states and the roles of the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Amendments in that era. (H, P)

USHC-4.5. Summarize the progress made by African Americans during Reconstruction and the subsequent reversals brought by Reconstruction's end, including the creation of the Freedmen's Bureau, gains in educational and political opportunity, and the rise of anti-African American factions and legislation. (H, E, G, P)

SC.USHC-5. United States History and the Constitution: The student will demonstrate an understanding of major social, political, and economic developments that took place in the United States during the second half of the nineteenth century.

USHC-5.1. Summarize developments in business and industry, including the ascent of new industries, the rise of corporations through monopolies and corporate mergers, the role of industrial leaders such as John D. Rockefeller and Andrew Carnegie, the influence of business ideologies, and the increasing availability of consumer goods and the rising standard of living. (E, H)

USHC-5.2. Summarize the factors that influenced the economic growth of the United States and its emergence as an industrial power, including the abundance of natural resources; government support and protection in the form of tariffs, labor policies, and subsidies; and the expansion of international markets associated with industrialization. (E, G, H, P)

USHC-5.3. Explain the transformation of America from an agrarian to an industrial economy, including the effects of mechanized farming, the role of American farmers in facing economic problems, and the rise of the Populist movement. (H, E, P)

USHC-5.4. Analyze the rise of the labor movement, including the composition of the workforce of the country in terms of gender, race/ethnicity, and skills; working conditions for men, women, and children; and union protests and strikes and the government's reactions to these forms of unrest. (H, E)

USHC-5.5. Explain the causes and effects of urbanization in late nineteenth-century America, including the movement from farm to city, the continuation of the women's suffrage movement, and the migration of African Americans to the North and the Midwest. (H, G, E, P)

USHC-5.6. Explain the influx of immigrants into the United States in the late nineteenth century in relation to the specific economic, political, and social changes that resulted, including the growth of cities and urban ethnic neighborhoods, the restrictions on immigration that were imposed, and the immigrants' responses to the urban political machines. (H, G, P, E)

USHC-5.7. Compare the accomplishments and limitations of the progressive movement in effecting social and political reforms in America, including the roles of Theodore Roosevelt, Jane Addams, W. E. B. DuBois, and Booker T. Washington. (H, P, E)

SC.USHC-6. United States History and the Constitution: The student will demonstrate an understanding of foreign developments that contributed to the United States' emergence as a world power in the twentieth century.

USHC-6.1. Analyze the development of American expansionism, including the change from isolationism to intervention, the rationales for imperialism based on Social Darwinism and expanding capitalism, and domestic tensions. (H, G, E)

USHC-6.2. Explain the influence of the Spanish-American War on the emergence of the United States as a world power, including reasons for America's declaring war on Spain, United States interests and expansion in the South Pacific, debates between pro- and anti-imperialists over annexation of the Philippines, and changing worldwide perceptions of the United States. (H, G, E)

USHC-6.3. Compare United States foreign policies in different regions of the world during the early twentieth century, including the purposes and effects of the Open Door policy with China, the United States role in the Panama Revolution, Theodore Roosevelt's 'big stick diplomacy,' William Taft's 'dollar diplomacy,' and Woodrow Wilson's 'moral diplomacy.' (H, G, E)

USHC-6.4. Outline the causes and course of World War I, focusing on the involvement of the United States, including the effects of nationalism, ethnic and ideological conflicts, and Woodrow Wilson's leadership in the Treaty of Versailles and the League of Nations. (H, P)

SC.USHC-7. United States History and the Constitution: The student will demonstrate an understanding of the economic boom-and-bust in America in the 1920s and 1930s, its resultant political instability, and the subsequent worldwide response.

USHC-7.1. Explain the social, cultural, and economic effects of scientific innovation and consumer financing options in the 1920s on the United States and the world, including the advent of aviation, the expansion of mass production techniques, the invention of new home appliances, and the role of transportation in changing urban life. (H, E)

USHC-7.2. Explain cultural responses to the period of economic boom-and-bust, including the Harlem Renaissance; new trends in literature, music, and art; and the effects of radio and movies. (H, E)

USHC-7.3 .Explain the causes and effects of the social conflict and change that took place during the 1920s, including the role of women and their attainment of the right to vote, the 'Red Scare' and the Sacco and Vanzetti case, the resurgence of the Ku Klux Klan, immigration quotas, Prohibition, and the Scopes trial. (H, P)

USHC-7.4. Explain the causes and effects of the stock market crash of 1929 and the Great Depression, including the disparity in incomes, limited government regulation, stock market speculation, and the collapse of the farm economy; wealth distribution, investment, and taxes; government policies and the Federal Reserve System; and the effects of the Depression on human beings and the environment. (H, E, G, P)

USHC-7.5. Compare the first and second New Deals as responses to the economic bust of the Great Depression, including the rights of women and minorities in the workplace and the successes, controversies, and failures of recovery and reform measures such as the labor movement. (H, P, E)

SC.USHC-8. United States History and the Constitution: The student will demonstrate an understanding of the impact of World War II on United States' foreign and domestic policies.

USHC-8.1. Analyze the United States' decision to enter World War II, including the rise and aggression of totalitarian regimes in Italy under Benito Mussolini, in Germany under Adolf Hitler, and in Japan under Hideki Tojo; the United States' movement from a policy of isolationism to international involvement; and the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. (H, P)

USHC-8.2. Summarize and illustrate on a time line the major events and leaders of World War II, including the Battle of the Bulge and the major battles at Midway, Normandy, Iwo Jima, and Okinawa; the turning points of the war for the Allies; the dropping of atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki; and the roles of Franklin D. Roosevelt, Winston Churchill, Joseph Stalin, and Charles de Gaulle. (H)

USHC-8.3. Summarize the impact of World War II and war mobilization on the home front, including war bond drives, rationing, the role of women and minorities in the workforce, and racial and ethnic tensions such as those caused by the internment of Japanese Americans. (H, E)

USHC-8.4. Summarize the responses of the United States and the Allies to war crimes, including the Holocaust and war crimes trials. (H)

USHC-8.5. Explain the lasting impact of the scientific and technological developments in America after World War II, including new systems for scientific research, medical advances, improvements in agricultural technology, and resultant changes in the standard of living and demographic patterns. (H, G, E)

SC.USHC-9. United States History and the Constitution: The student will demonstrate an understanding of the social, economic, and political events that impacted the United States during the Cold War era.

USHC-9.1. Explain the causes and effects of social and cultural changes in postwar America, including educational programs, expanding suburbanization, the emergence of the consumer culture, the secularization of society and the reemergence of religious conservatism, and the roles of women in American society. (H, E)

USHC-9.2. Summarize the origins and course of the Cold War, including the containment policy; the conflicts in Korea, Africa, and the Middle East; the Berlin Airlift and the Berlin Wall; the Bay of Pigs and Cuban missile crisis; the nuclear arms race; the effects of the 'Red Scare' and McCarthyism; and the role of military alliances. (H, G, P)

USHC-9.3. Summarize the key events and effects of the Vietnam War, including the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution and the Tet offensive; the protests and opposition to the war; and the policies of presidents John Kennedy, Lyndon Johnson, and Richard Nixon. (H, P, G)

USHC-9.4. Compare the domestic and foreign policies of the period-including Kennedy's New Frontier, Johnson's Great Society, and Nixon's establishment of environmental protection and rapprochement with China-as well as relations with the Soviet Union and the continuing crises in the Middle East under all administrations from Harry Truman to Jimmy Carter. (H, G, P)

USHC-9.5. Explain the movements for racial and gender equity and civil liberties, including their initial strategies, landmark court cases and legislation, the roles of key civil rights advocates, and the influence of the civil rights movement on other groups seeking ethnic and gender equity. (H, P)

SC.USHC-10. United States History and the Constitution: The student will demonstrate an understanding of developments in foreign policy and economics that have taken place in the United States since the fall of the Soviet Union and its satellite states in 1992.

USHC-10.1. Summarize key events in United States foreign policy from the end of the Reagan administration to the present, including changes to Middle East policy, the impact of United States involvement in the Persian Gulf, and the rise of global terrorism. (P, H, G)

USHC-10.2. Summarize key economic issues in the United States since the fall of communist states, including recession, the national debt and deficits, legislation affecting organized labor and labor unions, immigration, and increases in economic disparity. (E, H, P)

SC.ECON-1. Economics: The student will demonstrate an understanding of how scarcity and choice impact the economic activity of individuals, families, communities, and nations.

ECON-1.1. Illustrate the relationship between scarcity-limited resources and unlimited human wants-and the economic choices made by individuals, families, communities, and nations, including how families must budget their income and expenses, how people use psychological and intellectual resources to deal with scarcity, and how local political entities as well as nation-states use scarce resources to satisfy human wants. (E, G)

ECON-1.2. Explain the concept of opportunity costs and how individuals, families, communities, and nations make economic decisions on that basis, including analyzing marginal costs and marginal benefits and assessing how their choices may result in trade-offs. (E)

ECON-1.3. Compare the four key factors of production-land, labor, capital, and entrepreneurship-and explain how they are used, including the specialization and division of labor that permits efficient use of scarce resources. (E, G)

SC.ECON-2. Economics: The student will demonstrate an understanding of markets and the role of supply and demand in determining price and resource allocation.

ECON-2.1. Explain the law of supply and demand, including the relationships of critical determinants (e.g., consumer income, tastes, and preferences; technology; the price of inputs) and the effects of change on equilibrium, price, and quantity. (E)

ECON-2.2. Explain the nature and role of competition in a market economy, including the determination of market price through competition among buyers and sellers and the conditions that make industries more or less competitive, such as the effect of domestic and international competition and the quality, quantity, and price of products. (E, G)

ECON-2.3. Explain economic incentives that lead to the efficient use of resources, including monetary and nonmonetary incentives, the ways in which people change their behavior in response to incentives, the relationship of incentives to the laws of supply and demand, and the role of private property as an incentive in conserving and improving scarce resources. (E)

ECON-2.4. Explain the effect of shortages and surpluses in a market economy, including the effect of price controls (ceilings and floors) in causing shortages or surpluses, changes in the price of products as a result of surplus or shortage, and market mechanisms for eliminating shortages and surpluses and achieving market equilibrium. (E)

SC.ECON-3. Economics: The student will demonstrate an understanding of the sources of income and growth in a free-enterprise economy.

ECON-3.1. Compare personal income distribution and functional income distribution, including how distribution of income affects public policy. (E)

ECON-3.2. Explain the role of entrepreneurs in a market economy, including the costs and benefits of being an entrepreneur, the expectation of profit as the incentive for entrepreneurs to accept business risks, and the effect of changes in taxation and government regulation on entrepreneurial decisions. (E)

ECON-3.3. Explain the causes and effects of economic growth, including the relationship between investment in human resources and in real capital, the alleviation of poverty, the increase in standards of living, and the creation of new employment opportunities. (E)

SC.ECON-4. Economics: The student will demonstrate an understanding of personal economic decision making to maximize the net benefits of personal income.

ECON-4.1. Summarize types of personal economic decisions and choices that individuals make, including determining how to budget money; establishing short- and long-term financial goals and plans related to income, saving, and spending; utilizing loans and credit cards; and considering investment options. (E)

ECON-4.2. Explain influences on personal economic decision making and choices, including the effect of education, career choices, and family obligations on future income; the influence of advertising on consumer choices; the risks and benefits involved in short- and long-term saving and investment strategies; and the effect of taxation and interest rates on household consumption and savings. (E)

SC.ECON-5. Economics: The student will demonstrate an understanding of the various economic institutions of a market economy.

ECON-5.1. Compare the significant characteristics of a market economy with those of traditional and command economies, including differences in the roles of the government, individual firms, and households in decision making; types of economic institutions; the extent of consumer sovereignty/choice; and the role of private property rights, competition, and the profit motive. (E)

ECON-5.2. Analyze the roles of and relationships among economic institutions in a market economy, including the banking system and its interaction with business firms and consumers, the economic circular flow model, the function of financial and securities markets, and the impact of labor unions on the American economy. (E)

SC.ECON-6. Economics: The student will demonstrate an understanding of the roles that federal, state, and local governments play in the operation of markets in the United States.

ECON-6.1. Compare the various functions and roles of the government in the United States economy, including providing public goods, defining and enforcing property rights, correcting externalities and regulating markets, maintaining and promoting competition in the market, protecting consumers' rights, and redistributing income. (E)

ECON-6.2. Summarize major sources of government revenue, including taxation at the federal, state, and local levels and tax revenues from personal income and payroll taxes, sales taxes, and property taxes. (E)

SC.ECON-7. Economics: The student will demonstrate an understanding of the national economy and economic policies in the United States.

ECON-7.1. Compare measures of economic health, including the gross domestic product, consumer price indexes, personal income, disposable income, rates of inflation and deflation, and unemployment rates. (E)

ECON-7.2. Explain the role of the money supply in a free-market economy, including various forms of the money supply in the United States and the effect of the banking system on the money supply. (E)

ECON-7.3. Explain the purposes and effects of fiscal and monetary policies, including the structure and function of the Federal Reserve System and policies on unemployment, inflation, and economic growth. (E)

ECON-7.4. Explain the types of goods and services that are funded with government revenues, including national defense, road construction and repair, public safety, health care, payments on the national debt, and education. (E, P)

ECON-7.5. Contrast the costs and benefits of the American government's economic policies, including how policies designed to reduce unemployment may increase inflation and vice versa and how investment in factories, machinery, new technology, health education, and occupational training can raise standards of living. (E)

SC.ECON-8. Economics: The student will demonstrate an understanding of the principles of trade and economic development.

ECON-8.1. Explain the basic principles of international trade, including the worldwide distribution of resources, the concept of absolute and comparative advantages that leads to specialization and trade, and the concepts of balance of trade and balance of payments that are used to measure international trade. (E, G)

ECON-8.2. Summarize the outcomes of global trade, including gains made by individuals and nations through trade, increases in consumer choice and standard of living, and gains in production efficiency. (E, G)

ECON-8.3. Compare the effects of unrestricted and restricted trade-including those of tariffs and quotas-on the economic and social interests of a nation-state. (E, G)

ECON-8.4. Explain the basic concept of the foreign exchange market, including the operation of exchange rates and the effects of the dollar's gaining or losing value relative to other currencies. (E)

ECON-8.5. Summarize global patterns of economic activity-including world trade partners, the geographic features of trade, and international political borders-and explain the impact of developing nations on the global economy. (E, G, P)

SC.USG-1. United States Government: The student will demonstrate an understanding of the United States government-its origins and its functions.

USG-1.1. Summarize arguments for the necessity and purpose of government and politics, including the idea that politics enables a group of people with diverse opinions and interests to reach collective decisions, the idea that government gives people the security they need in order to reach their full potential, and the idea that the purposes of government include enhancing economic prosperity and providing for national security. (P, E)

USG-1.2. Summarize differing ideas about the purposes and functions of law, including the 'rule of law' and the 'rule of man' and the idea that the 'rule of law' protects not only individual rights but also the common good and summarize the sources of laws, including nature, social customs, legislatures, religious leaders, and monarchs. (P)

USG-1.3. Compare the characteristics of a limited and an unlimited government, including the idea that a civil society maintains a limited government: how a civil society provides the opportunity for individuals to associate for different purposes, how a civil society allows people to influence the government by means other than voting, how political and economic freedoms can limit government power, and how the government of a civil society differs from the governments in authoritarian and totalitarian regimes. (P)

USG-1.4. Compare the characteristics and the advantages and disadvantages of confederal, federal, and unitary systems, including how power is distributed, shared, and limited in these systems. (P)

USG-1.5. Compare the advantages and disadvantages of the ways in which power is distributed, shared, and limited to serve the purposes of constitutional government, including the criteria of effectiveness, the prevention of the abuse of power, and responsiveness to popular will. (P)

USG-1.6. Analyze alternative forms of representation and the extent to which they serve the purposes of constitutional government, including arguments for and against representative government as distinguished from direct popular rule, common bases upon which representation has been established, different electoral systems, and differing theories of representation. (P)

SC.USG-2. United States Government: The student will demonstrate an understanding of the foundations of the American republic-its basic democratic principles and its political systems.

USG-2.1. Summarize the basic principles of American democracy including popular sovereignty, the rule of law, the balance of power, the separation of powers, limited government, federalism, and representative government as expressed in the Declaration of Independence, the Federalist Papers, the Constitution, and the Bill of Rights. (P, H)

USG-2.2. Explain philosophical influences on the development of American government, including the philosophy and practices of the Greeks and the Romans; the ideals of the Judeo-Christian tradition; and the ideas of such European thinkers as John Locke, Charles de Montesquieu, Thomas Hobbes, Niccolo Machiavelli, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau. (P, H)

USG-2.3. Compare fundamental values, principles, and rights that are in conflict with one another in the American political system and the ways in which such conflicts are typically resolved, including conflicts that arise from diversity, conflicts between individual rights and social stability, and conflicts between liberty and equality. (P, H)

USG-2.4. Summarize the significant ideals of the American republic, the discrepancy between those ideals and the realities of American society, and ways that such discrepancies might be reduced through social and political action. (P, H)

USG-2.5. Explain factors that have shaped the distinctive characteristics of American society, including the belief in limited government, religious freedom, diversity of the population, and relative social equality. (P)

SC.USG-3. United States Government: The student will demonstrate an understanding of the continuing role of the United States Constitution in the defining and shaping of American government and society.

USG-3.1. Contrast the distribution of powers and responsibilities within the federal system, including the purpose, organization, and enumerated powers of the three branches; the workings of the Supreme Court; and the operation of the law-making process. (P)

USG-3.2. Explain the organization and responsibilities of local and state governments, including the purposes and functions of state constitutions; reserved and concurrent powers in the states; the relationships among national, state, and local levels of government; and the structure and operation of South Carolina's government. (P)

USG-3.3. Summarize the function of law in the American constitutional system, including the significance of the concept of the due process of law and the ways in which laws are intended to achieve fairness, the protection of individual rights, and the promotion of the common good. (P)

USG-3.4. Summarize the process through which public policy is formed in the United States, including setting a public agenda and the role of political institutions, political parties, and special interest groups. (P)

USG-3.5. Summarize features of the election process in the United States, including the roles of the political parties, the nomination process, the Electoral College, and the campaigns; the issues of campaign funding; and trends in voter turnout and citizen participation. (P, H)

SC.USG-4. United States Government: The student will demonstrate an understanding of the United States' relations with other nation-states and its role in world affairs.

USG-4.1. Summarize ways in which United States foreign policy is formulated and carried out, including current foreign policy issues and security interests; the impact of foreign policy on individual citizens; the influence and exchange of political ideas between nations; and America's contributions to the world in politics, environmentalism, technology, science, humanitarianism, and culture. (P, E, G)

USG-4.2. Compare the roles of international organizations in world affairs, including the United Nations, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), and the World Health Organization. (P, G)

SC.USG-5. United States Government: The student will demonstrate an understanding of the concept of personal and civic rights and responsibilities and the role of the citizen in American democracy.

USG-5.1. Classify the rights of United States citizens as personal, political, or economic and identify the significance and source of such rights and the conflicts that can arise when these rights are limited. (P, E)

USG-5.2. Summarize commonly held personal and civic responsibilities and their significance in maintaining a democracy, including voting, serving as a juror, obeying the law, paying taxes, and serving in the military. (P)

USG-5.3. Explain ways in which Americans can monitor and participate in politics and government, including engaging in political leadership or public service, analyzing and becoming informed about public issues and policy making, joining political parties and interest groups, voting, and volunteering in the community. (P)

USG-5.4. Explain the process of naturalization in the United States, including naturalization laws and the criteria of length of residency, English language literacy, proof of character, knowledge of United States history, and support for the values and principles of American constitutional government. (P)

USG-5.5. Summarize character traits that are important to the preservation and improvement of American democracy, including dispositions that encourage citizens to act as independent members of society, that foster respect for individual worth and human dignity, and that engage the citizen in public affairs. (P)