Colorado State Standards for Social Studies: Grade 6

CO.1. Civics: Students understand the purposes of government, and the basic constitutional principles of the United States republican form of government.

1.1. Students know and understand what government is and what purpose it serves. What students know and are able to do includes:

1.1.1. Explaining major ideas about why government is necessary (for example, promote the common good, protect individual rights, safety, order) 15
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.1.1.

1.1.2. Describing how the United States Constitution limits the power of government 8
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.1.2.

1.1.3. Comparing and contrasting various ideas about the purposes of government. 18
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.1.3.

1.2. Students know the essential characteristics of limited and unlimited government. What students know and are able to do includes:

1.2.1. Comparing limited and unlimited government 16
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.2.1.

1.2.2. Describing different types of government, limited, unlimited and absence of government (for example, anarchy, oligarchy, constitutional republic, authoritarian, democratic and totalitarian) 16
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.2.2.

1.2.3. Explaining how rule of law differs from arbitrary decisions of a leader 11
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.2.3.

1.3. Students understand the principles of the United States constitutional government. What students know and are able to do includes:

1.3.1. Explaining the historical foundation of the United States constitutional government (for example, the influence of the Roman Republic, Magna Carta, colonial experience, the Declaration of Independence, Articles of Confederation, the importance of the natural rights philosophy, and social contract) 16
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.3.1.

1.3.2. Explaining the essential principles of government stated in the United States Constitution (for example, the purposes of government as stated in the Preamble, limited government, separation of powers, checks and balances of legislative, executive and judicial branches, federalism and rule of law) 8
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.3.2.

1.3.3. Identifying individual rights protected by the Bill of Rights 4
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.3.3.

1.3.4. Developing and defending positions on current issues involving constitutional protection of individual rights. 33
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.3.4.

1.4. Students know the distinctive characteristics of the political culture of the United States. What students know and are able to do includes:

1.4.1. Explaining how the shared political principles of the United States Constitution affect citizens (for example, shared political principles could be liberty, equality, justice, patriotism, limited government) 4
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.4.1.

1.4.2. Developing, evaluating, and defending positions on how shared political principles have affected citizens 4
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.4.2.

1.4.3. Analyzing why conflicts arise, and ways in which conflicts can be resolved in a peaceful manner

1.4.4. Describing and analyzing the processes that have led to the expansion of rights for more Americans (for example, abolition of slavery, women's suffrage, civil rights movement). 24
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.4.4.

1.5. Students know the fundamental democratic principles inherent in the United States concept of a constitutional democratic republic. What students know and are able to do includes:

1.5.1. Explaining the meaning and importance of each of the following traditional principles of representative government individual rights (for example, the rights to life, liberty, and property), the common good, self-government, justice, and equality 7
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.5.1.

1.5.2. Identifying and applying to contemporary situations the fundamental principles of representative government of the United States (for example, rule by consent of the people, representative democracy, rule of law, the importance of citizen participation, limited government, balancing individual and social needs, majority rule and minority rights). 36
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.5.2.

CO.2. Civics: Students know the structure and function of local, state, and national government and how citizen involvement shapes public policy.

2.1. Students know the organization and functions of local, state, and national governments. What students know and are able to do includes:

2.1.1. Explaining major responsibilities of national, state, and local governments 41
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.1.1.

2.1.2. Explaining the rationale for taxes and the purposes for which taxes are used 9
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.1.2.

2.1.3. Identifying their representatives in the legislative branches, heads of executive, and judicial branches 15
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.1.3.

2.1.4. Explaining which level of government they should contact to get information, express their opinions or get help on specific issues. 40
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.1.4.

2.2. Students know how power, authority, and responsibility are distributed, shared, and limited through federalism as established by the United States Constitution. What students know and are able to do includes:

2.2.1. Explaining how the Constitution divides the powers of government among the executive, legislative, and judicial branches, and how each branch can check the powers of another 8
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.2.1.

2.2.2. Explaining how and why powers are distributed between local, state, and national governments (for example, shared power such as to tax, borrow money, regulate voting functions primarily exercised by state governments, such as education, law enforcement, highways distribution of power reflects the value of local decision-making and local control). 15
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.2.2.

2.3. Students know and understand the place of law in the Colorado and United States constitutional systems. What students know and are able to do includes:

2.3.1. Identifying types of law: juvenile, criminal, civil, and explaining how law protects individual rights and promotes the common good 8
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.3.1.

2.3.2. Evaluating strengths and weaknesses of a rule or law 11
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.3.2.

2.3.3. Describing alternative means of conflict management, including negotiation, mediation, arbitration, and litigation

2.3.4. Explaining the role and importance of the Bill of Rights in the Colorado and United States constitutional systems (for example, Supreme Court cases such as Tinker v. Des Moines, Miranda v. Arizona, Gideon v. Wainwright, TLO v. New Jersey). 26
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.3.4.

2.4. Students know how public policy is developed at the local, state, and national levels. What students know and are able to do includes:

2.4.1. Defining public policy and identifying examples at local, state and national levels 28
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.4.1.

2.4.2. Describing how the public agenda is shaped by political leaders, interest groups, media, state and federal courts, and individual citizens 14
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.4.2.

2.4.3. Explaining how political parties, campaigns, and elections influence policy formation 9
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.4.3.

2.4.4. Evaluating the role of the media and public opinion in formulating public policy 30
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.4.4.

2.4.5. Explaining how changing demographics affect civic responsibility. 4
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.4.5.

CO.3. Civics: Students know the political relationship of the United States and its citizens to other nations and to world affairs.

3.1. Students know how and why governments and nongovernmental agencies around the world interact politically. What students know and are able to do includes:

3.1.1. Defining foreign policy and describing ways that nations interact with one another diplomatically (for example, trade, treaties, humanitarian aid, military force). 21
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.1.1.

3.2. Students understand how the United States government develops foreign policy. What students know and are able to do includes:

3.2.1. Explaining the powers the United States Constitution gives to the branches of government in foreign policy 20
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.2.1.

3.2.2. Identifying current foreign policy issues and evaluating the geopolitical strategies the United States is using to deal with them 12
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.2.2.

3.2.3. Describing ways in which citizens can influence the formation of foreign policy 12
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.2.3.

3.2.4. Explaining the relationship between United States foreign policy and national interest. 12
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.2.4.

3.3. Students understand the domestic and foreign policy influence the United States has on other nations and how the actions of other nations influence politics and society of the United States. What students know and are able to do includes:

3.3.1. Giving examples of how foreign policy decisions made by the United States government regarding other countries have affected lives of United States citizens (for example, the Gulf War, tariffs, embargoes) 13
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.3.1.

3.3.2. Describing the influence of United States political ideas on other nations and the influence of other nations' ideas on the United States 12
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.3.2.

3.3.3. Describing diplomatic strategies in which agencies of the United States government have sought to help resolve an international problem and/or pursue our national interest or concern (for example, American diplomats have sought to mediate disputes in Bosnia, Northern Ireland, and the Middle East, participation of United States government officials in international conferences on the environment or population, sending humanitarian aid to countries in conflict)

3.3.4. Describing ways in which nongovernmental agencies and organizations have sought to help with an international problem or concern (for example, the Red Cross helping victims of war or natural disasters, organizations of doctors or scientists helping with diseases or disasters like Chernobyl). 9
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.3.4.

CO.4. Civics: Students understand how citizens exercise the roles, rights and responsibilities of participation in civic life at all levels - local, state, and national.

4.1. Students know what citizenship is. What students know and are able to do includes:

4.1.1. Explaining the meaning of citizenship in the United States 4
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.1.1.

4.1.2. Describing how to become a citizen in the United States (for example, the process of naturalization) 4
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.1.2.

4.1.3. Identifying significant characteristics of an effective citizen (for example, civic virtue, common courtesy, respect for person and property, civic and personal responsibility, and honest and fair dealings). 7
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.1.3.

4.2. Students know how citizens can fulfill their responsibilities for preserving the constitutional republic. What students know and are able to do includes:

4.2.1. Identifying civic responsibilities (for example, accepting responsibility for the consequences of one's actions as a citizen, considering the rights and interests of others, voting, obeying the law, paying taxes, performing voluntary public service, jury service, serving in the armed forces) 4
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.2.1.

4.2.2. Identifying contemporary issues that involve civic responsibilities and analyzing various positions on those responsibilities (for example, accepting responsibility for the consequences of one's actions, considering the rights and interests of others, voting, obeying the law, paying taxes, performing voluntary public service, jury service, serving in the armed forces) 4
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.2.2.

4.2.3. Analyzing the implications of not fulfilling citizen responsibilities. 4
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.2.3.

4.3. Students know how citizens can exercise their rights. What students know and are able to do includes:

4.3.1. Distinguishing between personal and political rights (for example, freedom of religion, freedom of speech, right to own property) 4
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.3.1.

4.3.2. Identifying and analyzing responses to situations involving historic and contemporary threats to the meaning of political rights (for example, right to vote, petition, assembly) as distinguished from personal rights (for example, free speech to express personal taste, freedom of conscience, freedom of movement, privacy rights) 28
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.3.2.

4.3.3. Identifying and evaluating situations involving conflict between rights and proposing solutions to the conflict within the scope and limits of those rights 47
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.3.3.

4.3.4. Using historical and legal sources of personal and political rights to defend the exercise of rights of citizens in a given situation (for example, Declaration of Independence, Constitution, Bill of Rights, court decisions). 40
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.3.4.

4.4. Students know how citizens can participate in civic life. What students know and are able to do includes:

4.4.1. Explaining the meaning of civic life, politics, and government 28
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.4.1.

4.4.2. Identifying and applying criteria useful in selecting political leaders at local, state, and national levels 14
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.4.2.

4.4.3. Explaining how participation in civic and political life can help to solve problems 28
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.4.3.

4.4.4. Describing how to influence public policy in the politics and governments of their own classrooms and schools. 6
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.4.4.

CO.1. Economics: Students understand that because of the condition of scarcity, decisions must be made about the use of scarce resources.

1.1. Students know that economic choices are made because resources are scarce and that the act of making economic choices imposes opportunity costs. What students know and are able to do includes:

1.1.1. Giving examples of situations where households, businesses, governments, and societies deal with scarcity just as individuals do 2
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.1.1.

1.1.2. Identifying types of scarce productive resources and giving examples of each 2
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.1.2.

1.1.3. Identifying opportunity costs that individuals, households, businesses, governments, and societies incur when making decisions involving the use of scarce resources 37
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.1.3.

1.1.4. Explaining that few economic choices are all-or-nothing propositions and that most economic choices involve tradeoffs. 10
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.1.4.

1.2. Students understand that economic incentives influence the use of scarce human, capital, and natural resources. What students know and are able to do includes:

1.2.1. Analyzing how economic incentives influence how individuals, households, businesses, governments, and societies use their scarce resources 12
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.2.1.

1.2.2. Identifying different economic goals and giving examples of the tradeoffs among economic goals. 11
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.2.2.

1.3. Students understand that resources can be used in many ways and understand the costs of alternative uses. What students know and are able to do includes:

1.3.1. Identifying costs and benefits associated with the use of resources to produce goods and services (for example, using a gas lawnmower involves the cost of gas and upkeep, but provides the benefit of mowing the lawn faster) 40
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.3.1.

1.3.2. Identifying externalities associated with the use of resources (for example, using a gas mower creates noise pollution in a neighborhood, but also provides an attractive lawn) 7
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.3.2.

1.3.3. Explaining how the use of specific resources will influence the availability of other resources in the future 34
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.3.3.

1.3.4. Identifying choices individuals, households, businesses, governments, and societies make that impact productivity and the future (for example, choices about the division of labor, the investment in human and physical capital, specialization, and using technology). 11
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.3.4.

CO.2. Economics: Students understand how different economic systems impact decisions about the use of resources and the production and distribution of goods and services.

2.1. Students understand that different economic systems employ different means to produce, distribute, and exchange goods and services. What students know and are able to do includes:

2.1.1. Describing the characteristics of a traditional, command, market, and mixed economic system 3
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.1.1.

2.1.2. Explaining how different economic systems use different means to produce, distribute, and exchange goods and services 9
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.1.2.

2.1.3. Describing how different economic systems affect the allocation of resources (for example, steel production in the former Soviet Union was determined by economic planners. This affected the allocation of many resources: coal, labor, etc. In the United States, all of these resources are allocated by the market). 4
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.1.3.

2.2. Students understand the fundamental characteristics of the United States economic system. What students know and are able to do includes:

2.2.1. Describing the relationships among supply, demand, and price, and the role these elements play in the U.S. economic system 2
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.2.1.

2.2.2. Describing how prices act as signals to producers and consumers to answer the three basic economic questions: (What goods and services to produce? How will they be produced? For whom will they be produced?) 6
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.2.2.

2.2.3. Identifying how fundamental characteristics of the U.S. economic system (for example, competition, the price system, private property, and profits) influence economic decision making 8
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.2.3.

2.2.4. Describing the characteristics that make the United States economy a mixed economy. 2
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.2.4.

2.3. Students understand that government actions and policies, including taxes, spending, and regulations influence the operation of economies. What students know and are able to do includes:

2.3.1. Identifying governmental activities that affect the local, state, or national economy 8
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.3.1.

2.3.2. Giving examples of the role of government in a market economic system, (for example, the government enforces property rights, provisions of contracts and provides a standardized monetary system). 2
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.3.2.

CO.3. Economics: Students understand the results of trade, exchange, and interdependence among individuals, households, businesses, governments, and societies.

3.1. Students understand that the exchange of goods and services creates economic interdependence and change. What students know and are able to do includes:

3.1.1. Describing the relationship among trade, specialization, and interdependence 4
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.1.1.

3.1.2. Describing how economic interdependence between countries around the world affects the standard of living. 12
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.1.2.

3.2. Students understand how a country's monetary system facilitates the exchange of resources. What students know and are able to do includes:

3.2.1. Explaining that money can be used to express the market value of goods and services in the form of prices 3
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.2.1.

3.2.2. Describing the role of banks in the monetary system 1
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.2.2.

3.2.3. Recognizing that the use of credit involves the use of someone else's money at a certain interest rate 2
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.2.3.

3.2.4. Explaining an exchange rate 2
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.2.4.

3.2.5. Describing the difference between wealth and money. 3
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.2.5.

CO.1. Geography: Students know how to use and construct maps, globes, and other geographic tools to locate and derive information about people, places, and environments.

1.1. Students know how to use maps, globes, and other geographic tools to acquire, process, and report information from a spatial perspective. What students know and are able to do includes:

1.1.1. Explaining the characteristics and purposes of and explaining differences among maps, globes, aerial photographs, geographic models, and satellite images 32
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.1.1.

1.1.2. Identifying several basic types of map projections (for example, Mercator and Robinson Projections) 32
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.1.2.

1.1.3. Interpreting and constructing maps, globes, models, charts, and geographic databases. 41
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.1.3.

1.2. Students develop knowledge of Earth to locate people, places, and environments. What students know and are able to do includes:

1.2.1. Identifying and locating each of the fifty states in the United States 2
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.2.1.

1.2.2. Drawing an accurate map from memory to answer questions about the location of physical and human features (for example, given an incomplete map of Europe and Africa, sketch in the borders of the countries around the Mediterranean Sea) 32
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.2.2.

1.2.3. Identifying and locating physical and human features in their own and nearby communities, in the United States, and in regions of the world 32
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.2.3.

1.2.4. Locating places using latitude and longitude. 32
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.2.4.

1.3. Students know how to analyze the dynamic spatial organization of people, places, and environments. What students know and are able to do includes:

1.3.1. Explaining fundamental geographic vocabulary such as the concepts of distance, latitude, longitude, interdependence, accessibility, and connections 32
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.3.1.

1.3.2. Analyzing the factors affecting the location of human activities (for example, the location of a planned development or dam) 5
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.3.2.

1.3.3. Explaining different land use patterns in urban, suburban, and rural areas 11
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.3.3.

1.3.4. Describing patterns and processes of diffusion (for example, information networks around the world) 3
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.3.4.

1.3.5. Solving locational questions requiring the integration of information from two or more sources. 29
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.3.5.

CO.2. Geography: Students know the physical and human characteristics of places, and use this knowledge to define and study regions and their patterns of change.

2.1. Students know the physical and human characteristics of places. What students know and are able to do includes:

2.1.1. Describing human and physical characteristics of places 5
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.1.1.

2.1.2. Explaining how places change due to human activity (for example, center-pivot technology produces a distinctive pattern of irrigation on the High Plains). 5
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.1.2.

2.2. Students know how and why people define regions. What students know and are able to do includes:

2.2.1. Identifying a region by defining its distinguishing characteristics 6
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.2.1.

2.2.2. Explaining how and why regions change 6
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.2.2.

2.2.3. Describing the relationships and interactions among regions 6
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.2.3.

2.2.4. Analyzing the influences and effects of regional labels and images (for example, the Sun Belt states attract tourists, retirees, and new businesses). 6
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.2.4.

2.3. Students know how culture and experience influence people's perceptions of places and regions. What students know and are able to do includes:

2.3.1. Describing various perspectives associated with places and regions 6
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.3.1.

2.3.2. Explaining how culture and technology affect perception of places and regions (for example, U.S. television programs and movies present images of the U.S. to billions of people around the world) 2
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.3.2.

2.3.3. Explaining how places and regions serve as cultural symbols (for example, Jerusalem as a sacred place for Christians, Jews, and Muslims). 1
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.3.3.

CO.3. Geography: Students understand how physical processes shape Earth's surface patterns and systems.

3.1. Students know the physical processes that shape Earth's surface patterns. What students know and are able to do includes:

3.1.1. Describing how physical processes shape environmental patterns of air, land, water, plants, and animals 25
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.1.1.

3.1.2. Explaining how physical processes influence the formation and location of resources 58
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.1.2.

3.1.3. Describing the consequences of physical processes on Earth's surface (for example, tropical ocean heating supplies energy for hurricanes) 11
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.1.3.

3.1.4. Explaining how Earth-Sun relationships produce day and night, time zones, seasons, and major climatic variations. 4
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.1.4.

3.2. Students know the characteristics and distributions of physical systems of land, air, water, plants, and animals. What students know and are able to do includes:

3.2.1. Identifying the local and world patterns of ecosystems 3
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.2.1.

3.2.2. Describing how ecosystems work. 2
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.2.2.

CO.4. Geography: Students understand how economic, political, cultural, and social processes interact to shape patterns of human populations, interdependence, cooperation, and conflict.

4.1. Students know the characteristics, location, distribution, and migration of human populations. What students know and are able to do includes:

4.1.1. Describing the demographic structure of a population (for example, the age-sex structure as shown in a population pyramid) 6
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.1.1.

4.1.2. Explaining reasons for variation in population distribution 6
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.1.2.

4.1.3. Analyzing the causes and types of human migration and its effect on places. 7
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.1.3.

4.2. Students know the nature and spatial distribution of cultural patterns. What students know and are able to do includes:

4.2.1. Explaining the spatial distribution of cultures, both locally and in other parts of the world 8
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.2.1.

4.2.2. Describing how cultures and cultural landscapes change 8
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.2.2.

4.2.3. Comparing and contrasting elements of different cultural landscapes. 8
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.2.3.

4.3. Students know the patterns and networks of economic interdependence. What students know and are able to do includes:

4.3.1. Identifying the factors that influence the location and distribution of economic activities 2
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.3.1.

4.3.2. Explaining why and how countries trade goods and services 5
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.3.2.

4.3.3. Explaining reasons for patterns of economic activities on Earth's surface 3
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.3.3.

4.3.4. Explaining how changes in technology, transportation, communication, and resources affect the location of economic activities. 12
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.3.4.

4.4. Students know the processes, patterns, and functions of human settlement. What students know and are able to do includes:

4.4.1. Explaining the causes and effects of urbanization (for example, rural-to-urban migration leads to urbanization) 7
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.4.1.

4.4.2. Describing, locating, and comparing different settlement patterns throughout the world. 12
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.4.2.

4.5. Students know how cooperation and conflict among people influence the division and control of Earth's surface. What students know and are able to do includes:

4.5.1. Describing how cooperation and conflict among people contribute to political, economic, and social divisions of Earth's surface 7
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.5.1.

4.5.2. Describing the forces and processes of cooperation that unite people across Earth's surface (for example, the nations of Western Europe have joined together in the European Union). 4
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.5.2.

CO.5. Geography: Students understand the effects of interactions between human and physical systems and the changes in meaning, use, distribution, and importance of resources.

5.1. Students know how human actions modify the physical environment. What students know and are able to do includes:

5.1.1. Describing how human modifications of physical environments in one place often lead to changes in other places 47
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 5.1.1.

5.1.2. Explaining the role of technology in the human modification of the physical environment (for example, damming of the Colorado River, greening of the Negev Desert in Israel) 47
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 5.1.2.

5.1.3. Describing ways that humans depend upon, adapt to, and affect the physical environment. 47
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 5.1.3.

5.2. Students know how physical systems affect human systems. What students know and are able to do includes:

5.2.1. Explaining how the characteristics of different physical environments provide opportunities for or place constraints on human activities 14
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 5.2.1.

5.2.2. Describing how natural hazards affect human activities. 12
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 5.2.2.

5.3. Students know the changes that occur in the meaning, use, location, distribution, and importance of resources. What students know and are able to do includes:

5.3.1. Describing the role of resources in daily life (for example, discussing the recycling of materials) 34
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 5.3.1.

5.3.2. Describing the worldwide distribution and use of resources 34
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 5.3.2.

5.3.3. Identifying how technology affects the definition of, access to, and use of resources 46
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 5.3.3.

5.3.4. Describing why people have different viewpoints with respect to resource use 53
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 5.3.4.

5.3.5. Explaining the fundamental role of energy resources 28
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 5.3.5.

5.3.6. Describing ways that resources can be recycled. 18
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 5.3.6.

CO.6. Geography: Students apply knowledge of people, places, and environments to understand the past and present and to plan for the future.

6.1. Students know how to apply geography to understand the past. What students know and are able to do includes:

6.1.1. Describing changes in the spatial organization of a society over time 7
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 6.1.1.

6.1.2. Describing how places and environments have influenced events and conditions in the past 16
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 6.1.2.

6.1.3. Explaining how differing perceptions of places, people, and resources have affected events and conditions in the past. 17
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 6.1.3.

6.2. Students know how to apply geography to understand the present and plan for the future. What students know and are able to do includes:

6.2.1. Explaining issues in communities from a spatial perspective 12
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 6.2.1.

6.2.2. Explaining a contemporary issue using geographic knowledge, skill and perspectives. 14
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 6.2.2.

CO.1. History: Students understand the chronological organization of history and know how to organize events and people into major eras to identify and explain historical relationships.

1.1. Students know the general chronological order of events and people in history. What students know and are able to do includes:

1.1.1. Chronologically organizing major events and people of United States history 52
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.1.1.

1.1.2. Describing significant events and people which form the foundation of United States history in the chronological context of the history of the Americas and the world. 52
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.1.2.

1.2. Students use chronology to organize historical events and people. What students know and are able to do includes:

1.2.1. Identifying examples of how various cultures have used calendars to organize and measure time 3
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.2.1.

1.2.2. Constructing tiered timelines to show how different series of events happened simultaneously 52
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.2.2.

1.2.3. Illustrating the time structure of events in historical narratives. 52
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.2.3.

1.3. Students use chronology to examine and explain historical relationships. What students know and are able to do includes:

1.3.1. Interpreting historical data to determine cause-effect and time-order relationships 52
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.3.1.

1.3.2. Explaining patterns and identifying themes in related events over time. 3
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 1.3.2.

CO.2. History: Students know how to use the processes and resources of historical inquiry.

2.1. Students know how to formulate questions and hypotheses regarding what happened in the past and to obtain and analyze historical data to answer questions and test hypotheses. What students know and are able to do includes:

2.1.1. Formulating historical questions based on examination of primary and secondary sources including documents, eyewitness accounts, letters and diaries, artifacts, real or simulated historical sites, charts, graphs, diagrams, and written texts 13
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.1.1.

2.1.2. Gathering information from multiple sources, including electronic databases, to understand events from multiple perspectives 11
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.1.2.

2.1.3. Determining if the information gathered is sufficient to answer historical questions. 11
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.1.3.

2.2. Students know how to interpret and evaluate primary and secondary sources of historical information. What students know and are able to do includes:

2.2.1. Distinguishing between primary and secondary sources 11
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.2.1.

2.2.2. Interpreting the data in historical maps, photographs, art works, and other artifacts 14
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.2.2.

2.2.3. Examining data for point of view, historical context, bias, distortion, or propaganda. 6
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.2.3.

2.3. Students apply knowledge of the past to analyze present-day issues and events from multiple, historically objective perspectives. What students know and are able to do includes:

2.3.1. Examining current concepts, issues, events, and themes from multiple, historical perspectives. 3
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 2.3.1.

CO.3. History: Students understand that societies are diverse and have changed over time.

3.1. Students know how various societies were affected by contacts and exchanges among diverse peoples. What students know and are able to do includes:

3.1.1. Describing the common traits and characteristics that unite the United States as a nation and a society 3
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.1.1.

3.1.2. Describing the history, interactions, and contributions of the various peoples and cultures that have lived in or migrated, immigrated, or were brought to the Western Hemisphere 13
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.1.2.

3.1.3. Describing the history, interactions, and contributions of various groups of people who make up the major culture regions of the world 6
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.1.3.

3.1.4. Explaining how the cultures of the earliest civilizations spread and interacted (for example, the civilizations of the river valleys of India, Africa, Mesopotamia, and Mesoamerica). 15
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.1.4.

3.2. Students understand the history of social organization in various societies. What students know and are able to do includes:

3.2.1. Describing and giving examples of basic elements of culture and social organization 8
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.2.1.

3.2.2. Explaining how forces of tradition have acted to maintain elements of social organization throughout history 30
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.2.2.

3.2.3. Comparing how roles of people have differed throughout history based on various factors (for example, gender, age, caste, racial identity, wealth, and/or social position) 13
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.2.3.

3.2.4. Describing how social roles and the characteristics of social organization have both changed and endured in the United States throughout its history (for example, family structures, community structures). 7
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 3.2.4.

CO.4. History: Students understand how science, technology, and economic activity have developed, changed, and affected societies throughout history.

4.1. Students understand the impact of scientific and technological developments on individuals and societies. What students know and are able to do includes:

4.1.1. Explaining the significance of the achievements of individual scientists and inventors from many cultures (for example, the impact of germ theory on medical practice and sanitation the impact of the steamship on transportation and trade the impact of the printing press on who had access to books and knowledge). 22
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.1.1.

4.1.2. Describing and explaining how industrialization influenced the movement of people (for example, to and from urban, suburban, and rural areas) 12
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.1.2.

4.1.3. Identifying and explaining the consequences of scientific and technological changes (for example, navigation, transportation, printing, weaponry, agriculture, communication, and medicine) 12
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.1.3.

4.1.4. Relating differences in technology to differences in how people live in various regions of the world. 9
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.1.4.

4.2. Students understand how economic factors have influenced historical events. What students know and are able to do includes:

4.2.1. Explaining how the economy of the Western United States has historically depended upon natural resources and how this has affected the region 60
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.2.1.

4.2.2. Explaining how economic factors influenced historical events in the United States and in various regions of the world (for example, the history of Colorado's 'boom and bust' economy) 2
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.2.2.

4.2.3. Explaining how societies are and have been linked by economic factors. 4
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.2.3.

4.3. Students understand the historical development and know the characteristics of various economic systems. What students know and are able to do includes:

4.3.1. Describing the general characteristics of economic systems (for example, scarcity, growth, distribution of goods and services, production, and consumption) 5
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.3.1.

4.3.2. Describing historical events and individuals in the economic development of the United States. 14
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 4.3.2.

CO.5. History: Students understand political institutions and theories that have developed and changed over time.

5.1. Students understand how democratic ideas and institutions in the United States have developed, changed, and/or been maintained. What students know and are able to do includes:

5.1.1. Explaining the historical development of democratic governmental principles and institutions 10
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 5.1.1.

5.1.2. Describing the basic ideas set forth in the Declaration of Independence, Articles of Confederation, Constitution, and Bill of Rights 21
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 5.1.2.

5.1.3. Giving examples of extensions and restrictions of political and civil rights in United States history. 10
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 5.1.3.

5.2. Students know how various systems of government have developed and functioned throughout history. What students know and are able to do includes:

5.2.1. Identifying the ancient and medieval roots of governmental principles and institutions (for example, Hammurabi's Code, Roman Republicanism, Mosaic Law , Greek Democracy, Islamic Law) 5
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 5.2.1.

5.2.2. Describing the basic forms of government, and giving examples of societies that have practiced them (for example, monarchy, oligarchy, clan/tribal, autocracy, dynasties, theocracy, republic, democracy) 15
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 5.2.2.

5.2.3. Describing how various other nations have pursued, established, and maintained democratic forms of government. 9
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 5.2.3.

5.3. Students know how political power has been acquired, maintained, used, and/or lost throughout history. What students know and are able to do includes:

5.3.1. Describing how attributes of various people have affected their individual political rights (for example, gender, racial identity, national origin, property ownership, religion, legal status) 3
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 5.3.1.

5.3.2. Describing how military and/or economic expansion resulted in the assumption or seizure of political power throughout history 25
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 5.3.2.

5.3.3. Describing how forms of involuntary servitude have been used to maintain and expand political power throughout history (for example, slavery, serfdom, impressment). 32
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 5.3.3.

5.4. Students know the history of relationships among different political powers and the development of international relations. What students know and are able to do includes:

5.4.1. Describing how the relationships between the United States and external political powers developed with the growth of the nation 12
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 5.4.1.

5.4.2. Identifying basic patterns of political alliances in the modern world. 12
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 5.4.2.

CO.6. History: Students know that religious and philosophical ideas have been powerful forces throughout history.

6.1. Students know the historical development of religions and philosophies. What students know and are able to do includes:

6.1.1. Describing religious traditions of various ethnic groups in the United States 15
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 6.1.1.

6.1.2. Describing religious developments in United States history (for example, the Puritans, the Great Awakening, the Christian Abolitionists, the Mission System, the Mormon Trek, the founding of utopian religious communities) 5
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 6.1.2.

6.1.3. Describing different religious concepts that have developed throughout history (for example, monotheism and polytheism). 15
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 6.1.3.

6.2. Students know how societies have been affected by religions and philosophies. What students know and are able to do includes:

6.2.1. Giving examples of how religious and philosophical beliefs have defined standards of right and wrong, good and evil, and justice and injustice 15
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 6.2.1.

6.2.2. Giving and describing examples of individuals who, throughout history, acted from their religious or philosophical beliefs. 8
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 6.2.2.

6.3. Students know how various forms of expression reflect religious beliefs and philosophical ideas. What students know and are able to do includes:

6.3.1. Describing how societies have used various forms of visual arts, dance, theater, and music to express their religious beliefs and philosophical ideas throughout history 8
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 6.3.1.

6.3.2. Giving examples of the unique art forms that characterize the various ethnic groups in the United States and the religious or philosophical ideas they express 25
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 6.3.2.

6.3.3. Explaining how stories, myths, and other forms of literature and oral traditions reflect the beliefs of cultures and societies 107
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 6.3.3.

6.3.4. Explaining the religious or philosophical significance of structures such as pyramids, cathedrals, and burial mounds. 4
Suggested Titles for Colorado Social Studies State Standard 6.3.4.